Stereotype Model Research Articles

Launay–Slade Hallucination Scale-Extended: simplifying its interpretation

ABSTRACT Background The Launay–Slade Hallucination Scale – Extended (LSHS-E) is one of the most used self-reported questionnaires to explore the multidimensionality of hallucinatory-like experiences (HLEs). This scale is defined as a 5-level Likert scale, which goes from 0-“certainly does not apply to me” to 4-“certainly applies to me.” Like any Likert scale, the LSHS-E scale assumes that the ordinal categories are equally spaced among them, which might not be true, giving rise to possible issues in offering a valid interpretation of the responses. Method This study introduces a parametric model: the ordered stereotype model. This model determines the uneven spacing among ordinal responses, dictated by the studied data. Results This work shows that the ordinal categories of the LSHS-E scale are determined both by unequal spacing and by the spacing among the last three adjacent categories, which makes them indistinguishable. Subsequent analysis showed good internal reliability, and also a four-factor structure was maintained. Discussion The current study’s findings suggest that people who suffer from HLEs might not easily disclose their experiences and so give neutral responses for fear of being stigmatized. Further, neutral responses might identify people at risk of psychosis, and individuals during the prodromal stage may not be aware of their transient or fleeting HLEs. Future research should determine the distance among the categories on a Likert scale as a first step before analyzing and understanding the data.

The reflection of Russian mentality in proverbs (on the example of proverbs with the semantic component “summer” and “autumn”)

The subject of this research is the interrelation between mentality and language. Mentality is conventionally understood as subconscious, archetypal manifestation of the system of values and attitudes of ethnolinguistic consciousness. National mentality is traced in the process of studying the semantics of idioms and paroemias of the language. The genre of proverbs, due to its semantic peculiarities, is characterized by various means of expression of mental groups, which corresponds to their cognitive-pragmatic status. Idioms and paroemias play the role of representatives of the mental characteristics of the ethos, which contribute to preservation of cultural distinctness and affect the mentality of native speakers, lead to the behavior stereotypical to the Russian culture and allow assessing life situations from the perspective of stereotypes. The main conclusion of the analysis conducted on paremiological units indicates that national mentality traits reflected in proverbs and idioms are associated with certain stereotypes in perception of the surrounding world, assessment of life situations, reconsideration of the essence of the phenomena, response to the ongoing transformations and events. All of the listed above fully corresponds to the main edificatory, didactic function of paroemias and idioms, as well as the key purpose of proverbs – enculturation of a person in the process of familiarizing with behavioral norms and riles, recommendations, dogmas and basic stereotypical models of perception of the surrounding worlds and the phenomena occurring therein.

Archetypal analysis for ordinal data

Archetypoid analysis (ADA) is an exploratory approach that explains a set of continuous observations as mixtures of pure (extreme) patterns. Those patterns (archetypoids) are actual observations of the sample which makes the results of this technique easily interpretable, even for non-experts. Note that the observations are approximated as a convex combination of the archetypoids. Archetypoid analysis, in its current form, cannot be applied directly to ordinal data. We propose and describe a two-step method for applying ADA to ordinal responses based on the ordered stereotype model. One of the main advantages of this model is that it allows us to convert the ordinal data to numerical values, using a new data-driven spacing that better reflects the ordinal patterns of the data, and this numerical conversion then enables us to apply ADA straightforwardly. The results of the novel method are presented for two behavioural science applications. Finally, the proposed method is also compared with other unsupervised statistical learning methods.

Perception of Lima Women about the Representation of ‘Real Woman’ in the Advertising Discourse of Beauty and Feminine Care Products

Advertising has been present in people’s lives through strategies for the sale of products, satisfying their needs, and interacting with them. The advertising of beauty and feminine care products has been one of the most constant through the traditional formula of using stereotypical models of women highlighting their beauty and perfection. However, the evolution of advertising and the empowerment of women is generating new responses in consumers. Precisely, the purpose of this exploratory study is to identify the perception of Peruvian women on how advertising represents the ‘real woman’ in Peru in the field of beauty and personal care products. This study concludes that Peruvian women recognize that there is still a limited presence of ‘real women’ in advertising despite the widespread social demand for a change in the advertising discourse.

Cholera as a present-day concern in perception of the dwellers of the county town of Tsaritsyn (based on the materials of the newspaper “Volzhsko-Donskoy Listok”)

The object of this research is the regional press as a source on the history of cholera epidemics of the late XIX century. The subject is the public moods and behavioral practices of the dwellers of the county town of Saratov governorate – Tsaritsyn, which was affected by cholera epidemic of 1892, in coverage of the regional press. The historiographical framework consists on the versatile and unique materials of the municipal newspaper "Volzhsko-Donskoy Listok", which are introduced into the scientific discourse for the first time. A detailed analysis of the annual publications of local press allowed tracing the chronology of the traditional approach towards perception of the poorly studied in literature cholera epidemics of 1892 in Tsaritsyn in the context of studying the history of everyday life. The author reveals this topic up until September 1893. Special attention is turned to examination of different stereotypical models of behavior that appeared to be widespread among the population, and became a somewhat response to the emerged situation of biological and social nature. The research is based on the interdisciplinary approach that implies comprehensive examination of the problem, involving the achievements in the history of medicine, historiography, psychology, sociology, etc. This article is the first attempt within the regional historiography to holistically examine the cholera epidemic of 1892 in Tsaritsyn. The conducted analysis of the newspaper “Volzhsko-Donskoy Listok” allowed to highly rate the informative capabilities of the regional press for studying cholera epidemics and their impact on life of the population in the post-reform period. The author offers the original classification of the whole variety of materials on the topic, as well as outlines the ways for their further usage.

Not All Wrongdoers Are Equal in the Public Eye: A Moderated Mediation Model of Country Stereotypes, Condemning Emotions, and Retaliatory Intent in Corporate Crises

Corporate crises generate condemning emotions and retaliatory intent toward the offending companies. However, not all wrongdoers are equal in the public eye. Consumers’ prior beliefs about a company’s country of origin may bias these responses. In three experimental studies (combined N = 1,008), the authors (1) establish that country stereotypes of warmth—but not of competence—can buffer condemning emotions and retaliatory intent toward an offending company. They further (2) reveal the psychological mechanism of greed attributions that underlies this bias and (3) identify the type of crisis as a crucial contingency factor that facilitates (corporate ability crisis) or suppresses (corporate value crisis) the buffering effect of country warmth.

Children and their Mothers in Early Modern Ballads about War

This article explores how ballads on military themes employed children and their mothers as a rhetorical device, as stereotypical models of vulnerability that would inspire emotions of pity and horror at their mistreatment by soldiers and their suffering because of war. Common themes emerge: soldiers leaving behind wives and children or pregnant lovers, noblewomen as exemplars of maternal grief, and the depiction of the 'enemy' as unnatural and barbarous through their killing of pregnant women and children. Children in ballads about war are used as evidence of soldiers' virility, and as a marker of the enemy's barbarity in their treatment.

Le désert des moines latins

The desert of Latin monks The Latin literature of early Christianity approached the desert according to the description given by the Scriptures and the Lives of the Eastern fathers, who had perceived it less as a particular landscape than as a supernatural space, inhabited by both demons and angels. The Latin monks thus appropriated the Oriental concept of (h)eremus, to designate first of all the islands colonised by the western anchorites, and then the forests and all the rural spaces in which they settled. By describing their monastic places as desert, the Latin monks were led to think of them as a demonic world transformed into a Garden of Eden, according to a stereotyped model that allowed them to affirm the separation and therefore the sacredness of the spaces they had appropriated. [Author]

Механизмы дискурсивного воздействия в коммуникативном пространстве конвергентного радио

The focus of the article is on the problem of the media influence of one of the hybrid forms of modern communication - convergent radio broadcasting on the Internet. The article considers the social network version of convergent radio broadcasting through popular Internet accounts. It is in this communicative space that the active and creative nature of the role of the addressee is manifested. The addressee constructs discourse in interactive communication when discussing topics (editorial posts) journalists initiate. The focus of the study is on the materials of three interactive sessions of the radio stations Echo of Moscow and Radio Mayak, which organized a discussion of news and journalistic texts. The methodology of the material analysis takes into account the institutional and personal aspects of the discursive practice of convergent radio. In the terms of the discursive approach, the article reveals the role of the contexts of the analog radio source (its format concept) and social network communication, which structure communication with the idea of the channel's value attitudes, its style and thematic preferences. If the context of the analogue source orients the user to certain conventions of dialogue and adherence to the norms of interpersonal communication, then the context of network communication is characterized by an attitude towards attracting a loyal audience and the mass nature of communication. At the intersection of these contexts, the mechanisms of the discursive effects of convergent radio are manifested in the organization of communication within stereotypical models of communicative behavior - in the actualization of users' typical reactions necessary for discourse for its self-reproduction. The manifestation of these reactions is considered based on the method of qualitative discourse analysis in the version proposed by Z. Yeager. The analysis of the material shows that discursive influence is manifested in the compulsion to mass character realized through the mechanisms of phatic control of communication embedded in the initiating text. Discourse creates strategic communication gaps in which users implement entertaining and socializing intentions. The choice for the analysis of texts of different genres demonstrated the commonality of the mechanism of influence: the phatic plan of texts of different genres implements the mode of infotainment - the entertaining and recreational activity of communicants who construct a spontaneous image of the world and emotionally experience it.

Identifikacija porabnikov z blagovno znamko: vloga porabnikove potrebe po edinstvenosti in vloga porabniških stereotipov

The relationship between consumers and brands is an important area of research in marketing. The realisation that consumers form interpersonal–like relationships with brands has changed the course of research in marketing, which has since also focused on the study of consumer–brand relationships. Based on consumers' need for uniqueness and the model of stereotypes from social psychology, our study examines how consumers' need for uniqueness and stereotypical beliefs about typical users of the brand influence their identification with the brand. The results of our study, which focuses on consumers' favourite brands, show that consumers' need for uniqueness and the brand buyer stereotype as reflected in competence are positively related to consumer–brand identification. We present guidelines for nurturing consumer–brand identification and identify future research directions.

DIBALIK ALASAN NABI MUHAMMAD DIJADIKAN WASILAH DALAM BERDOA: KAJIAN LINGUSITIK KOGNITIF

<em>According to Cognitive Linguistic theory, humans think in three ways. Two of them are thinking prototypically and ideally. One of the example of these ways can be seen from how Muslems use the blessings of the Prophet Muhammad as a bridge in granting their dua. Most of Moslems assume that the Prophet Muhammad could intercede for prayer. Based on this interesting issue, this article aims to find out the prototypes of PROPHET MUHAMMAD idealized by Moslems in translation of Maulid Simtudduror book.This book contains of a range of praise, history, and prayers offered to the Prophet Muhammad as a wasilah for their prayers. By using Rosch et al (1991) prototype model analysis method and an ideal cognitive model based on the stereotype model of society initiated by Lakoff (1987), it can be concluded that the prototype of PROPHET MUHAMMAD idealized by Islam and Moslems show some features of the Prophet Muhammad in several MODELS bringing blessings for all human beings in this world. Thus, most of Moslems believe that PROPHET MUHAMMAD can be a wayin helping them to grant their prayers.</em>

Unhealthy aging? Featuring older people in television food commercials in China

ObjectivesAdvertising messages can affect the public as a risk or protective factor for socially disadvantaged groups, and they may reflect how characters reflect perceptions are perceived in a society. This study aimed to investigate how older people are portrayed in televised food commercials from the approach of a healthy aging perspective in contemporary Chinese society. MethodsAll televised advertising in the Ad Topic archive were screened against inclusion and exclusion criteria, and a total of 164 commercials from the years of 2016–2019 that portrayed Chinese older people were sampled. The association between the main older characters with the product categories, healthy vs. unhealthy foods, use of health claims, sex, type of spokesperson, companions, and tones and manners were included in the analysis. ResultsOlder people more frequently appeared in unhealthy food products than in healthy food products. Health claims involving older adults were portrayed adequately, whereas nursing professions as companions of older adults were overlooked. Positive advertising that delivered happy, caring, or warm tones was overwhelmingly represented. Thus, the advertising messages circulated in China represent a binary stereotype model of images of older adults’ characteristics that reflect ageist and the so-called agelessism, referring to the new application of the look from the approach of social psychology and marketing field. ConclusionsThis study examined aging discrimination reflected in advertisements. Studies exploring the impact of a crisis remain limited. Research is needed to improve the accuracy of advertised healthy older adults and normal aging.

Factors Conditioning Sexual Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies.

The sexual behavior of older adults, especially women, has undergone changes in recent years, though there are still certain stereotypes today related to pathophysiology, beliefs, culture and tradition that negatively affect older adults’ sexual activity. The aim of our review is to present the main qualitative studies analyzing how physiological and psychosocial factors affect sexual behavior in older adults. A systematic review of these qualitative studies was carried out. All stages of this review were carried out peer-to-peer in order to guarantee minimized bias. A bibliographical search was completed between February and April 2019, in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed Medline, PsycINFO ProQuest and CINAHL. To analyze the findings of the selected qualitative studies, a “Thematic Synthesis Analysis” was performed, using Eppi-Reviewer 4 software (UCL Institute of Education, University of London, UK). The quality of the studies was assessed with a CASP-Qualitative-Checklist. A total of 16,608 references were screened and 18 qualitative studies were included in this review. The studies involved 2603 participants across seven countries, most being women (approximately 80%). We identified a wide variety of physiological and psychological factors that can influence the sexual behavior of older adults, such as the presence of pathologies (erectile dysfunction and menopause), the strength of spiritual beliefs, and patriarchal roles upheld by upbringings conveying that women’s role is to provide men with sexual pleasure. Biological age in relation to stereotypical models of sexual behavior, emphasized as a risk factor in the contraction of sexual diseases, seems to play a relevant role as a factor limiting sexual behavior in older adults.

The dangerous tendency to essentialize cultural categories in academic psychology

This commentary welcomes Held’s (2020) article on epistemic violence in psychological science. When psychologists employ social categories, such as “Black people” or “the Japanese” as “fixed factors” in their experiments, they may ignore the social construction of these categories within a cultural context. This can lead to cultural conceptions being enshrined in a methodology that has a tendency to essentialize social categories, with their inferred psychological attributes simply becoming a question of their “accuracy” or “inaccuracy” and not about the history and ideologies within which they are formed. Cultural psychology and Indigenous psychologies challenge this ideological neutrality of social categories, which is illustrated by Hinton’s cultural model of stereotypes. Ignoring the evidence that traditional academic psychology is a cultural psychology (rather than an objective science) simply maintains the dominant ideological structures of epistemic violence within it.

Stereotypes and Politics

We examine US voters’ beliefs about views held by Republicans and Democrats. While individuals exaggerate partisan differences on a range of socioeconomic and political issues, we document that belief distortions are larger on issues that individuals consider more important. We organize these facts using a model of stereotypes where distortions are stronger for issues that are more salient to voters. In line with the model, belief distortions are predictable from the differences across parties, in particular the relative prevalence of extreme attitudes. To assess the impact of issue salience, we show that the end of the Cold War in 1991, which shifted US voters’ attention away from external threats and towards domestic issues, led to an increase in perceived polarization in the latter, and more so for issues with more stereotypical partisan differences. The reverse pattern occurred after the terrorist attacks in 2001, when attention swung back towards external threats. The distortions we identify are quantitatively significant, and could have important consequences for political engagement as such distortions strongly predict voting turnout. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

Отношение аудитории к провокационной рекламе: критерии оценки коммуникативной эффективности

We consider the parameters of assessing the communicative effectiveness of video advertising: mind share (study of the tonality of the audience “posts” on social networks and identification of negative/positive), engagement (audience engagement, total number of user reactions), reach (coverage). The purpose of the study is to analyze the relationship of consumer audiences to video advertising that destroy/transform stereotypical gender images. Advertising is a powerful factor in the gender socialization of an individual: it affects the consumer and through advertising images represents the modern relationship between the sexes, thereby dictating a certain model of behavior. In accordance with the above parameters, we analyze the advertising texts based on a provocative strategy to destroy gender stereotypes. The material for the study is the texts of television commercials for the last 3 years. The results are compared with indicators of the audience’s attitude to advertising messages based on stereotypical gender models. The analysis showed that advertising transforming gender stereotypes can cause a public outcry and attract much more audience attention than stereotyped advertising, while increasing indicators of not only communicative, but also economic efficiency. Thus, in the modern advertising market, any revolutionary idea is subject to monetization: social problems, in particular gender inequality, are actively exploited in the commercial sphere in order to increase effectiveness indicators.

Assigning scores for ordered categorical responses

ABSTRACTDeciding on the best statistical method to apply when the response variable is ordinal is essential because the way the categories are ordered in the data is relevant as it could change the results of the analysis. Although the models for continuous variables have similarities to those for ordinal variables, this paper presents the advantages of the use of the ordering information on the outcomes with methods developed for modeling ordinal data such as the ordered stereotype model. The novelty of this article lies in showing the dangers of assigning equally spaced scores to ordered response categories in statistical analysis, which are illustrated with a simulation study and a case study. We propose a new way to use the score parameters, which incorporates the fitted spacing dictated by the data. Additionally, this article uses score parameter estimates in the ordered stereotype model to propose a new measure to calculate continuous medians in the raw data: the adjusted c-median. It benefits the general audience who can easily understand the median as a summary statistic. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.

A method for ordinal outcomes: The ordered stereotype model.

Objective: The collection and use of ordinal variables are common in many psychological and psychiatric studies. Although the models for continuous variables have similarities to those for ordinal variables, there are advantages when a model developed for modeling ordinal data is used such as avoiding “floor” and “ceiling” effects and avoiding to assign scores, as it happens in continuous models, which can produce results sensitive to the score assigned. This paper introduces and focuses on the application of the ordered stereotype model, which was developed for modeling ordinal outcomes and is not so popular as other models such as linear regression and proportional odds models. This paper aims to compare the performance of the ordered stereotype model with other more commonly used models among researchers and practitioners. Methods: This article compares the performance of the stereotype model against the proportional odd and linear regression models, with three, four, and five levels of ordinal categories and sample sizes 100, 500, and 1000. This paper also discusses the problem of treating ordinal responses as continuous using a simulation study. The trend odds model is also presented in the application. Results: Three types of models were fitted in one real‐life example, including ordered stereotype, proportional odds, and trend odds models. They reached similar conclusions in terms of the significance of covariates. The simulation study evaluated the performance of the ordered stereotype model under four cases. The performance varies depending on the scenarios. Conclusions: The method presented can be applied to several areas of psychiatry dealing with ordinal outcomes. One of the main advantages of this model is that it breaks with the assumption of levels of the ordinal response are equally spaced, which might be not true.

Model-based goodness-of-fit tests for the ordered stereotype model.

This paper presents two new model-based goodness-of-fit tests for the ordered stereotype model applied to an ordinal response variable. The proposed tests are based on the Lipsitz test, which partitions the subjects into G groups following the popular Hosmer-Lemeshow test for binary data. The tests construct an alternative model where group effects are added into the null model. If the model fits the data well then the null model is correct, and there should be no group effects. One of the main advantages of the ordered stereotype model is that it allows us to determine a new uneven spacing of the ordinal response categories, dictated by the data. The two proposed tests use this new adjusted spacing. One test uses the form of the original ordered stereotype model, and the other uses an ordinary linear model. We demonstrate the performance of both tests under a variety of scenarios. Finally, the results of the application in three examples are presented.

Examining the Relationships Among Categorization, Stereotype Activation, and Stereotype Application.

Increased category salience is associated with increased stereotyping. Prior research has not examined the processes that may account for this relationship. That is, it is unclear whether category salience leads to increased stereotyping by increasing stereotype activation (i.e., increased accessibility of stereotypic information), application (i.e., increasing the tendency to apply activated stereotypes), or both processes simultaneously. We examined this question across three studies by manipulating category salience in an implicit stereotyping measure and by applying a process model that provides independent estimates of stereotype activation and application. Our results replicated past findings that category salience increases stereotyping. Modeling results showed that category salience consistently increased the extent of stereotype application but increased stereotype activation in more limited contexts. Implications for models of social categorization and stereotyping are discussed.