Stereotype Bias Research Articles

Postcolonial art and cinema in the thought of Ella Habiba Shohat

To read art and cinema from the vision of an Eastern Jewish woman, which in itself constitutes a challenge and an assimilation of the dimensions of the Zionist colonial pattern, and its ethnically- founded difference in the direction of human groups to which it has been moved ,His concept of the occupation of the land,which often crystallized in the context of stereotypical bias as it appeared simultaneously with the Zionist nationalism.Therefore, this research presents the vision of Shohat's work in its critique of the Zionist colonial cinematic narrative that oversaw the Israeli film industry. Through her studies, she shows the transcendent position of the Western point of view towards a lack of representation of Eastern Jews in their films, as a result of the policy of isolation practiced by the transcendent Western stance against them, by questioning their Judaism, which did not find an echo in the midst of European Jewish nationalism, as the research explores Shohat reading of the artistic field. Through the works of Michael Rakowitz and his evoked representation of the Jews of the East by his re-representation of the Gulf War and his founding of the Dar Al sulh, in which he evokes Iraqi foods at peace tables between all sects of Arabs and Muslims for the purpose of asking to return again from exile to the original homeland.

Analysis on the Causes and Influence of College Students ' Occupational Gender Stereotypes

Based on the sampling survey data of ten universities in Wuhan, this study uses binary Logistic regression and Stereotypic Explanatory Bias (SEB) quantitative method to explore the influencing factors of college students' occupational gender stereotypes and analyze the influence of college students' occupational gender stereotypes on their employment choices from the point of occupational gender stereotype. The results show that: Wuhan college students have significant occupational gender stereotypes, but will consciously suppress external stereotypes; Occupational concept affects occupational gender stereotype; Occupational gender stereotype affects college students' career choice. Combined with the research results, the end of This study puts forward some suggestions to change the stereotype of college students' career gender and optimize the employment field. Respectively, colleges and universities set up relevant courses to correctly shape college students' view of occupation and gender; Mass media guide society to establish a correct occupation concept; The state and society strengthen the institutional building, introduce policies and regulations; The enterprise establish es fair, impartial and open employment and promotion systems, breaking down gender barriers in various industries and eliminating "hidden discrimination".

Flexibility mindsets: Reducing biases that result from spontaneous processing

ABSTRACT Spontaneous (i.e., heuristic, fast, effortless, and associative) processing has clear advantages for human cognition, but it can also elicit undesirable outcomes such as stereotyping and other biases. In the current article, we argue that biased judgements and behaviour that result from spontaneous processing can be reduced by activating various flexibility mindsets. These mindsets are characterised by the consideration of alternatives beyond one’s spontaneous thoughts and behaviours and could, thus, contribute to bias reduction. Research has demonstrated that eliciting flexibility mindsets via goal and cognitive conflicts, counterfactual thinking,, recalling own past flexible thoughts or behaviour, and adopting a promotion focus reduces biases in judgements and behaviour. We summarise evidence for the effectiveness of flexibility mindsets across a wide variety of important phenomena – including creative performance, stereotyping and prejudice, interpersonal behaviour, and decision-making. Finally, we discuss the underlying processes and potential boundary conditions.

데비 터커 그린의 random에 나타난 인종과 애도의 윤리

A wide range of critical perspectives on debbie tucker green from cosmopolitanism to feminism, reflect the open, flexible nature of her plays that embrace even a conflict of interpretations. However, race has always been one of her main concerns and her plays have resonated in the larger context of the development of Black British drama since the 2000s, particularly in response to the contradictory position of Black drama in mainstream contexts and the ever-changing racial discourses around British racism and identity politics. With a focus on the destructive aspects of Black masculinity, contemporary Black British drama on the mainstream stage has reinforced the stereotypical biases against Black experience and culture. green has been aware of these dilemmas of Black drama in mainstream contexts. random, her 2008 monodrama on Black youth criminality abandons social realism, the predominant form of Black drama, and attempts to build an empathic relationship with the mainstream white audience rather than appealing to their liberal conscience.<BR> Centering on random, this paper evaluates green’s attempt to explore the contemporary issues of race with the ethics of vulnerability as the universal human condition. In random, the concrete social realities of racial conflict are not buried in the dogma of identity politics, and correspond to the precarious state of human rights. Race as a social entity is consistently evoked through the dramatic techniques mobilizing and subverting the audience’s prejudices, and furthermore intersects with the markers of the universal human vulnerability such as the mortal body, death and grief. green’s audiences, the racialized subjects, are encouraged to respond to the pain and sufferings of the Other through mourning. Racial prejudices contextualize the human vulnerability whereas the experience of grief provides the audience with ethics of empathy and responsibility. Chapter II examines the racial discourses in the early 21<SUP>st</SUP> century with a focus on Tony Blair’s 2007 Cardiff speech and the limitations of contemporary Black drama in mainstream contexts. Chapter III and IV explore how random transforms the largely white mainstream audience into the ethical subjects, focusing respectively on the audience’s confrontation with their own racial biases and the communal experience of grief.

Towards equitable diagnoses for autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across sexes and genders.

Sex/gender-related factors contribute to contextual issues influencing the recognition of autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and modulate how neurodevelopmental characteristics are manifested. This review summarizes the empirical literature to provide directions for improving clinical diagnostic practices. Timing of autism and/or ADHD diagnosis, particularly in girls/women, is related to the individual's developmental characteristics and co-occurring diagnoses, and expectancy, alongside gender stereotype biases, of referral sources and clinicians. This is further compounded by sex and gender modulations of behavioural presentations. The emerging 'female autism phenotype' concept may serve as a helpful illustration of nuanced autism phenotypes, but should not be viewed as essential features of autism in a particular sex or gender. These nuanced phenotypes that can present across sexes and genders include heightened attention to socially salient stimuli, friendship and social groups, richness in language expression, and more reciprocal behaviours. The nuanced female-predominant ADHD phenotypes are characterized by subtle expressions in hyperactivity-impulsivity (e.g., hyper-verbal behaviours). Optimizing neurodevelopmental diagnoses across sexes and genders also requires an understanding of sex-related and gender-related variations in developmental trajectories, including compensation/masking efforts, and the influences of co-occurring conditions on clinical presentations. Equitable diagnoses across sexes and genders for autism and ADHD require understanding of the nuanced presentations and the Gestalt clinical-developmental profiles, and addressing contextual biases that influence diagnostic practices.

Applying the Stereotype Content Model (SCM) and BIAS Map to Understand Attitudinal and Behavioral Tendencies Toward the Conservation of Sharks

ABSTRACT Sharks are at increasing risk of extinction. Being a key factor in maintaining the balance of marine life in the ocean, as well as regulating the variety and abundance of the species below them in the food chain, their depletion is threatening the whole marine ecological system. Aside from the fisheries industry regulation, public opinion plays a fundamental role in any conservation effort. However, unlike other iconic sea marine animals such as dolphins, sharks receive little attention, and conservation support from the public. Many scholars attribute such neglect to sharks' bad image amongst the public. The present study was aimed at getting a better understanding of sharks' bad image, using the Stereotype Content Model/Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes map (SCM/BIAS map), and its association with attitudinal and behavioral tendencies toward their conservation. Participants (n = 144; M age = 22.28; SD = 6.24; 66% female) were assessed in terms of their perceived warmth, competence, and approach-avoidance emotions related to sharks (and dolphins), as well as attitudes toward their conservation and their donation intention. Results showed that, congruent with the SCM/BIAS map, sharks fit the “threatening-awe stereotype” (high competence and low warmth), whereas dolphins align with the “protective stereotype” (high competence and high warmth). Results also showed that warmth was associated with more positive perceptions of sharks and positive attitudes toward their conservation. Warmth as a potential facilitating key factor in sharks’ conservation promotion is discussed.

Discrimination between migrants and non-migrants in depression’s management by General Practitioners

Abstract Background In Europe, migrants have a higher prevalence of depression compared to the native population and, more often, they face unmet medical needs, including less frequent referral to mental health services. According to social psychology, general practitioners (GPs) may undertreat migrants due to unconscious stereotypical bias that could lead to and sustain discrimination in primary health care. The central question in this research is whether patients' migration background influences GPs' attitudes and decisions regarding treatment and referral in mental health. Methods In 2021, an experimental design was delivered to GPs with two video vignettes staging a depressed native and a Belgo-Moroccan patient, respectively. The randomly assigned vignette was followed by an online questionnaire regarding treatment and referral decisions. We recruited a national sample of Belgian GPs' (n = 700). T-tests and chi-square were used for analyses. Results The preliminary results are based on the first 224 respondents. Overall, there was no significant difference in the management of depression between a Belgian patient and a Belgo-Moroccan patient. Nevertheless, severity of symptoms was rated lower in the Belgo-Moroccan as compared to the Belgo-Moroccan (t = 2.37, p = .019). Conclusions In summary, these results indicate that general practitioners seem to treat migrants fairly in comparison with non-migrants. However, underestimation of the severity of the symptoms could lead to a different medical decision. This hypothesis will be investigated in the coming months. Key messages These findings may help us to further understand the role of general practitioner behaviour in mental health care discrimination. This research shed light on current management of migrants’ mental health by the primary health care providers in Belgium.

WHY MEDIA SLANT? Media coverage of mergers and acquisitions in China

Using a text analysis of Chinese newspaper articles covering 1321 proposed mergers during 2008–2018, this study proposes attribution theory to examine how the media is susceptible to stereotype bias. Evidence reveals that the media pays considerable attention to and exhibits favourable sentiments toward overseas-experienced acquirers, which is found only in non-state-owned enterprises. Further analyses on the amplifying effect of stereotype bias show that the media slant more positively on large-scale overseas experiences. Results indicate that the media is biased, referring to impression migration from merger and acquisition experience.

Chinese people’s explicit and implicit attitudes toward rural left-behind elderly in the context of traditional-modern culture conflicts

ABSTRACT This study examined Chinese people’s explicit and implicit attitudes to rural left-behind elderly (RLBE) in the context of traditional-modern culture conflicts and inferred Chinese people’s explicit and implicit attitude change to seniors, rurality and filial piety according to the Traditional-Modern Theory of Attitude Change. Participants were 661 Chinese residents aged between 17 and 59 randomly assigned to answer questions about one of three target groups: elderly, rural elderly and RLBE. Explicit attitudes were measured by asking participants to provide five adjectives they could think of about the target group. Implicit attitudes were measured by adopting the stereotypic explanatory bias paradigm. Results suggested that explicitly, the more important a traditional concept is, the less the attitude toward it may change in a modern direction; implicitly, all traditional concepts were changing in a modern direction, affected by modern individualistic western-influenced cultural ideas. The study developed a paradigm to study attitudes of multi-identity groups and extended the traditional-modern attitude change theory to implicit attitudes.

Gender Stereotyping Among School-Going Female and Male Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Rural Area of Western Maharashtra, India

Introduction: Gender stereotyping is the generalized and ambiguous impression of an individual's roles in society based on one's gender, remarkably difficult to abandon. These biases play an important role in vocational choices. The aim of the current research was to study attitudes towards women, gender stereotyping, and gender biases among adolescent boys and girls from a rural area. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted from Sept. 2016 to Aug. 2017 among rural school-going adolescents. A total of 826 samples were included in the study with convenience multi-stage sampling. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U test. The data entry and analysis were performed using MS Excel and SPSS-22 with 5 % significant level. Results: The mean age of 826 participants was 13.99 years with 297 (36%) being males. A higher percentage of the participants had a positive attitude towards females (83.9%) as well as a positive attitude towards crime against women (79.1%). However, gender stereotyping (54.6%) and male bias (58.6%)were present in the majority among them. There was a significant correlation between all the scales and gender (p&lt;0.05); with better attitudes among females. Conclusion: Although the overall attitude towards females was better in adolescents, gender bias remains an important problem.

Social dominance orientation in children: The validation of the long and short version of the child SDO6 scale

ABSTRACT We aimed to validate a long and a short version of the popular SDO6 scale for children, by testing their reliability and factorial structure, as well as divergent and criterion validity. Italian fourth- and fifth-graders (N = 271; 49.45% female) were administered the Child SDO6 scale, composed of 16 items, along with a series of personality and intergroup relations measures (using foreigners as the minority group). Paralleling results obtained with adults, findings concerning the short version provided evidence for a two-factorial structure, consisting of an SDO-Dominance and an SDO-Anti-egalitarianism dimension. Both for the long and the short version, greater levels of SDO-Dominance and SDO-Anti-egalitarianism were associated with more neuroticism, attitudinal and stereotypic bias, and with less agreeableness, openness to experience, dispositional and intergroup empathy. In conclusions, the two SDO dimensions as assessed by the short Child SDO6 Scale may be relevant variables to consider when testing intergroup relations processes among children.

Intersecting Boundaries: Comparing Stereotypes of Native- and Foreign-Born Members of Ethnoracial Groups

Abstract Past research finds that Americans hold biased stereotypes about ethnoracial groups and about immigrants, but we lack an understanding of how these group identities intersect. Immigration theories offer opposing predictions; while the straight-line assimilation model predicts Americans will hold weaker ethnoracial stereotypes about the native-born compared to their immigrant coethnics, theories of racialized assimilation suggest that the enduring power of race will limit any differential stereotyping of immigrant and native-born members of racialized groups. I use an original survey experiment to compare Americans’ stereotypes of native- and foreign-born members of the four largest ethnoracial groups in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Latinos, and Asians. As predicted by straight-line assimilation theory, I find that Whites’ negative stereotypes of Latinos fade away with nativity; however, White Americans do not substantially alter their stereotypes of Asians and Blacks based on nativity status. Moreover, native-born Black and Latino Americans do not appear to hold differential stereotypes of ethnoracial groups based on their nativity status. This research highlights both the importance and limitations of accounting for nativity status to understand ethnoracial group boundaries in the United States.

Empathy profiles differ by gender in people who have and have not attempted suicide

High levels of empathy may inhibit hetero-aggressive behaviors; however, the role of empathy on suicide behaviors is still unknown. This study aimed to compare the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) empathic profiles of 56 patients hospitalized after a suicide attempt with those of 138 people who had never attempted suicide. Differences were tested with t-test and Chi-square test. The associations between attempted suicide and empathy scores were tested with linear regression models, controlling for sex and age. Latent Class Regression Analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between multivariate categorical empathy response items and suicide attempts, controlling for sex and age. Suicide attempters scored significantly higher on the ‘Personal Distress’ and ‘Fantasy’ IRI subscales. Women in the control group had similar probabilities of belonging to the class of high or low Personal Distress and Fantasy levels, while women who had attempted suicide were more likely to have high scores at the same scales. Men in the control group had higher probabilities of scoring low at the Personal Distress and Fantasy subscales, while men who had attempted suicide had similar probabilities of belonging to the class with high or low scores. The use of a self-administered tool may have introduced a gender-role stereotype bias in empathy assessment. Additionally, it was not possible to test the role of psychopathology. Our results suggest that distinct empathic profiles are associated with suicidal behavior, with a gender specific pattern. Addressing empathy constructs may help identifying suicidal individuals.

Gender Stereotypes Portrayed in a Senior High School English Textbook Published by Indonesia Ministry of Education and Culture

&#x0D; The study was conducted to elaborate the gender stereotypes in a national senior high school English textbook in Indonesia. The qualitative study is applied and Critical Discourse Analysis is used as the preferable approach. This research provides the development of Mullet’s (2018) CDA generic framework analysis which based on Fairclough’s (2001) model. The result of the study divulged various gender stereotypes portrayed such as gender firstness, equality, dominance and bias. Many biased stereotypes are found on how the female character being portrayed in leadership matter, social relation, and family. In contrast, in the matter of physical traits, male characters are portrayed to have more and various interests in sports. The gender stereotypes portrayed in both textual and visual contents within the textbook. Many illustrations portrayed women stereotypically biased so do the textual materials such as narrative text, recount text/biography, transactional text, and descriptive text. Somehow, it is suggested that the authors should consider the position and the portrayal of gender stereotypes as problematic as proven by many previous studies. &#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis, Fairclough Model, Gender Stereotypes, Textbook. &#x0D;

Facial Stereotype Bias Is Mitigated by Training

People automatically infer others’ personality (e.g., trustworthiness) based on facial appearance, and such facial stereotype biases predict real-world consequences across political, legal, and business domains. The present research tested whether these biases can be mitigated through counterstereotype training aimed at reconfiguring the associations between specific facial appearances and social traits. Across six studies and a replication, a behavioral counterstereotype training consistently reduced or eliminated facial stereotype biases for White male faces in the context of economic trust games, hiring decisions, and even automatic evaluations assessed via evaluative priming. Together, the results demonstrate a fundamental malleability in facial stereotyping related to trustworthiness, with a minimal training able to mitigate the tendency to activate and apply long-held, highly automatized facial stereotypes. These findings suggest that face impressions are more flexible than typically appreciated, and they provide a potential inroad toward combating our ingrained biases based on facial appearance.

Decision making biases in the allied health professions: A systematic scoping review

Cognitive and other biases can influence the quality of healthcare decision making. While substantial research has explored how biases can lead to diagnostic or other errors in medicine, fewer studies have examined how they impact the decision making of other healthcare professionals. This scoping review aimed to identify and synthesise a broad range of research investigating whether decisions made by allied health professionals are influenced by cognitive, affective or other biases. A systematic literature search was conducted in five electronic databases. Title, abstract and full text screening was undertaken in duplicate, using prespecified eligibility criteria designed to identify studies attempting to demonstrate the presence of bias when allied healthcare professionals make decisions. A narrative synthesis was undertaken, focussing on the type of allied health profession, type of decision, and type of bias reported within the included studies. The search strategy identified 149 studies. Of these, 119 studies came from the field of psychology, with substantially fewer from social work, physical and occupational therapy, speech pathology, audiology and genetic counselling. Diagnostic and assessment decisions were the most common decision types, with fewer studies assessing treatment, prognostic or other clinical decisions. Studies investigated the presence of over 30 cognitive, affective and other decision making biases, including stereotyping biases, anchoring, and confirmation bias. Overall, 77% of the studies reported at least one outcome that represented the presence of a bias. This scoping review provides an overview of studies investigating whether decisions made by allied health professionals are influenced by cognitive, affective or other biases. Biases have the potential to seriously impact the quality, consistency and accuracy of decision making in allied health practice. The findings highlight a need for further research particularly in professional disciplines outside of psychology, using methods that reflect real life healthcare decision making.

The function of vertical and horizontal space to social group identity

ABSTRACT Where an object or person is located in space can communicate important attributes, such as power, agency, or status. We theorized that people may use location to convey messages about social groups. In four studies, we examined whether women and men express ingroup bias or stereotypical bias in their placement of and memory for gendered objects. In Study 1, participants placed objects symbolizing their ingroup higher but not further left than objects symbolizing their outgroup. Vertical ingroup-bias emerged consistently in spatial placement (Studies 2 and 4) but not spatial memory (Studies 3 and 4). We discuss the influence of gender identity, the role of automaticity, and the value of vertical versus horizontal spatial location in communicating group bias.

Relations between Cognitive Biases and Some Concepts of Information Behavior

Information behavior, as a part of human behavior, has many aspects, including a cognitive aspect. Cognitive biases, one of the important issues in psychology and cognitive science, can play a critical role in people’s behaviors and their information behavior. This article discusses the potential relationships between some concepts of human information behavior and cognitive biases. The qualitative research included semistructured face-to-face interviews with 25 postgraduate students who were at the writing-up stage of their research. The participants were selected using a purposeful sampling process. Interviews were analyzed using the coding technique of classic grounded theory. The research framework was the Eisenberg and Berkowitz information behavior model. The relationships that are discussed in this article include those between the principle of least effort on the one hand and availability bias and ambiguity aversion on the other; value-sensitive design and reactance; willingness to return and availability bias; library anxiety and ambiguity aversion, status quo bias, and stereotypical bias; information avoidance and selective perception, confirmation bias, stereotypical bias, and conservatism bias; information overload and information bias; and finally, filtering and attentional bias.

How do stereotypes harm older adults? A theoretical explanation for the perpetration of elder abuse and its rise

Mounting research shows that older adults who experience abuse are at elevated risk for a wide range of negative health and well-being outcomes. Yet, even as the older adult population grows and rates of elder abuse rise across the globe, the issue continues to be overlooked and perpetuated by individuals and institutions across various countries, cultures, and settings. Recognizing, addressing, and preventing the mistreatment of older adults is a challenge because elder abuse is not well-understood or extensively studied, and its root causes are perceived to vary from case to case. In order to fill this gap, we examine elder abuse and its associations with ageism through the lens of two empirically supported, cross-cultural models (i.e., the stereotype content model and BIAS map). These models explain how the acceptance and endorsement of societal stereotypes about older adults on dimensions of warmth and competence lead to emotion-driven, discriminatory behaviors ranging from neglect and abandonment to emotional, financial, and physical harm. This article also serves as a call to action, encouraging researchers, health professionals, policy makers, and community members to gain awareness of their own ageist beliefs and how they influence the way they perceive and interact with older adults.

Cultural competence and cultural humility: a complete practice

ABSTRACT Diversity is a complex concept comprised of many intersecting positions an individual may hold in society (e.g., gender, sexuality, (dis)ability, age, religion). Social work practitioners need culturally-responsive skills and knowledge to work with clients from diverse populations. They also need to apply professional humility to learn and analyze the cultural nuances of each population to avoid potential stereotype and personal bias. Some critics have championed cultural humility over cultural competence. This article presents an argument that both are necessary for practice.