Stereotaxic Apparatus Research Articles

Successful removal of intracranial air-gun bullet with stereotaxic apparatus.

Successful removal of intracranial air-gun bullet with stereotaxic apparatus.

A Simple Device to Orientate Rat Brain for Cutting According to De Groot's Atlas.

Most experimental work involving microscopic examination of the rat brain is done with the help of De Groot's Stereotaxic Atlas (). In the stereotaxic apparatus the upper jaw of the rat is placed on the upper incisor bar at a height of 5 mm above the level of the interaural line. The horizontal zero plane is tangent to the upper surface of the incisor bar, and passes intracerebrally through the anterior and posterior commissures. The vertical zero plane is taken perpendicularly to the horizontal plane. The atlas is composed of tracings taken from transverse sections parallel to the chosen vertical plane. De Groot states that he has chosen this plane because it effects a somewhat equal distribution of important centers on either side in the regions of the diencephalon and telencephalon. Duplication for brain cutting of the angle found in the atlas is the keynote to easy and rapid comparison of histological sections with the tracings. This angle can easily be achieved in every rat brain that is serially cut if the simple device shown in Fig. 1 is used to cut the anterior tip of the brains which have been fixed for 24 hours in formalin. The angle at which the brain is positioned in the stereotaxic apparatus can be duplicated after the brain has been removed from the skull by placing it on a wooden block which has an angle of 28°. A sharp blade can then be lowered perpendicularly to the base of the inlstrument. This produces a transverse section which slants posteriorly and forms an angle of approximately 118° with the ventral surface of the blrain (Fig. 2). Embedding, after trhe fixation has been completed, is done by placing this anterior cut surface on the bottom of the embedding dish. When the block is later set up on the microtome, almost no adjustment is necessary to obtain the exact orientation described in the atlas. Thus no long experience is needed by the technician, and the rapid adjustment will increase his efficiency. If a great deal of work is involved the utility of this device is evident.

Modification of the ?�mib? stereotaxic apparatus for simultaneous implantation of two electrodes into the rostral and caudal ends of the cat's brain stem

For a simultaneous implanation of two electrodes into the caudal and rostral portions of the brain stem the cat head was turned 45° and two micromnipulators were used. One was set vertically, the other inclined forward by 45° to the horizontal plane with the aid of modified planks. Each plank is 10 mm higher than the standard one, while the planes of the upper sections of the plank form a 100° angle. This makes it possible to incline the manipulator in the sagittal plane by a considerably larger angle.

A stereotaxic apparatus for brain surgery and high frequency coagulator with automatic thermocontrol.

A stereotaxic apparatus for brain surgery and high frequency coagulator with automatic thermocontrol.

Hypodermic Cathode Follower for Drug Administration and Concurrent EEG Recording

The development of a stable hypodermic cathode follower has been accomplished for drug administration and concurrent EEG recording. The cathode follower is characterized by grid currents well below 10-11 and an input impedance of approximately 100 meg. ohms. The hypodermic cathode follower is designed to be used in conjunction with a stereotaxic apparatus, thus making it possible to apply drugs to highly localized areas in the vertebrate brain. Simultaneous drug administration and EEG recording are the main features of the instrument and as such offer wide application for neuropharmacology investigations.

Spinal Input to the Midbrain Reticular Formation: Pharmacological Investigation

Publisher Summary Studies on the D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) indicate that this substance produces electrocortical arousal in the relaxed, conscious cat and that such an effect is not observed in the “encephale isole” or in the “cerveau isole” preparations. This chapter discusses the action of LSD-25 upon evoked potentials simultaneously recorded from the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord at upper cervical level and from the brain stem reticular formation at intercollicular level. Acute experiments were carried out in 18 intact adult cats. Under ether anesthesia, the animals were tracheotomized, one of their femoral veins was cannulated, and a sciatic nerve was dissected and cut. The animals were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus and nichrome wire electrodes were stereotaxically placed through a burr hole into the mesencephalic reticular formation at intercollicular level. The electrodes in the midbrain were located contralaterally to the dissected sciatic nerve. Under visual inspection, electrodes were inserted into the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord at the level of the second cervical segment, ipsilateral to the sciatic stimulated. LSD-25 had no effect upon the evoked potentials in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord but depressed the response in the midbrain reticular formation.

Spreading EEG Depression in Chickens

LEÃO (1944) reported originally the depression of spontaneous electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, caused by electrical or mechanical stimulation, in rabbits, and he designated this response as “spreading depression.” Spreading depression (SD) accompanied by a slow potential change of the cortex has been reported in many mammalia (Marshall, 1959). In lower vertebrates, similar phenomenon has been observed in the retina of the toad (Gouras, 1958). In pigeons, Leão (1944) also mentioned the occurrence of SD, and recently Bureš et al. (1960) have reported this phenomenon in pigeons using slow potential changes as the main indicator of SD. We have observed a similar phenomenon of SD on EEG of chicks and adult chickens as herein reported.Forty White Leghorn cocks, aged 3 to 8 months old, and sixteen male White Leghorn chicks, 1 to 23 days after hatching, were used. The bird was fixed to the stereotaxic apparatus under nembutal…

17. New Stereotaxic Apparatus and High Frequency Coagulator with Thermoregulator

17. New Stereotaxic Apparatus and High Frequency Coagulator with Thermoregulator

Somatotopic localization in rhesus subthalamic nucleus.

In 1947, Mettler and Whittier 1 were able to produce abnormal bodily movements in monkeys by placing lesions in the subthalamic nucleus. These movements, occurring for the most part in the limbs, closely resembled those seen in ballism (flinging movements) or, more broadly, chorea (dancing movements). The method of producing them was to run a concentric electrode, carried in a stereotaxic apparatus, into the dorsofrontal part of the brain in such a way that it entered the subthalamic nucleus. After having traversed this for a variable distance, the uninsulated tip of the electrode came to rest at the spot where the desired lesion was produced by fulguration. Not all lesions were provocative of abnormal movements. If they were, the movements were more specifically like ballism when the lesions were squarely in the nucleus. The movements were of a more general variety (of choreoid type) when the lesions were located to

A new model of stereotaxic apparatus for small laboratory animals

A stereotaxic device simple in construction and operation is described. It allows achieving local electrolytic injuries of deeply located cerebral portions in small laboratory animals.

Studies on the neurohumoral regulation of thyroid hormone secretion. Effect of electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus on the secretion of I-131-labeled thyroid hormone

Using a stereotaxic apparatus, electrode was implanted into the hypothalamus of the dogs before experiments and the influence of the electrical stimulation on various areas of hypothalamus on the content of PBI131 in thyroid venous blood was studied. The dogs received intramuscular injection of about 100-500 microcuries of I131 5 or 6 days before experiments. Thyroid venous blood was obtained by inserting the polyethylene catheter into the thyroid vein.When the anterior hypothalamus and the median eminence was stimulated, definite increase of PBI131 was observed, while in hypophysectomized dogs, the stimulation of these areas did not promote the thyroid hormone secretion.This would indicate that the increase of thyroid hormone secretion by the stimulation of the anterior hypothalamic area and median eminence is due to the increased secretion of thyrotropin from the pituitary gland.

H10. Experiences with the Attempted Ablation of the Piyuitary Gland Through the Sphenoidal Approach by the Aid of Stereotaxic Apparatus

H10. Experiences with the Attempted Ablation of the Piyuitary Gland Through the Sphenoidal Approach by the Aid of Stereotaxic Apparatus

A Stereotaxic Apparatus for Use in Cerebral Surgery

“This invention relates to what may be termed stereotaxic surgical apparatus for use in performing operations within the cranium of living human beings …”, wrote Robert Henry Clarke in his patent specification No. 22,455 of 1912. He continues “[it] is designed to enable a so-called probe … to reach, with absolute precision and by the shortest path, any predetermined point within the cranium through a comparatively small opening formed in the wall of the latter, the primary object being to obviate the necessity of extensively laying open or partially dissecting the head and removing considerable portions of the cranial contents in order to gain access to the exact spot whereat the actual operation is required to be carried out.” Clarke did not have the resources of contrast neuroradiography to help him, and any extensive attempts to use his apparatus (Fig. 1) in the human case were foredoomed by the variability of structure of the brain in relation to the external bony features of the skull. Nevertheless, ...

L'exploration chirurgicale stéréotaxique du lobe temporal dans l'épilepsie temporale.

This study consists of two parts: (1) an anatomical part which treats of the system of reference which the authors have adopted for stereotaxic interventions on the most important temporal structures, and (2) a surgical part describing their stereotaxic apparatus and the operative technique used. The text is confined strictly to the description of surgical technique concerned with stereotaxic exploration of the temporal lobe. There is no description of the techniques used for exciting or registering the activity of the structures. It is stated that these will be dealt with in due course by Dr. Bancaud and M. B. Dell. The first part contains a series of 56 plates showing serial sections of the temporal lobe in sagittal and frontal planes. These plates are excellent. Only one criticism might be made: It is not clear what is the exact level of each section or what interval separates them. Accompanying the

The DB-1-57 stereotaxic apparatus of the institute of normal and pathological physiology of the AMN SSSR

The authors present a description of a stereotaxic apparatus for cats which has the following advantages over the existing models: 1. A massive stand for fixation of the animal. 2. A device for rotating the fixated animal. 3. The possibility to bend the head of the animal in any direction. 4. The presence of elastic electrode-holders which permit to work simulatneously with 8 immersed electrodes.

A new method for the anatomical reconstruction of the human macular planes.

A simple stereotaxic apparatus is described for drilling orientation holes in the temporal bones of the human cadaver.Its use, in conjunction with a simplification of the wax plate method of reconstruction, makes possible the rapid reconstruction from a single temporal bone of the saccular and utricular maculae in their correct angular relationships to the classical skull planes.The procedure can be combined with routine examination of the histological structure of the maculae.A description is given of the application of the equipment, of the method of reconstruction, and of the technique of measurement of the angular relationships of the macular planes.The results are described and compared with those reported earlier by de Burlet.

A modified stereotaxic apparatus for brain surgery of deep portions.

A new designed stereotaxic apparatus suitable for surgical manipulation of deep parts of the human brain was exhibited. And, at the same time, its modified points having some improvements were described with technical and operative notes.

The eosinophil response to stress of patients with surgically produced thalamic and hypothalamic lesions.

SPIEGEL, Wycis and their coworkers have adapted the Horsley-Clarke stereotaxic apparatus so that precisely localized lesions may be produced within the brain substance of humans. In this manner, they have been treating patients who have certain emotional disorders and intractable pain (1, 2). Consequently, a unique opportunity has been afforded the present authors to investigate the relationship of the thalamus and hypothalamus to the human metabolic economy. Patients so treated have been studied over a period of two years with a variety of tests, including those measuring the response of eosinophils to the stress produced by ACTH, epinephrine and insulin. This paper is limited to a report of changes observed with these latter procedures. Fifteen schizophrenic patients have been evaluated before and at intervals after bilateral lesions were produced in the thalamus and/or hypothalamus by Drs. Spiegel and Wycis. Several patients were operated on again and the lesions enlarged and/or second lesions placed in other areas. Fasting blood specimens were taken in balanced oxalate, and the test substance (25 mg. of ACTH intramuscularly, 0.3 mg. of epinephrine subcutaneously, or 0.1 unit per kilogram of body weight of crystalline insulin intravenously) administered. Four hours later, a second blood specimen was similarly drawn. True blood glucose levels (3) were determined fasting, and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the injection of the test dose of insulin. The eosinophil counts of the oxalated blood specimens were made in Fuchs-Rosenthal counting chambers using the phloxine, propylene glycol-water stain of Randolph (4). Two pipettes were used for each blood specimen, and two chambers were filled from each pipette, the final count representing the average of four chambers.

The stereoencephalotome (model III of our stereotaxic apparatus for operations on the human brain).

The stereoencephalotome (model III of our stereotaxic apparatus for operations on the human brain).

Stereotaxic Apparatus for Operations on the Human Brain

Purpose: Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with a 5-year survival rate of less than 50%. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is frequently implicated in HNC. Recently, IQ motif–containing GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) was discovered to scaffold the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. IQGAP1 gene expression is increased in HNC, raising the hypothesis that IQGAP1 contributes to HNC. Experimental Design: We performed a combination of in vitro studies using human cancer cell lines treated with a cell-permeable peptide that interferes with IQGAP1′s ability to bind to PI3K, and in vivo studies utilizing mice genetically knocked out for the Iqgap1 (Iqgap1−/−). In vivo EGF stimulation assays were used to evaluate PI3K signaling. To study the role of IQGAP1 in HNC, we used a well-validated mouse model that drives HNC via a synthetic oral carcinogen, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO). Results: IQGAP1 is necessary for efficient PI3K signaling in vitro and in vivo. Disruption of IQGAP1-scaffolded PI3K/AKT signaling reduced HNC cell survival. Iqgap1−/− mice had significantly lower cancer incidences, lesser disease severity, and fewer cancer foci. IQGAP1 protein levels were increased in HNC arising in Iqgap1+/+ mice. The level of PI3K signaling in 4NQO-induced HNC arising in Iqgap1−/− mice was significantly reduced, consistent with the hypothesis that IQGAP1 contributes to HNC at least partly through PI3K signaling. High IQGAP1 expression correlated with reduced survival, and high pS6 levels correlated with high IQGAP1 levels in patients with HNC. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that IQGAP1 contributes to head and neck carcinogenesis.