Stereoscopic Display Research Articles

Polarization Selective Transparent Electrode With Patterned Metal for the 3D Display Pixel

We propose a polarization selective transparent electrode (PSTE) utilizing a rectangular-shaped metal nano-wire structure. The performance of the PSTE was evaluated with simulation based on finite element method (COMSOL Multiphysics). Parametric studies have been carried out to give a guide for geometric parameter selection to meet the requirement of the target application. According to the studies, 70 nm by 800 nm rectangular metal grid, having a thickness of 100 nm and linewidth of 30 nm were recommended to keep higher than 61% transmittance, 24 dB extinction ratio, and lower than 5 Ω/sq sheet resistance. As an application of PSTE, a design idea about crosstalk reduction of the passive stereoscopic 3D display is proposed by presenting its pixel structure employing the proposed PSTE. The light extraction efficiency of the proposed pixel employing PSTE structure was also evaluated and compared to the structure employing the lossless ITO (Indium Tin Oxide), by measuring extracted light output power from incoherently distributed dipole sources excited in the emission layer. Degradation of the extraction efficiency below 14 percent point was expected compared to the lossless ITO for all the primary color wavelength range.

A Novel Anatomy Education Method Using a Spatial Reality Display Capable of Stereoscopic Imaging with the Naked Eye

Several efforts have been made to use virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) for medical and dental education and surgical support. The current methods still require users to wear devices such as a head-mounted display (HMD) and smart glasses, which pose challenges in hygiene management and long-term use. Additionally, it is necessary to measure the user’s inter-pupillary distance and to reflect it in the device settings each time to accurately display 3D images. This setting is difficult for daily use. We developed and implemented a novel anatomy education method using a spatial reality display capable of stereoscopic viewing with the naked eye without an HMD or smart glasses. In this study, we developed two new applications: (1) a head and neck anatomy education application, which can display 3D-CG models of the skeleton and blood vessels of the head and neck region using 3D human body data available free of charge from public research institutes, and (2) a DICOM image autostereoscopic viewer, which can automatically convert 2D CT/MRI/CBCT image data into 3D-CG models. In total, 104 students at the School of Dentistry experienced and evaluated the system, and the results suggest its usefulness. A stereoscopic display without a head-mounted display is highly useful and promising for anatomy education.

Design and Research of Interactive Animation of Immersive Space Scene Based on Computer Vision Technology

With the development of computational simulation technology, the need for stable and immersive display effects of space scene animation in the field of life experience and visual art has gradually increased. In this case, the requirements for immersive characteristics of space scene animation have also been strengthened. The existing 3D space scene animation has a limited degree of stereoscopic display model and data visualization. However, the current space scene interactive animation adopts a plane layout as a whole, and the size of the view interface is generally fixed, including the size of virtual elements. However, the immersion in this paper interactive animation of spatial scene can effectively solve the problems of incomplete display of 3D effects and unstable view simulation in 3D effects. This paper takes immersive space scene animation as the research object and studies the 3D and characteristics of space scene animation based on computer parallel computing in different immersive space scenes and different virtual space technologies, as well as the animation effects of different scene transformations and art forms. The result of research shows that, with the continuous increase of the degree of virtuality within a certain range, the immersive effect of spatial scene interactive animation gradually becomes better. When the color of the space scene animation is below 15, the virtual immersive effect changes less. When the space scene is in the range of 15–20, the space scene will make people feel the atmosphere of a beautiful and mysterious illusion.

A New Virtual Environment System for Large-Scale Complex Products Assembly

To deal with the problems of complicated process, difficult operation and low efficiency for large-scale complex products assembly, a new Virtual Assembly Environment System (VAES) was proposed, which applies Virtual Reality (VR) technology in the process of assembly planning and training. A series of key technologies were proposed, such as parallel rendering, stereoscopic display, geometrical correction, walking machine. A stereo video generator was developed to maintain real-time display and decrease costs. A geometrical correction method based on NURBS surface was presented. The system was applied in the process of satellite assembly, the result showed that it was feasible for the related research and application.

Comparing and Combining Virtual Hand and Virtual Ray Pointer Interactions for Data Manipulation in Immersive Analytics.

In this work, we evaluate two standard interaction techniques for Immersive Analytics environments: virtual hands, with actions such as grabbing and stretching, and virtual ray pointers, with actions assigned to controller buttons. We also consider a third option: seamlessly integrating both modes and allowing the user to alternate between them without explicit mode switches. Easy-to-use interaction with data visualizations in Virtual Reality enables analysts to intuitively query or filter the data, in addition to the benefit of multiple perspectives and stereoscopic 3D display. While many VR-based Immersive Analytics systems employ one of the studied interaction modes, the effect of this choice is unknown. Considering that each has different advantages, we compared the three conditions through a controlled user study in the spatio-temporal data domain. We did not find significant differences between hands and ray-casting in task performance, workload, or interactivity patterns. Yet, 60% of the participants preferred the mixed mode and benefited from it by choosing the best alternative for each low-level task. This mode significantly reduced completion times by 23% for the most demanding task, at the cost of a 5% decrease in overall success rates.

Wavelength-multiplexed stereoscopic LC display using scanning backlight.

A stereoscopic display system based on a wavelength-multiplexed and time-multiplexed technique is introduced. The system includes white LEDs, complementary multiband bandpass filters, 30 double-side-lit light guide bars, and a liquid crystal display panel, as well as a pair of complementary multiband bandpass filter glasses. The LEDs are divided into two groups, and each group is covered with a kind of complementary multiband bandpass filter. They can be controlled by the driving circuit and work in the scanning mode in synchronization with the liquid crystal display panel, as the liquid crystal display panel displaying the left and right images frame by frame. The backlight for the left and right images is sampled by complementary multiband bandpass filter1 and complementary multiband bandpass filter2, respectively, and can only pass through the corresponding glass lens, realizing channel separation. A prototype based on this principle was set up and experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of the system. Double-side-lit backlight with light guide bars ensures the uniformity of the backlight while using fewer LEDs, and therefore reducing power consumption. Brightness through complementary multiband bandpass filter1 and complementary multiband bandpass filter2 is about 50.5 nits and 55.5 nits, respectively. It is demonstrated in our system that the scanning backlight with 30 light guide bars is capable of reducing cross talk to 2.2%. Furthermore, the resolution in the wavelength-multiplexed 3D mode is the same as the physical resolution of the liquid crystal display panel.

Kinematics of direct reaching in head-mounted and stereoscopic widescreen virtual environments

This research investigated the effects of virtual displays on kinematic parameters during direct pointing at a virtual target. Two virtual displays, three egocentric distances, and three indices of difficulty (IDs) were the independent variables considered in the study. Twelve participants (M = 29.8 ± 3.45 years of age) with normal visual acuity performed a pointing movement in the two VR displays, a stereoscopic widescreen display (SWD) and a head-mounted display (HMD). The movement data were compiled using a motion system. The outcomes revealed that peak velocity and reaction time differed significantly between the SWD and HMD conditions; peak velocity was higher and reaction time was shorter with the SWD than with the HMD. Nonetheless, the effective movement time and confirmation time were not significantly different between the two VR displays. In addition, the distance judgment accuracies of the HMD and SWD were 96% and 86%, respectively; distance was underestimated in the HMD and overestimated in the SWD. Moreover, both peak velocity and reaction time were significantly lower at high ID than at low and medium IDs. The results suggested that using an SWD could be more effective and efficient than an HMD for restoring motor function in upper and lower limbs. On the other hand, an HMD might be appropriate for applications which require exocentric distance judgment precision, such as architecture or medical visualization. Moreover, such findings provide valuable information for developers and designers of human interfaces and applications in virtual reality.

Subjective assessment on visual fatigue versus stereoscopic disparities

AbstractThe sense of discomfort when watching stereoscopic display caused by visual fatigue has hindered the widespread applications of stereoscopic display. In this work, we explore the relationship between visual fatigue and stereoscopic parallax using subjective assessment. The visual fatigue of the subjects is evaluated after viewing different parallax stereoscopic samples. It shows that visual fatigue exacerbates greater in negative parallax than positive parallax. Surprisingly, the results indicate that visual fatigue can be alleviated with tiny parallax, which increases the comfort of stereoscopic visual perception. We envision that this relationship is able to provide helpful hints in designing visual healthy stereoscopic images.

Eye-hand movement in 3D displays: A structural equation modeling approach

Eye-hand movements are two important parameters to evaluate the User Experience (UX) in the stereoscopic display (3D). The current study utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) to derive the causal relationship between parallax, index of difficulty (ID), eye movement, hand movement, eye index performance (IP eye), and hand index performance (IP hand) simultaneously. 10 participants voluntarily participated in the current study and they were asked to perform a multi-directional Fitts’ Law task in the projection-based stereoscopic display. The results indicated that parallax had significant effects on eye movement time and hand movement time. In addition, ID was found to have significant effects on eye movement time and hand movement time. Interestingly, parallax and ID were found to have significant effects on IP eye, however, no significant effects were found on IP hand. These findings could be very beneficial for UX researchers and projection-based stereoscopic display developers especially in terms of evaluating UX of an interface.

31.3: A quantitative measurement of binocular fusion limit under opposite color

In stereoscopic display, when the color stimulation of left eye and right eye exceeds a certain range of acceptance, binocular rivalry will occur, and the stimulation of left eye and right eye will alternately occur during the viewing process, thus causing discomfort in viewing. This is a common problem in stereoscopic display pictures and video production. In this paper, we conducted an experiment to measure the color fusion limit in an autostereoscopic display. In the L * a * b * chromaticity diagram, the binocular fusion limits of different opposite color directions are measured. The results show that the limit of binocular fusion is larger in RY‐GB.

32nd Annual Stereoscopic Displays and Applications Conference - Introduction

This document provides an overview of the 32nd Stereoscopic Displays and Applications conference and also serves as an introduction to the conference proceedings.

Visual Fatigue Alleviating in Stereo Imaging of Anaglyphs by Reducing Retinal Rivalry and Color Distortion Based on Mobile Virtual Reality Technology

Stereoscopic display is the means of showing scenes in Virtual Reality (VR). As a type of stereo images, anaglyphs can be displayed not only on the screen, but are currently the only solution of stereo images that can be displayed on paper. However, its deficiencies, like retinal rivalry and color distortion, could cause visual fatigue. To address this issue, an algorithm is proposed for anaglyph generation. Unlike previous studies only considering one aspect, it considers both retinal rivalry and color distortion at the same time. The algorithm works in the CIE L∗a∗b∗ color space and focuses on matching the perceptual color attributes especially the hue, rather than directly minimizes the sum of the distances between the perceived anaglyph color and the stereo image pair. In addition, the paper builds a relatively complete framework to generate anaglyphs so that it is more controllable to adjust the parameters and choose the appropriate process. The subjective tests are conducted to compare the results with several techniques which generate anaglyphs including empirical methods and computing methods. Results show that the proposed algorithm has a good performance.

Stereoscopic visual stimuli for examining biological motion perception and unanticipated steering manoeuvres in people with Parkinson's disease

Community falls in people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) are common, costly, and often unanticipated. Aside from static obstacles, it has been reported that oncoming people in community settings pose problems for PwPD when navigating. This suggests that PwPD may have difficulty (i) perceiving biological motion and action possibilities, and (ii) steering out of the way of oncoming persons. To date, laboratory research that investigated unanticipated steering manoeuvres in PwPD have only incorporated light- or arrow-based visual stimuli to simulate the spatiotemporal demands of these movements. However, such simple stimuli are not ecologically valid for examining biological motion perception and unanticipated steering manoeuvres used in avoiding oncoming people. To improve the generalisability of laboratory research in this field, a set of stereoscopic visual stimuli that feature an oncoming person initiating a sudden change in direction was developed for PwPD to engage with. Specifically, we modified and improved existing cinematographic techniques, software, and stereoscopic display technology to bring about:•Ambulatory scenarios that were quasi-immersed with the laboratory environment.•Enhanced realism.•Better temporal consistency in video playback.

Technological requirements for the design of stereoscopic display using LED Holographic Technology

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The research aims to identify the technology of producing the holographic image and how to display it through 3D LED fans for use in the field of advertising. HYPOTHESIS AND METHODOLOGIES The research relied on the descriptive analytical approach to produce holographic images, as well as the experimental approach to reach the best methods for producing and designing a holographic display through 3D LED fans. 1. The use of 3D LED fans for a holographic display in advertising is more effective than using traditional methods. 2. Modern technology has helped to develop the concept of stereoscopic image and its spread. 3. Display product pictures through holographic technology more attractive than traditional methods. 4. Graphics and electronic montage programs have helped increase the quality of the images used in the field of advertising. 5. The angle of rotation of the subject during shooting affects the display quality. Results: 1- Displaying product pictures through holographic technology more attractive than traditional methods. 2- Graphics and electronic editing software helped in controlling the quality of the displayed images. 3- The angle of rotation of the subject during shooting affects the quality of the presentation. 4-The rotation time affects the quality of video during the presentation. 5- Image quality control has an effect on presentation.

A Method of Stereoscopic Display for Dynamic 3D Graphics on Android Platform

With the widespread use of smart terminals, the convenient use of stereoscopic video display on mobile platforms is urgently needed by more and more people. This study presents a method to rapidly convert 3D dynamic graphics produced by 3D animation software into stereoscopic display suitable for the Android platform, with details of an algorithm to generate double-viewpoint image sequences from single-viewpoint 3D dynamic graphics, and a method for compositing stereoscopic display from double-viewpoint image sequences. It developes a program on the basis of popular animation software to implement this method for realizing automatic generation of dynamic 3D graphics and for outputting composite images that conforms to the binocular characteristics of stereoscopic displays. As shown by experiments, the methods presented by this study, produce better results at a faster speed and provide stronger support for the production of high-quality stereo videos.

Crosstalk Reduction for Parallax Barrier Stereoscopic Display Based on High-speed Viewpoint Tracking and Projection

Crosstalk Reduction for Parallax Barrier Stereoscopic Display Based on High-speed Viewpoint Tracking and Projection

Mononizing binocular videos

This paper presents the idea of mono-nizing binocular videos and a framework to effectively realize it. Mono-nize means we purposely convert a binocular video into a regular monocular video with the stereo information implicitly encoded in a visual but nearly-imperceptible form. Hence, we can impartially distribute and show the mononized video as an ordinary monocular video. Unlike ordinary monocular videos, we can restore from it the original binocular video and show it on a stereoscopic display. To start, we formulate an encoding-and-decoding framework with the pyramidal deformable fusion module to exploit long-range correspondences between the left and right views, a quantization layer to suppress the restoring artifacts, and the compression noise simulation module to resist the compression noise introduced by modern video codecs. Our framework is self-supervised, as we articulate our objective function with loss terms defined on the input: a monocular term for creating the mononized video, an invertibility term for restoring the original video, and a temporal term for frame-to-frame coherence. Further, we conducted extensive experiments to evaluate our generated mononized videos and restored binocular videos for diverse types of images and 3D movies. Quantitative results on both standard metrics and user perception studies show the effectiveness of our method.

Human–Robot Collaborative Control in a Virtual-Reality-Based Telepresence System

In this paper, we develop a robotic telepresence system to provide remote users with immersive embodiment in local environments through a custom-designed mobile robot. The proposed telepresence system uses a virtual reality (VR) device to connect a remote user to the robot. Three dimensional visual data from a RGB-D camera are rendered for real-time stereoscopic display in the VR device, which forms a deeply-coupled human machine system and creates an immersive experience of telepresence. Based on a user study, it is found that better user experience can be achieved by allowing the robot to track the speaker while being aware of the intention of the remote user. To this end we propose a human-robot collaborative control framework based on human intention recognition and sound localization. The intentions of head movement of the remote user are inferred based on the motion of the VR device using hidden Markov models. The speaker is tracked through sound source localization using a microphone array. A collaborative control scheme is developed to fuse the control from the robot and the remote user. Experiments are conducted in both one-to-one and one-to-two remote conversation scenarios. The results show that the proposed system can significantly improve the immersiveness and performance of robotic telepresence systems, therefore greatly enhancing the user experience of such telepresence systems.

Stereoscopic Display Is Superior to Conventional Display for Three-Dimensional Echocardiography of Congenital Heart Anatomy

Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) improves visualization of cardiac lesions. Current viewing of 3DE studies on a conventional display diminishes the encoded stereoscopic (stereo) information for depth perception. This study aims to evaluate clinician subjective and objective experience of stereo display compared with nonstereo display of 3DE in congenital heart disease. In this prospective study, 22 cardiologists, advanced cardiology trainees, and cardiothoracic surgeons used a commercially available stereo display system with proprietary software to view 10 3DE data sets, alternating between simple and complex lesions. In part A, participants viewed each data set, randomized to 1minute of stereo display followed by 1minute of nonstereo display, or vice versa. In part B, participants could freely toggle between stereo and nonstereo display for an additional 90seconds per data set. Participants answered a series of questions and rated their subjective experience using stereo versus nonstereo display mode on a Likert scale. Objective data on time spent in each display mode during part B and duration of interaction and degree of movement of the 3DE data set in parts A and B were also collected. All clinician groups found stereo display preferable to nonstereo display of 3DE (P<.0001). Viewing complex lesions was rated lower than simple lesions when using nonstereo display (P<.01). Simple and complex lesions were equally well rated when using stereo display (P=.14). When given a choice of display modes in part B, participants spent more time in stereo display (P<.0001) and interacted more with the 3DE data sets in stereo display (P<.0001). Interactive stereoscopic display of 3DE was preferred over conventional nonstereo display by all clinician groups for viewing both simple and complex lesions. This preference is especially true for viewing complex lesions.

Infants' responsiveness to half-occlusions in phantom stereograms.

The present natural preference study investigated infants 4 and 7months of age for their ability to respond to phantom contoubrs, illusory surfaces generated by half-occlusions in a stereoscopic display consisting of a pair of parallel vertical lines. The left line in the half-image for the right eye and the right line in the half-image for the left eye have a gap in the middle. The visual system accounts for the binocular unmatched gaps by perceiving an illusory contour. Infants in the experimental condition were presented with a standard phantom stereogram displaying a phantom contour versus a non-standard phantom stereogram, the half-images of which were exchanged. This stereogram evokes the impression of two small separate illusory contours. In both stereograms, the gaps moved up and down. The participants aged 7 but not 4months preferred looking at the standard phantom stereogram. A control condition supported the hypothesis that the infants 7months of age in the experimental condition indeed responded to the coherent illusory surface instead of simply detecting differences in the geometric arrangement of the half-occlusions. The results hence indicate that infants are able to extract spatial information from monocular regions in a binocular display.