Stereolithographic Printing Research Articles

Effect of manufacturing trinomial and restoration thickness on the fabrication trueness, fit, and margin quality of additively manufactured resin-based ultrathin laminate veneers.

To evaluate the effect of the manufacturing trinomial (manufacturing technology, three-dimensional printer, and material) and restoration thickness on the fabrication trueness, fit, and margin quality of additively manufactured resin-based ultrathin laminate veneers (LVs) by comparing to those produced subtractively. Reference LVs were designed from the scan files of two identical maxillary central incisor typodonts prepared for 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm LVs. LVs were manufactured additively with resins of different compositions, either using a tilting stereolithography (Irix Max [AM-IX] and Irix Plus [AM-IP]) or a digital light processing printer (VarseoSmile Crown Plus [AM-VS] and Tera Harz TC- 80DP [AM-GR]), and subtractively (Tetric CAD [SM-TC]) (n=10). All LVs were digitized to evaluate their fabrication trueness and fit. The margin quality was assessed through visual examination. The trueness and fit data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests, while the chi-squared test was used to evaluate the margin quality (α = 0.05). The interaction between the main factors and the manufacturing trinomial affected the fabrication trueness and fit, while restoration thickness affected the fit of tested LVs (P ≤ 0.001). AM-IP mostly had the lowest deviations, followed by AM-IX, and mostly had the lowest gaps (P ≤ 0.037). Thinner LVs had lower gaps (P < 0.001). Tested LVs mostly had slightly rough margins with small defects. LVs fabricated with the tilting stereolithography printer mostly had higher trueness. Using AM-IP or fabricating 0.3 mm LVs improved the fit. Nevertheless, all tested LVs had clinically acceptable fit. Ultrathin laminate veneers fabricated with the manufacturing trinomial involving tested tilting stereolithography printer and resins may require less clinical adjustments. In addition, one of the resins (AM-IP) within this manufacturing trinomial or fabricating 0.3 mm laminate veneers may improve the fit.

Facile Fabrication of Multifunctional Superhydrophobic Surfaces Synthesized by the Additive Manufacturing Technique Modified with ZnO Nanoparticles.

This article reports facile fabrication of a multifunctional smart surface having superhydrophobic self-cleaning property, superoleophilicity, and antimicrobial property. These smart surfaces have been synthesized using the stereolithography (SLA) method of the additive manufacturing technique. SLA is a fast additive manufacturing technique used to create complex parts with intricate geometries. A wide variety of materials and high-resolution techniques can be utilized to create functional parts such as superhydrophobic surfaces. Various materials have been studied to improve the functionality of 3D printing. However, the fabrication of such materials is not easy, as it is quite expensive. In this work, we used a commercially available SLA printer and its photopolymer resin to create various micropatterned surfaces. Additionally, we applied a low surface energy coating with ZnO nanoparticles and tetraethyl orthosilicate to create hierarchical roughness. The wettability studies of created superhydrophobic surfaces were evaluated by means of static contact angle using the sessile drop method and rolling angle measurements. The effects of various factors, including different concentrations of coating mixture, drying temperatures, patterns (pyramids, pillars, and eggbeater structures), and pillar spacing, were studied in relation to contact angles. Subsequently, all the functional properties (i.e., self-cleaning, oleophilicity, and antibacterial properties) of the as-obtained surfaces were demonstrated using data, images, and supporting videos. This inexpensive and scalable process can be easily replicated with an SLA 3D printer and photopolymer resin for many applications such as self-cleaning, oil-water separation, channel-less microfluidics, antibacterial coating, etc.

Evaluation of 3D-Printed Microfluidic Structures for Use in AML-Specific Biomarker Detection of PML::RARA.

An obstacle for many microfluidic developments is the fabrication of its structures, which is often complex, time-consuming, and expensive. Additive manufacturing can help to reduce these barriers. This study investigated whether the results of a microfluidic assay for the detection of the promyelocytic leukemia (PML)-retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) fusion protein (PML::RARA), and thus for the differential diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), could be transferred from borosilicate glass microfluidic structures to additively manufactured fluidics. Digital light processing (DLP) and stereolithography (SLA) printers as well as different photopolymerizable methacrylate-based resins were tested for fabrication of the fluidics. To assess suitability, both print resolution and various physical properties, serializability, biocompatibility, and functionalization with biological molecules were analyzed. The results show that additively manufactured microfluidics are suitable for application in leukemia diagnostics. This was demonstrated by transferring the microfluidic sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for PML::RARA onto the surface of magnetic microparticles from a glass structure to three-dimensional (3D)-printed parts. A comparison with conventional glass microstructures suggests lower sensitivity but highlights the potential of additive manufacturing for prototyping microfluidics. This may contribute to the wider use of microfluidics in biotechnological or medical applications.

Open-source 3D printed manifolds for exposure studies using human airway epithelial cells

RationaleIn vitrostudies using air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures enable controlled investigation of human airway epithelial cell (HAEC) responses to clinically relevant exposures. Commercialin vitroexposure systems provide precise and reproducible dosage but require significant investment. Exposure science may benefit from a more accessible customizable open-source exposure system. We present 3D printed manifolds for applying a range of exposures uniformly across standard, commercially available 6- and 24-well plates with ALI culture inserts.MethodsA chamber-style exposure system and designed manifolds were evaluated for exposure uniformityviasimulations and deposition of nebulized FITC-labelled dextran. Chamber and manifolds were manufactured using 3D stereolithography printing. Cannabis concentrate vapour was generated from 3 different vaporizers and applied to well plates using the manifold system. Calu-3 cells and primary HAECs were cultured on Transwell™ inserts for exposure studies.ResultsThe manifolds produced less variation in simulations and physical deposition of FITC-dextran aerosol across well plates compared to the chamber system. Distinct doses of cannabis concentrate vapour were delivered to well plates with minimal variation among wells. Whole tobacco smoke exposure using the manifold system induced functional changes in Calu-3 barrier function, cytokine production (IL-6 and IL-8), and cell membrane potential. Cannabis smoke led to reduced primary HAEC barrier function in a dose- and strain-dependent manner.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate the feasibility and the validity of our open-source 3D printed manifolds for use in studying multiple exposures and position our designs as an accessible option in parallel with commercially available systems.All article content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

A 3D printed pressure sensor based on a bossed diaphragm with straight-annular grooves

PurposeTo supply temporary pressure testing devices with favorable performance for emergency environments, this paper aims to present a pressure sensor with a central boss and straight-annular grooves. The structural feature is modeled and optimized by neural network-based method, and the device prototype is fabricated by 3D printing techniques.Design/methodology/approachThe study initially compares mechanical properties of the proposed structure with two conventional designs using finite element analysis. The impacts from structural dimensions on sensor performance are modeled using a Backpropagation neural network and optimized through genetic algorithms. The sensing diaphragm is fabricated using stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing, while the piezoresistors and necessary interconnects are realized with screen printing techniques.FindingsThe experimental results demonstrate that the fabricated sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 2.8866 mV/kPa and a nonlinearity of 6.81% within the pressure range of 0–100 kPa. This performance is an improvement of 118% in sensitivity and a decrease of 54% in nonlinearity compared to flat diaphragm structure, highlighting the effectiveness of proposed diaphragm configuration.Originality/valueThis research offers a holistic methodology that encompasses the structural design, optimization and fabrication of pressure sensors. The proposed diaphragm and corresponding modelling method can provide a practical approach to enhance the measurement capabilities of pressure sensors. By leveraging SLA printing for diaphragm and screen printing for circuit, the prototype can be produced in a timely manner.

Optimizing Stereolithography Printing Parameters for Enhanced Microfluidic Chip Quality

Abstract In the pursuit of innovative biosensing technologies for critical applications such as early breast cancer detection, the development of efficient and portable devices is crucial. This work describes a unique stereolithography (SLA)-based three-dimensional–printed microfluidic device intended particularly for optofluidic biosensing with just microliter quantities of blood, similar to diabetes monitoring devices. Unlike typical cumbersome lab equipment such as the Biacore machine, which needs large blood sample volumes and laboratory processing, microfluidic technology allows for patient-operated, at-home testing, decreasing the requirement for hospital visits. The main contribution of this study is to optimize the SLA printing parameters, namely the exposure duration, in order to improve the microfluidic chip’s transparency and channel quality. This improvement allows for the exact immobilization of biorecognition components within the channels, resulting in sensitive and efficient biomarker detection. By extending the exposure duration, we considerably increase the structural integrity and optical clarity of the microfluidic channels, which are critical for successful biosignal transduction in labeled sensing applications. This development not only leads to a cheaper cost and faster manufacturing compared with conventional technologies but also offers increased performance in real bio-sensing applications. Thus, our work represents a big step forward in the development of accessible, efficient, and compact devices for early-stage illness diagnosis, outperforming existing lab-based diagnostics.

Optimizing 3D-Printed Auxetic Structures for Tensile Performance: Taguchi Method Application on Cell Size and Shape Orientation

Auxetic structures are characterized by their unique mechanical property of exhibiting a negative Poisson's ratio, which means they expand laterally when stretched and contract laterally when compressed, contrary to conventional materials. This distinctive behavior enables auxetic materials to possess enhanced mechanical properties such as improved energy absorption, shear resistance, and indentation resistance. This study is of special novelty as it is one of the few investigations examining the effect and optimization of shape orientation and cell size on tensile mechanical properties. For this reason, a total of nine different specimens were produced using three different cell sizes (3 mm, 2 mm, 1.5 mm) and three different shape orientations (0º, 45º, 90º) using a masked stereolithography (MSLA) printer, and their tension mechanical properties were investigated. The best cell size and shape orientation were determined by Taguchi's maximum signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) analysis, and the data was analyzed with the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. Specifically, a cell size of 1.5 mm and a shape orientation of 90º delivered the best performance, with a maximum fracture force of 348.44 N and energy absorption of 224.91 J. This research contributes to optimizing 3D printing for improved mechanical performance and to the field of additive manufacturing.

Evaluation of the Efficacy and Accuracy of Super-Flexible Three-Dimensional Heart Models of Congenital Heart Disease Made via Stereolithography Printing and Vacuum Casting: A Multicenter Clinical Trial.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an advanced technology for accurately understanding anatomy and supporting the successful surgical management of complex congenital heart disease (CHD). We aimed to evaluate whether our super-flexible 3D heart models could facilitate preoperative decision-making and surgical simulation for complex CHD. The super-flexible heart models were fabricated by stereolithography 3D printing of the internal and external contours of the heart from cardiac computed tomography (CT) data, followed by vacuum casting with a polyurethane material similar in elasticity to a child's heart. Nineteen pediatric patients with complex CHD were enrolled (median age, 10 months). The primary endpoint was defined as the percentage of patients rated as "essential" on the surgeons' postoperative 5-point Likert scale. The accuracy of the models was validated by a non-destructive method using industrial CT. The super-flexible heart models allowed detailed anatomical diagnosis and simulated surgery with incisions and sutures. Thirteen patients (68.4%) were classified as "essential" by the primary surgeons after surgery, with a 95% confidence interval of 43.4-87.4%, meeting the primary endpoint. The product error within 90% of the total external and internal surfaces was 0.54 ± 0.21 mm. The super-flexible 3D heart models are accurate, reliable, and useful tools to assist surgeons in decision-making and allow for preoperative simulation in CHD.

Programmable spatial magnetization stereolithographic printing of biomimetic soft machines with thin-walled structures

Soft machines respond to external magnetic stimuli with targeted shape changes and motions due to anisotropic magnetization, showing great potential in biomimetic applications. However, mimicking biological functionalities, particularly the complex hollow structures of organs and their dynamic behaviors, remains challenging. Here, we develop a printing method based on three-dimensional uniform magnetic field-assisted stereolithography to fabricate thin-walled soft machines with internal cavities and programmable magnetization. This printing technique employs Halbach arrays and an electromagnetic solenoid to generate an adjustable uniform magnetic field (up to 80 millitesla), efficiently orienting ferromagnetic particles, followed by solidification with patterned ultraviolet light. A support strategy and optimized material composition enhance printing stability and success rates. Our developed method enables fabrication of magnetic-driven soft machines capable of peristaltic propulsion, unidirectional fluid transport, periodic pumping action, and intake-expulsion deformation. These structures, achieving hollow ratios as high as 0.92 and enabling parallel manufacturing, highlight this technique’s considerable potential for biomedical applications by emulating complex biological behaviors and functions.

Photocrosslinkable Biomaterials for 3D Bioprinting: Mechanisms, Recent Advances, and Future Prospects.

Constructing scaffolds with the desired structures and functions is one of the main goals of tissue engineering. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a promising technology that enables the personalized fabrication of devices with regulated biological and mechanical characteristics similar to natural tissues/organs. To date, 3D bioprinting has been widely explored for biomedical applications like tissue engineering, drug delivery, drug screening, and in vitro disease model construction. Among different bioinks, photocrosslinkable bioinks have emerged as a powerful choice for the advanced fabrication of 3D devices, with fast crosslinking speed, high resolution, and great print fidelity. The photocrosslinkable biomaterials used for light-based 3D printing play a pivotal role in the fabrication of functional constructs. Herein, this review outlines the general 3D bioprinting approaches related to photocrosslinkable biomaterials, including extrusion-based printing, inkjet printing, stereolithography printing, and laser-assisted printing. Further, the mechanisms, advantages, and limitations of photopolymerization and photoinitiators are discussed. Next, recent advances in natural and synthetic photocrosslinkable biomaterials used for 3D bioprinting are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of photocrosslinkable bioinks and bioprinting approaches are envisaged.

On the application of components manufactured with stereolithographic 3D printing in high vacuum systems

We explore the ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) compatibility of Formlabs ‘Clear Resin’ via vat photopolymerisation (VPP). We report on a method for using VPP additive manufacturing, specifically Formlabs’ widely available stereolithographic (SLA) printing using their ‘Clear Resin’ material, to rapidly and cheaply prototype components for use in high-vacuum (HV) environments. We present pump down curves and residual gas analysis to demonstrate the primary vacuum contaminant from freshly printed SLA plastics is water with no evidence of polymers outgassing from the material and thus the vacuum performance can be controlled with simple treatments which do not involve surface sealing. An unbaked vacuum system containing SLA printed components achieved 1.9 × 10-8mbar base pressure whilst retaining structural integrity and manufacturing accuracy. Outgassing rates in the HV test chamber and preliminary results in a UHV chamber indicate that our method can be extended to achieve ultrahigh-vacuum compatibility. We further report on the effect of atmospheric exposure to components and present evidence to suggest that water re-ad/absorption occurs exclusively on the surface, by showing that the bulk mass changes of the material is irreversible on the timescale investigated (<2weeks).

Two-step fabrication of clear view SLA millifluidic device for long-term in-vitro cultures

PurposeIn vitro millifluidic cultures with perfusion are essential tools to analyse and understand the interactions between cells, their matrix and multi-cell populations. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the design and development of a 3D-printed template that can be used for fabrication of a clear view poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) device. The major objective is to obtain a transparent device prototype that allows perfusion culture of two cell types for multiple days that can be imaged using laser scanning confocal microscopy.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used a two-step approach for achieving the final geometric structure at a faster timeline and lower cost. The first part focuses on comparing the fidelity of the printing templates using fused deposition modelling (FDM) and stereolithography (SLA) printers for a range of dimensions. They then show that the complex geometry chip with connection chambers can be printed using low resolution low cost FormLab SLA printer. The final optimized design was then printed using high-resolution Projet 6000 SLA printer to obtain smoother structures.FindingsIn this work, the authors have shown that the FormLab SLA printer yields significantly lower error for printing complex design geometries as compared to FDM printer. Result shows that FormLab printer can be used to achieve a minimum dimension of 0.5 mm. They then use the printer to optimize the device dimension for the culture chip which requires several iterations of printing and experimenting. They showed the two-step protocol of printing the optimized template in a high-resolution SLA printer and further fabricating a clear view millifluidic PDMS device that is compatible confocal microscopy imaging. They used this culture chip for perfusion culture of two cell type, and the controlled fluidic exchange between the two chambers led to the formation of neuroglia junction.Originality/valueOne of the major bottlenecks for obtaining complex geometry in mili/microfluidic device by 3D printing is the need of multiple iterations on printing. This makes the tuning of dimension significantly expensive. Another challenge is to obtain a smooth surface of PDMS that leads to a leak proof clear view device compatible for laser based confocal imaging. The combination of two printers plays a crucial role for the rapid prototyping of the imaging device with flow control. The proposed approach lowers the cost for prototyping of in vitro culture chip with complex geometries to improve on biological research demanding multi-chamber fluidic device.

Stereolithography Printing and Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate/Hexagonal Boron Nitride Ceramic Composites

To enhance the mechanical properties of bioceramic composite bone scaffolds, a composite paste of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) with a solid content of up to 42 wt% was developed in this study. The part was produced using stereolithography (SLA). The SLA printing parameters and material ratios of the paste were optimized through a homogeneous design and mechanical property tests. The results indicate that the single‐line curing width of the PEGDA/h‐BN paste in the XY plane ranged from 172 to 209 μm, while the curing depth of a single layer along the Z‐axis ranged from 99 to 154 μm. Laser power was identified as the primary factor influencing both the width and depth of curing. The compressive strength of the printed sample of PEGDA/h‐BN ceramic composite paste was measured at 222.4 ± 5.6 MPa, which is 61 times greater than the compressive strength of a pure PEGDA structure and comparable to that of cortical bone (100‐230 MPa). Finally, the superior biocompatibility of PEGDA/h‐BN ceramics was confirmed through cytotoxicity experiments. Consequently, PEGDA/h‐BN ceramic composites meet the mechanical properties and biocompatibility requirements necessary for bone tissue applications, indicating promising potential in the field of bone tissue engineering.

Comparison of composite resins containing UV light-sensitive chitosan derivatives in stereolithography (SLA)-3D printers

This study produced composite resins by combining acrylate, chitosan (CH), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCH), hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCH), and hydroxyethyl chitosan (HECH) to create materials suitable for use in 3D stereolithography (SLA) printers. Tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), urethane acrylate (UA), and photoinitiator (Diphenyl (2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO)) were mixed. CH and its derivatives were added separately to the resin to obtain composite resins. The mechanical test results are clear; the optimum TPGDA: UA ratio was 1:1, the cure time was 60 s, and the TPO ratio was 1 %. The optimum viscosity of the resin is 340–350 cP. Hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of cured composite resins were examined. The addition of CH and its derivatives to the resin caused a decrease in compressive strength. Adding up to 2.5 % CH, CMCH, and HECH to the resin significantly increased the tensile strength of the resin, giving it flexibility. The gel content of cured composite resins was between 97.72 % and 96.11 %. The cured composite resins demonstrated high chemical and solvent resistance to HCl, NaOH, and HF but exhibited limited resistance to toluene and chloroform. The accelerated UV aging test results show that adding CH derivatives to the resin makes the composite resin more prone to photooxidative aging.

Facile fabrication of degradable, serrated polyethylene diacrylate microneedles using stereolithography

Microneedles have the potential for minimally invasive drug delivery. However, they are constrained by absence of rapid, scalable fabrication methods to produce intricate arrays and serrations for enhanced adhesion. 3D printing techniques like stereolithography (SLA) are fast, scalable modalities but SLAs require non-degradable and stiff resins. This work attempts to overcome this limitation by utilizing a poly (ethylene glycol diacrylate) (PEGDA, F3) resin and demonstrating its compatibility with a commercial SLA printer. FESEM images showed high printing efficiency of customized bioinks (F3) similar to commercial resins using SLA 3D printer. Mechanical endurance tests of whole MNA showed that MNs array printed from F3 resin (485 ± 5.73 N) required considerably less force than commercial F1 resin (880 ± 32.4 N). Penetration performance of F1 and F3 was found to be 10.8 ± 2.06 N and 0.705 ± 0.03 N. In-vitro degradation study in PBS showed that MNs fabricated from F3 resin exhibited degradation after 7 days, which was not observed with the commercial F1 resin provided by the manufacturer. The histology of porcine skin exhibited formation of triangular pores with pore length of 548 μm and efficient penetration into the deeper dermal layer. In conclusion, PEGDA can be used as for fabricating degradable, serrated solid MNs over commercial resin.

3D printed teeth with adhesive bridge preparation guide

In this study a 3D printed tooth with adhesive bridge preparation guide was designed and tested for feasibility and evaluated by students. The tooth, printed by a stereolithographic printer, consisted of two differently colored layers with an integrated adhesive bridge preparation. This showed the extent and thickness of the preparation. 42 dental students in the fourth year of their studies were trained in a voluntary course. The printed teeth were evaluated with a questionnaire using German school grades from 1 (best) to 6 (worst). The production of the printed teeth for the adhesive bridge preparation was feasible and inexpensive. Overall, the students rated the teeth as good (Ø1.9 ± 0.2) in the questionnaire and evaluated the teaching method positively in the free text questions. This method supported the students to visualize the target preparation and develop a self-assessment through the ability to control their work directly on their own. The feasibility of this teaching concept was confirmed. It is suitable for teaching of new preparations forms such as adhesive bridges. The color-coded integrated preparation in the printed teeth and the printed tooth model enabled the students to learn the preparation of an adhesive bridge independently.

Comparison of FDM and SLA printing on woven fabrics

Possibilities to perform 3D printing directly on textile fabrics have been investigated intensively during the last decade. Usually, fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing with often inexpensive 3D printers is applied in these experiments. Several studies revealed the influence of textile fabrics, FDM polymers and printing parameters, indicating that not all combinations of fabrics and printing materials are suitable for this task. Recently, first approaches to use stereolithography (SLA) or PolyJet Modeling (PJM) directly on textile fabrics have been reported. Here, the first comparison of the adhesion forces reached by FDM and SLA printing on different woven fabrics is shown, revealing significantly better adhesion for SLA printing.

Three-Dimensional Printing by Vat Photopolymerization on Textile Fabrics: Method and Mechanical Properties of the Textile/Polymer Composites

Composites of textile fabrics and 3D-printed layers have been investigated thoroughly during the last decade. Usually, material extrusion such as the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique is used to build such composites, revealing challenges in preparing form-locking connections between both materials due to the highly viscous polymer melt, which can hardly be pressed into textile fabrics. Resins used for 3D printing by vat photopolymerization, i.e., for stereolithography (SLA), are less viscous and can thus penetrate deeper into textile fabrics; however, fixing a textile on the printing bed that is fully dipped into the resin is more complicated. Here, we present one possible solution to easily fix textile fabrics for SLA printing with consumer printers according to the digital light processing (DLP) sub-method. Also, we show the results of a study of the mechanical properties of the resulting textile/polymer composites, as revealed by three-point bending tests.

SLA printing of shape memory bio-based composites consisting of soybean oil and cellulose nanocrystals

ABSTRACT Improving the sustainability and processability of shape memory composites is key to expanding their applications. This work introduces a novel bio-based shape memory composite resin with renewable cellulose nanocrystals, suitable for stereolithography (SLA) printing. We prepared epoxy soybean oil-based composites by incorporating Itaconic acid monomethyl ester (IAME) modified cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs-IAME) into IAME modified epoxy soybean oil (IESO). The CNCs-IAME/IESO composite resin, with a viscosity of 1.01–1.22 Pa•s, is ideal for SLA printing. Adding 0.75 wt% CNCs-IAME particles enhances mechanical properties, yielding a tensile strength of 19.54 MPa and elongation at a break of 34.03%. Demonstrated applications include flexible supports and temperature-responsive sensors. This innovative composite offers excellent sustainability and SLA-printability, showing great potential for new bio-based heat-activated shape memory materials.

Safety of 3D-Printed Acrylic Resins for Prosthodontic Appliances: A Comprehensive Cytotoxicity Review

Additive manufacturing resins used in dental prosthetics may retain uncured monomers post-polymerization, posing potential long-term patient exposure risks. Understanding the biological safety of these materials is crucial, particularly for 3D-printed acrylic-based prosthodontic devices such as occlusal nightguards, complete and partial dentures, and temporary fixed prostheses. This paper reviews the literature evaluating the cytotoxicity of such materials. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we conducted a scoping review using the MESH keywords related to population (P), intervention (I), comparison (C), and outcome (O) across databases, including OVID Medline, EMBASE, and SCOPUS. Our search, limited to peer-reviewed English language articles from 2015 to 2023, resulted in 22 papers. These studies, utilizing digital light processing (DLP) or stereolithography (SLA) printing methods, varied in examining different 3D-printed materials, as well as washing and post-curing protocols. The primary experimental cells used were human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and mouse fibroblasts (L929). There are no statistical differences in biocompatibility regarding different commercially available resins, washing solutions, or methods. Improvements in cell viability were related to an increase in washing time, as well as post-curing time. After the polishing procedure, 3D resin-based printed occlusal devices perform similarly to milled and conventionally processed ones. Our findings underline the importance of appropriate washing and post-curing protocols in minimizing the cytotoxic risks associated with these 3D-printed resin-based devices.