Step In Destruction Research Articles

Sustainable Production of Chitin Nanowhiskers from Crustacean Biomass Using Cost-Effective Ionic Liquids: Strategies to Avoid Byproduct Formation

Nanochitin, especially in the form of chitin nanowhiskers (ChNWs), represents a significant advance in biopolymer technology due to its high specific surface area, superior tensile strength, and excellent thermal stability. Derived from crustacean waste, which contains 15–40% of chitin, these materials provide a sustainable option that diverts waste from landfills and contributes to environmental conservation. Traditional methods of isolating nanochitin are energy-intensive and generate substantial waste. This study introduces a more sustainable method using inexpensive ionic liquids (ILs) such as [Hmim][HSO4] and [HN222][HSO4], which bypass the costly and destructive steps of traditional procedures. This study also identified the byproduct in IL-mediated chitin hydrolysis reaction as calcium sulfate dihydrate and presented a solution to circumvent the byproduct formation. The effectiveness of the [HN222][HSO4] IL in producing ChNWs from both purified chitin and crustacean biomass was assessed, showing a high yield and maintaining the purity and structural integrity of chitin, thereby demonstrating a significant reduction in the environmental footprint of ChNW production.

X-ray phase contrast reveals soft tissue and shell growth lines in mollusks

High-resolution 3D imaging of species with exoskeletons such as shell-bearing mollusks typically involves destructive steps. Nondestructive alternatives are desirable since samples can be rare and valuable, and destructive steps are time-consuming and may distort the tissue. Here, we show for the first time that propagation-based phase-contrast X-ray imaging can significantly increase contrast in mollusks with intact shells. By using the recently upgraded monochromator at the SPring-8 BL20B2 synchrotron beamline, we imaged six species of mollusks, showing that X-ray phase contrast enhances soft-tissue contrast. Features that are almost invisible in conventional attenuation-based micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) are clearly reproduced with phase-contrast imaging under the same scan conditions. Furthermore, this method can reveal features such as growth rings in the shell and differentiate between calcite and aragonite crystal forms. Phase-contrast imaging can thus serve as a compelling alternative when destructive methods are not an option.

ВПЛИВ ТРАНСНАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ КОРПОРАЦІЙ НА ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ СВІТОГЛЯД В УМОВАХ КОНКУРЕНТНОГО ПРОТИСТОЯННЯ

In the conditions of rapid development of globalization processes and competition in the world economic space, TNC has a significant impact on the economic outlook of society. The activities of many transnational corporations not only allow states to develop economically, but also such processes contribute to the solution of a large number of problems at the social level: environmental protection, development of medicine, improvement of education, increase in quality of life. Over time, TNCs change the economic worldview, therefore it is necessary to conduct a timely study of the activities of these companies in the conditions of modern competitive confrontation in order to identify the prospects of their management. The aim of the article is to analyze the state of transnational corporations and research their impact on the economic outlook in the conditions of modern competitive confrontation. Methodological basis of research was logical methods of information processing, statistical analysis, methods of system analysis, comparison. The basic hypothesis of research was the assumption that the efficiency of the national economy, economic outlook, level of integration and international competitiveness depend on the success of TNCs, because they are the largest players in the world economy. Presentation of the main material. The dynamics of TNC development are analyzed. It was determined that the geographical structure of TNCs is gradually changing in today's conditions. It has been studied that financial companies have gained clear advantages over industrial corporations in the competitive struggle, which as a result has a significant impact on the development of the economic outlook. Originality and practical meaningfulness of research. It is advisable to use the conducted research to increase the international competitiveness of the national economy by using the investment activities of TNCs in the conditions of deepening globalization. Conclusions. The state and the corporation are global "institutions" that have developed in various branches of the global economy and in various historical periods of the formation of the economic outlook. Both institutions can serve for the benefit of the population and contribute to its prosperity, or they can take destructive steps, not based on the concepts of morality and law.

The Tasks for Russian African Studies under New Conditions and Measures to Improve the Efficiency of Science Management

The article is devoted to the exposition of the author’s vision immediate tasks of Russian African studies and the development of a set of measures to improve the efficiency and overall optimization of the management of scientific research, primarily in the field of socio-political sciences under the new conditions imposed by the Special Military Operation, aggressive pressure and destructive steps of the united West, the general growth of confrontation on the world stage and crisis of the existing structures of world economic relations. The general main direction, both for African studies and for most other areas of domestic scientific research, is to increase the efficiency of the investments therein (investments in a broad sense, and not only financial!). In practical terms, this means a departure from artificial “numeral” and bibliometric criteria of the effectiveness of scientific activity in favor of unambiguous obtaining of the practical ultimate results, needed by the state today.

Horizontal planetary mechanochemical method for rapid and efficient remediation of high-concentration lindane-contaminated soils in an alkaline environment

Lindane is a persistent organic pollutant that has attracted worldwide attention because of its threat to human health and environmental security. A horizontal planetary mechanochemical method was developed for rapid and efficient degradation of lindane in soil in an alkaline environment. Under the condition of a very low reagent-to-soil ratio (R = 2%), ball-to-powder ratio (CR = 6:1), rotation speed (r = 300 rpm) and high soil single treatment capacity (SC = 60 g), the lindane in four typical soils (~ 100 mg/kg) can be degraded up to 96.30% in 10 min. This method can also remediate high-concentration lindane-contaminated soil (833 ± 26 mg/kg). The experimental results and theoretical calculations proved that the stepwise dechlorination and final carbonization of lindane in soil are mainly attributed to the combined action of mechanical energy and alkalinity. The bimolecular elimination (E2) reaction was the first step of lindane destruction. Subsequently, the unimolecular elimination (E1) reaction tended to occur with the weakening of alkalinity. Then, benzene was obtained through stepwise hydrogenolysis reaction. The last was the generation of carbon substances by fragmentation or condensation of benzene rings. This work proposes a practical remediation technology for organic contaminated soil and improves the understanding of the degradation pathways of lindane in soil in alkali-assisted mechanochemical system.

The effects of solvent viscosity on the morphology and photocatalytic activity of BiOBr catalysts

BiOBr photocatalysts were prepared by changing the solvent and synthesis method. SEM, XRD and BET characterization shows that the sample prepared in high-viscosity solution by precipitation method has tremella-like microstructure, with smaller size and higher surface area. Among them, the BiOBr prepared in glycerol solution (GR-P) has the highest surface area of 113.8 m2⋅[Formula: see text]. XRD also indicates that the GR-P has much more exposed (110) facets than other samples. The Rhodamine B degradation tests show that the GR-P has the best activity on both deethylation and aromatic ring destruction steps, indicating that the exposed (110) facets promote the degradation process.

Cuba, United States and fight against drug trafficking: ups and downs of a necessary cooperation

Given the geostrategic importance of Cuba for the entire American continent and the increasing complexity of the nature of security as such, and accordingly, of the mechanisms of ensuring it in the modern world, the problem of drug trafficking is rather high on the agenda of the U.S.-Cuban relations. The article examines the issue of combating drug trafficking in the context of bilateral relations between Cuba and the United States in order to assess the prospects for joint efforts on this track. The author presents a retrospective of mostly unilateral initiatives by U.S. presidents that did not lead to real tangible results, in particular due to the prevailing erroneous approach of militarization in the fight against drug trafficking. The new century requires new forms and a qualitatively higher level of interaction. With a noticeable warming in the dialogue with Cuba under Barack Obama the situation has changed in many respects, and quite a few initiatives of bilateral nature began to bear fruit. Nevertheless, with Donald Trump’s rise to power, there is an obvious setback in the rapprochement, in proof of which the author gives examples of specific destructive steps, although this position of the administration met if not open criticism, then proposals for alternative scenarios of the development of contacts between the states. The potential that exists in both countries for cooperation in this area can be realized provided that the interests of common security prevail over political disagreements and state channels of cooperation are strengthened, with the dynamics of this process being reflected in the situation in the region as a whole.

Numerical study on fuel-NO formation characteristics of ammonia-added methane fuel in laminar non-premixed flames with oxygen/carbon dioxide oxidizer

Ammonia (NH3) is considered as an attractive carbon-free fuel although a technical obstacle involves the formation of large amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx) due to its N-atom. The study focuses on the fuel-NO formation characteristics in ammonia-added methane flame with an oxygen/carbon dioxide (O2/CO2) oxidizer to elucidate the key elementary reaction steps. Two well-known reaction mechanisms were employed in two-dimensional axisymmetric computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and one-dimensional opposite-diffusion (OPPDIF) flame simulations, and the results were compared with those of experimentally measured NOx emission trends. Hence, a region with a significant difference in nitrogen monoxide (NO) formation characteristics calculated using the two reaction mechanisms was determined via local distributions and statistical analysis of the 2D CFD results. Additionally, the multidimensional effect was observed while comparing the axial profiles of 1D OPPDIF and radial distributions of 2D CFD at various axial positions from the fuel nozzle. Reaction pathways were extracted at the representative positions, and the major NO production and destruction steps were analyzed via the dimensionless conversion rate of NH3 to NO species. The results demonstrated that the fast N-related reactions in the NH – N – NO pathway, N + OH → NO + H in particular, highly influenced the predicted fuel-NO formation trends with increases in the oxygen concentration in the oxidizer.

Autofluorescence-Raman Mapping Integration analysis for ultra-fast label-free monitoring of adipogenic differentiation of stem cells

Stem cell-based therapies have recently emerged to treat various incurable diseases and disorders. Types of stem cell-derived cells and their functions should be intensively analyzed before therapy. However, current pre-treatment steps for biological analysis are mostly destructive. Here, we report a novel optical method that enables ultra-fast and label-free characterization of cells, eliminating invasive, destructive steps. The technique, referred to as “autofluorescence-Raman mapping integration (ARMI)” analysis uses cell autofluorescence (AF) to reveal cellular morphology and cytosolic microstructures, while Raman mapping allows site-specific intensive analysis of target molecules, which enables ultra-fast identification of cell types. We used human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a model and induced adipogenesis. Lipid droplets in cells appeared as “blanks” in three-dimensional AF images and site-specific Raman mapping guided by AF identified the structure and components of the CH2 stretch. Adipogenesis could be rapidly and precisely analyzed, not only for the same batch but also for different batches. Therefore, the developed tool is highly useful for the accurate screening of stem cell differentiation and implementation in biomedical and clinical applications.

Direct growth of graphene-like film microstructure on charge pre-patterned SiO2/Si substrate

For a wide range of practical applications of graphene-like films (GLFs), it is highly desirable to have a material with high uniformity and good electric characteristics. GLFs in this work are defined as graphene films with the crystallite size of several tens of nm. The structure of a CVD-grown GLF is typically disturbed by post-deposition procedures, including transfer and lithography. In this work we aim at the catalyst-free and lithography-free selective deposition procedure, which directly yields the desired GLF pattern on a dielectric substrate, by-passing transfer and lithography, the destructive steps of the manufacturing process. The catalyst-free deposition of graphene-like films can be strongly enhanced by the near-surface electric charge, and in this work we use this effect for selective growth of GLF microstructures. The charge pattern is created by irradiation of the substrate with an e-beam. We study experimental conditions for the selective deposition of GLF from ethanol vapor on SiO2/Si substrate. The e-beam exposure parameters are optimized based on Monte-Carlo simulations and the experimental study of the deposited films Raman spectroscopy and AFM. The electrical properties are studied by the selectively-grown Hall microstructure; it is shown that the film has highly promising characteristics for practical applications.

A selective adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic for the profitable tour problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery services

The Vehicle Routing Problem with Simultaneous Pickups and Deliveries (VRPSPD) is a variant of the Vehicle Routing Problem. In this variant, an unlimited fleet of capacitated vehicles is used to satisfy both pickup and delivery demands of each customer simultaneously. In many practical situations, such a fleet is costly. The present study extends the VRPSPD by assuming a fixed number of vehicles when the constraint of visiting all customers is relaxed. More specifically, profits are assigned to the customers with the goal of maximizing the difference between collected profits and routing costs. This variant is named Profitable Tour Problem with Simultaneous Pickup and Delivery services (PTPSPD). We present a mathematical model run with the CPLEX solver. We also present an extension of the Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search heuristic (ALNS) called selective ALNS (sALNS). sALNS uses a new operator selection that executes two phases alternately: the random and the score-dependent phases. An appropriate update of scores is employed. Furthermore, sALNS explores missed regions of the search space by evaluating solutions after the destruction step. Finally, we give tuned insertion and removal operators that handle the constraints of the PTPSPD, as well as a new update of temperature, that helps avoiding local optima, in the Simulated Annealing embedded in sALNS. sALNS is evaluated on 117 new instances with 50–199 customers. A comparison is made between the components of sALNS, the classical ALNS and a recent ALNS heuristic from the literature. sALNS is also evaluated on some VRPSPD instances from the literature. The computational results show that our heuristic provides good quality solutions in reasonable computing time.

Flame structure of laminar premixed anisole flames investigated by photoionization mass spectrometry and photoelectron spectroscopy

Two laminar, premixed, fuel-rich flames fueled by anisole-oxygen-argon mixtures with the same cold gas velocity and pressure were investigated by molecular-beam mass spectrometry at two synchrotron sources where tunable vacuum-ultraviolet radiation enables isomer-resolved photoionization. Decomposition of the very weak O–CH3 bond in anisole (C6H5OCH3) by unimolecular decomposition yields the resonantly-stabilized phenoxy radical (C6H5O). This key intermediate species opens reaction routes to five-membered ring species, such as cyclopentadiene (C5H6) and cyclopentadienyl radicals (C5H5). Anisole is often discussed as model compound for lignin to study the phenolic-carbon structure in this natural polymer. Measured temperature profiles and mole fractions of many combustion intermediates give detailed information on the flame structure. A very comprehensive reaction mechanism from the literature which includes a sub-scheme for anisole combustion is used for species modeling. Species with the highest measured mole fractions (on the order of 10−3–10−2) are CH3, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, CH2O, C5H5 (cyclopentadienyl radical), C5H6 (cyclopentadiene), C6H6 (benzene), C6H5OH (phenol), and C6H5CHO (benzaldehyde). Some are formed in the first destruction steps of anisole, e.g., phenol and benzaldehyde, and their formation will be discussed and with regard to the modeling results. There are three major routes for the fuel destruction: (1) formation of benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO), (2) formation of phenol (C6H5OH), and (3) unimolecular decomposition of anisole to phenoxy (C6H5O) and CH3 radicals. In the experiment, the phenoxy radical could be measured directly. The phenoxy radical decomposes via a bicyclic structure into the soot precursor C5H5 and CO. Formation of larger oxygenated species was observed in both flames. One of them is guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol), which decomposes into fulvenone. The presented speciation data, which contain more than 60 species mole fraction profiles of each flame, give insights into the combustion kinetics of anisole.

The Photocatalytic, Thermal Degradation Kinetics and Lifetime Prediction of Some Commercial Reactive Dyes

The photocatalytic degradation of the commercial reactive Black5 (RB5), Blue19 (RB19), Green19 (RG19), Red120 (RR120), and Yellow81 (RY81) in aqueous solution and sunlight were examined in the presence of Fe2O3 and the mixture Fe2O3/H2O2 as catalysts. The results showed that the photocatalytic degradation followed first-order kinetics with faster degradation in case of the mixture Fe2O3/H2O2 than that in Fe2O3 catalyst. The photocatalytic degradation percentages with the exposure time intervals obtained for each dye were extrapolated to determine the time at the complete degradation (100% degradation). The thermal decomposition behavior of these dyes was investigated by using non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TG, DTG, and DTA), at 10 °C/min heating rate and under nitrogen. The Coats-Redfern integral method was used for the five reactive dyes in order to evaluate the kinetic parameters for each step in the sequential decomposition TGA curves. The initial molecular structure destruction of these five reactive dyes occurred at their second steps. The kinetic parameters of this structural destruction step at multiple heating rates (10, 15, 20 and 30 °C/min) were only worked out for three selected dyes (RB5, RB19, and RR120) using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa equation and compared with that of Kissinger's equation. Based on the data obtained by the Coats-Redfern method, the thermodynamic parameters (∆G*, ∆H* and ∆S*) for these second steps were determined. Finally, the kinetic data extracted from the TGA curves were also used as appropriate to predicate the lifetime of the five dyes at 25, 50, 100 and 200 °C.

GREEN DEAL ТА УКРАЇНА: ПРАВОВІ ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ У СФЕРІ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНОЇ ЕНЕРГЕТИКИ

Green Deal is the EU's action plan with the ambitious goal of moving to a climate-neutral Europe by 2050. The Government of Ukraine has announced the intention of our country to join the European Green Course. Such aspirations of the government are important, given the need to formulate public policy in Ukraine that would take into account current environmental and climate issues. At the same time, we must keep in mind the full range of consequences of the Green Deal for Ukraine in the context of the opportunities and threats it poses to our country. The communiqué lays the groundwork for action in nine areas, such as climate, energy, industrial strategy for the circular economy, sustainable and smart mobility, green agricultural policy, biodiversity conservation, zero pollution, financial instruments, and the European Union as a global leader. Based on a number of program and regulations, Green Deal responds dynamically to the emergence of new challenges by adopting new strategies, plans, indicators, etc. In Ukraine, there are constant discussions about joining Green Deal, about its opportunities, benefits, threats. This is said by government agencies, the public, experts and business. Business is most concerned about threats to trade and exports, especially in the context of the European Union's intention to introduce a new decarbonization policy in the world. Despite the ambition of the intention, Green Deal remains an uncoordinated set of disparate solutions, being unable to generate the more systematic and thought-provoking change that is really needed. In technical terms, we could say that the strategy is a set of new "plug-ins", while what we really need is a complete replacement of the software to completely "reprogram" the whole mechanism of climate policy in the European Union. This way have to support the national Ukrainian economy, and not become another destructive step in the further decline of the country. As a result of the study, it was identified the need to build relations between Ukraine and the EU on the implementation of the Green Deal on the basis of cooperation, dialogue and compliance with national interests, including in the field of alternative energy. The main tool that Ukraine should be guided by when implementing Green Deal norms should be a reasonable national policy of environmental protectionism of Ukrainian energy and gradual introduction of alternative sources throughout the country, and not blindly copying EU norms and methods that will not have a mechanism for adaptation and implementation.

An iterated greedy algorithm with optimization of partial solutions for the makespan permutation flowshop problem

Permutation flowshop scheduling problems (PFSPs) and, in particular, the variant with the objective of minimizing makespan have received an enormous attention in scheduling research and combinatorial optimization. As a result, the algorithmic approaches to this PFSP variant have reached extremely high performance. Currently, one of the most effective algorithm for this problem is a structurally rather simple iterated greedy algorithm. In this paper, we explore the possibility of re-optimizing partial solutions obtained after the solution destruction step of the iterated greedy algorithm. We show that with this extension, the performance of the state-of-the-art algorithm for the PFSP under makespan criterion can be significantly improved and we give experimental evidence that the local search on partial solutions is the key component for the high performance of the algorithm.

Light-emitting diode red light therapy: evidence base for aesthetic indications

Non-invasive approaches to skin rejuvenation, such light-emitting diode (LED) red light therapy, are increasing in popularity owing to their affordability, effective treatment outcomes and minimal downtime. In contrast to traumatic ablative (e.g. laser resurfacing) and non-ablative (e.g. intense pulsed light) skin rejuvenation modalities, which induce secondary tissue repair by causing controlled damage to the epidermis or dermis, LED red light therapy is atraumatic and bypasses the initial destructive step by directly stimulating regenerative processes in the skin. Its mechanisms of action encompass increased cellular proliferation, as well as stimulation of tissue regeneration, through targeting fibroblasts, keratinocytes and immune cells (mast cells, neutrophils and macrophages), which can be stimulated using specific wavelengths with significant tissue penetration properties. A growing body of literature supports the safe use of this treatment modality in aesthetic medicine.

Modelling biodiesel–diesel spray combustion using multicomponent vaporization coupled with detailed fuel chemistry and soot models

A multicomponent vaporization model is integrated with detailed fuel chemistry and soot models for simulating biodiesel–diesel spray combustion. Biodiesel, a fuel mixture comprised of fatty-acid methyl esters, is an attractive alternative to diesel fuel for use in compression-ignition engines. Accurately modelling of the spray, vaporization, and combustion of the fuel mixture is critical to predicting engine performance using biodiesel. In this study, a discrete-component vaporization model was developed to simulate the vaporization of biodiesel drops. The model can predict differences in the vaporization rates of different fuel components. The model was validated by use of experimental data of the measured biodiesel drop size history and spray penetration data obtained from a constant-volume chamber. Gas phase chemical reactions were simulated using a detailed reaction mechanism that also includes PAH reactions leading to the production of soot precursors. A phenomenological multi-step soot model was utilized to predict soot emissions from biodiesel–diesel combustion. The soot model considered various steps of soot formation and destruction, such as soot inception, surface growth, coagulation, and PAH condensation, as well as oxidation by oxygen and hydroxyl-containing molecules. The overall numerical model was validated with experimental data on flame structure and soot distributions obtained from a constant-volume chamber. The model was also applied to predict combustion, soot and NOx emissions from a diesel engine using different biodiesel–diesel blends. The engine simulation results were further analysed to determine the soot emissions characteristics by use of biodiesel–diesel fuels.

1-, 2- and 3-Pentanol combustion in laminar hydrogen flames – A comparative experimental and modeling study

Oxidation pathways of three different pentanol isomers 1-, 2- and 3-pentanol are investigated using the electron–ionization molecular-beam mass spectrometry (EI-MBMS) technique. New experimental speciation data was obtained from laminar, flat, low-pressure H2/O2/Ar base flames seeded with equal amounts of pre-vaporized 1-, 2- or 3-pentanol. The experimental investigation is supported by kinetic modeling. Here, one single detailed reaction mechanism for the three linear pentanol isomers has been constructed and compared against new and existing experimental data. The model itself was obtained by an open-source reaction model generation software (RMG) and tested against existing ignition delay times, flame speeds and new quantitative experimental results for mole fraction profiles of major and intermediate species.The overall discussion of individual species profiles is guided by the model-based reaction flow analysis focusing on the initial steps of the fuel destruction paths for the three pentanols down to C3-hydrocarbon species. Therefore, the reaction pathways for the initial fuel destruction steps are shown and analyzed using combined experimental and predicted results. Analysis is performed by means of secondary decay products for each of the three pentanols. The kinetic reaction model was successfully tested against available ignition delay time and laminar flame speed data. Comparisons against 23 new quantitative species profiles are presented for each of the pentanol doped flames. In general, a good predictive capability of the detailed model can be noted for all three investigated straight-chain pentanols regarding the mole fraction profiles of major and intermediate species.

INVESTIGATION OF SCALE-INVARIANT PROPERTY OF ORGANIZATION SYSTEM OF TRAIN TRAFFIC VOLUME BASED ON THE PERCOLATION THEORY

Purpose. The work is devoted to the study the property of scaling invariance of the organization system of train traffic volume on Ukrainian railways. Methodology. To prove the real network origin of Trains Formation Plan (TFP) destination to the type of socalled scale-invariant networks it is proposed to generate scale-free networks with different dimensions, Barabási–Albert type with parameters that real networks of TFP destination has and to investigate their structure on survivability using the procedure of percolation nodes. Percolation process is proposed to be considered as a modified version of the spatial movement of cars on the network by increasing the number of railway stations, which have lost the ability to perform the basic function to pass cars on TFP destination in terms of adverse effects (an accident, overload). Findings. Comparative analysis of percolation at random and targeted destructive impact on network nodes has shown matching with the results of real network percolation of TFP destination, which proves the existence of self-similarity. Comparable figures in percolation were: percentage of remote stations in the network, in which the network fragmentation occurs, the average inverse path between network nodes, the diameter of the graph structure, the size meaning of the second largest cluster in the network from the steps of destruction. Originality. For the first time the hypothesis of the existence of scaling invariance properties of the graph TFP destinations on the railways of Ukraine, which can be attributed to a class of the graph scale-free networks was confirmed. Existing knowledge in the field theory of scale-free networks can be used to describe the survivability of system transportation on the railways of Ukraine. Practical value. Based on the identified properties of system directions of train traffic volumes, it is possible to create a mathematical model in the future that will predict the behavior of the transportation system with network structure. Properties analysis of system survivability of train traffic volumes will optimize the use of capital investments to increase network capacity by identifying the most critical lines and stations that systematically affect the efficiency of the network as a whole.

АналіЗ живучостІ сИстемИ організаціЇ поїздопотокіВ нА основІ теоріЇ перколяціЇ

Запропоновано процедуру аналізу живучості системи організації вагонопотоків в поїзди на залізницях України, яка заснована на рішенні задачі перколяції вузлів. Отримані залежності середнього інверсного шляху між вузлами мережі та діаметру графової структури від кроків руйнування в умовах випадкових і запланованих відмов станцій в мережі.