Step Backwards Research Articles

Women and Penal Reform: Two Steps Forwards, Three Steps Backwards?

AbstractSince publication of the Corston Report in 2007, initiatives with regard to women and criminal justice in England and Wales have been marked by positive steps on the one hand, but reversal and failure on the other. A central element to this narrative has been the enthusiastic development of community‐based services for women, only to be followed by the subsequent dissipation of government energy, a diminution of interest, and a decline in funding. In this article, some of the complexities of the reforms are considered, a detailed reading is provided of the various initiatives as an historical record, and the context(s) in which the steps forward and backward can be understood is reflected on. In light of the evidence, it is argued that if women's centres are to be successful in facilitating and supporting movements away from crime, then there is an urgent need for a consistent strategy derived from evidence‐based research and experience.

Basra the bride

Ad Libitum20 March 2018Basra the brideSaher Lalani, MPHSaher Lalani, MPHFrom Toronto, Canada.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/M17-2386 Audio Reading - “Basra the bride” Audio. Michael A. LaCombe, MD, Annals Associate Editor, reads "Basra the bride," by S. Lalani. Your browser does not support the audio element. Audio player progress bar Step backward in current audio track Play current audio trackPause current audio track Step forward in current audio track Mute current audio trackUnmute current audio track 00:00/ SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail An olive hand turned,the doorknobof the examination roomand gentle breeze sweptparticles on the floor.Gracefully, she tip-toed,and sat on the patient chair.Warmth of her presence,radiated from insidethe embroidered burqa.Hazel eyes staredthroughthe netted peephole.Hesitantly, she lifted,the lengthy black veil.Arched eyebrows,bruised with cuts and bloodlike the intricate hennastained on her dainty palms.The physician's fingers wiped,the beads of tears on her cheeks.Gazing into her eyes,I caught a glimpseof her strengthsurpassing the yearsof an innocent child bride. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Toronto, Canada.Current Author Address: Saher Lalani, MPH; e-mail, [email protected]com. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement Audio Reading - “Basra the bride” Audio. Michael A. LaCombe, MD, Annals Associate Editor, reads "Basra the bride," by S. Lalani. Your browser does not support the audio element. Audio player progress bar Step backward in current audio track Play current audio trackPause current audio track Step forward in current audio track Mute current audio trackUnmute current audio track 00:00/ FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 20 March 2018Volume 168, Issue 6Page: 450KeywordsBlood ePublished: 20 March 2018 Issue Published: 20 March 2018 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2018 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Ad Libitum20 March 2018Systemic Lupus ErythematosusMara Feingold-LinkMara Feingold-LinkBoston, Massachusetts (M.F.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/M17-2553 Audio Reading - “Systemic Lupus Erythematosus” Audio. Michael A. LaCombe, MD, Annals Associate Editor, reads "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus," by M. Feingold-Link. Your browser does not support the audio element. Audio player progress bar Step backward in current audio track Play current audio trackPause current audio track Step forward in current audio track Mute current audio trackUnmute current audio track 00:00/ SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Her dusky feline form prowlsshadowed streets when sun recedes,placing noiseless paws alongthe plastered joints of pavement slabs.Twilight spreads his heavy blanketover urban roofs, and towering metallic beastsslice through its plum folds.These skyscraper tips, stretched endlessly towardmoonlight, appear pale in its chilled glow.She rubs both whiskered cheeksagainst graffitied alley wall, applyingdouble the pheromone strandsfor territory's signpost:her scent below a spray-paint signature,hastily scrawled.that throbbing sack of blood.... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Boston, Massachusetts (M.F.)Current Author Address: Mara Feingold-Link; e-mail, [email protected]com. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement Audio Reading - “Systemic Lupus Erythematosus” Audio. Michael A. LaCombe, MD, Annals Associate Editor, reads "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus," by M. Feingold-Link. Your browser does not support the audio element. Audio player progress bar Step backward in current audio track Play current audio trackPause current audio track Step forward in current audio track Mute current audio trackUnmute current audio track 00:00/ FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 20 March 2018Volume 168, Issue 6Page: 452KeywordsBloodKidneysLupus erythematosusPharynxRibsTongue ePublished: 20 March 2018 Issue Published: 20 March 2018 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2018 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...

MODEL OF PRODUCT DESIGN INTEGRATION WITH THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL NETWORK

<p>Abstract. The effect of social networking on business marketing strategies becomes inevitable. Taking a step backward, we seek to combine and analyze such effects on new product development and then propose a model for designing product deployment through social networks. We construct a share of choice problem (Kohli and Krishnamurti, 1987), which is a combinatorial optimization problem used generally as one method to analyze conjoint analysis data by marketers to identify products with the largest market share and show how to combine social network effects in a share of choice problem.<br />Keywords: Social Networks, Genetic Algorithm, Marketing.</p>

Lie to me: Tell me bald is beautiful

Ad Libitum6 March 2018Lie to me: Tell me bald is beautifulMeredith L. Clements, PhDMeredith L. Clements, PhDTampa, Florida (M.L.C.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/M17-2270 Audio Reading - “Lie to me: Tell me bald is beautiful” Audio. Michael A. LaCombe, MD, Annals Associate Editor, reads "Lie to me: Tell me bald is beautiful," by M.L. Clements. Your browser does not support the audio element. Audio player progress bar Step backward in current audio track Play current audio trackPause current audio track Step forward in current audio track Mute current audio trackUnmute current audio track 00:00/ SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail I need you to lie to me.We have lied to each other before.As your husband, I am asking you to pretend cancer did not steal your confidence.Say you are beautiful bald, “just in a different way.”Will yourself into “a new normal.”Sacrifice your truth to better our marriage.Lie to yourself.Say tying scarves is “part of the journey” and wearing wigs is “easier” than real hair.Be playful please,For I fear I can no longer shoulder the guilt of being the healthy husband.Back ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Tampa, Florida (M.L.C.)Current Author Addresses: Meredith L. Clements, PhD, Department of Communication, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620; e-mail, [email protected]usf.edu. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement Audio Reading - “Lie to me: Tell me bald is beautiful” Audio. Michael A. LaCombe, MD, Annals Associate Editor, reads "Lie to me: Tell me bald is beautiful," by M.L. Clements. Your browser does not support the audio element. Audio player progress bar Step backward in current audio track Play current audio trackPause current audio track Step forward in current audio track Mute current audio trackUnmute current audio track 00:00/ FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 6 March 2018Volume 168, Issue 5Page: 373-374KeywordsFearOvarian cancerShoulders ePublished: 6 March 2018 Issue Published: 6 March 2018 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2018 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...

Gait initiation is influenced by emotion processing in Parkinson's disease patients with freezing.

Freezing of gait is a symptom that affects more than 50% of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and increasing evidence suggests that nonmotor systems (i.e., limbic system) are involved in its underlying mechanisms. The objective of this study was to investigate whether gait initiation characteristics are influenced by emotional stimuli in patients with PD, with or without freezing of gait. A total of 44 participants, divided into 3 groups (15 PD patients with and 15 PD patients without freezing of gait and 14 controls), stood on a sensorized mat and were asked to take a step forward in response to a pleasant image and a step backward in response to an unpleasant one (congruent task, low cognitive load) or to take a step backward in response to a pleasant image and a step forward in response to an unpleasant one (incongruent task, high cognitive load). Reaction time, step size, anticipatory postural adjustments, and sway path were measured. In PD with freezing of gait, the reaction time was longer and the step size was shorter than in the other groups when they took a step forward in response to an unpleasant image (incongruent task). Changes in reaction time performance in response to unpleasant images remained significant after having adjusted for executive dysfunction and positively correlated with the "frequency" of freezing episodes. This study demonstrates that gait initiation was influenced by the emotional valence of visual stimuli in addition to the cognitive load of the task suggesting that the limbic system may be involved in freezing of gait. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

English

The relationship between school and world of work is one of the most controversial issues that national governments have been trying to tackle: several reforms have affected the world of education, in order for it to keep in step with the times and to be more sensitive to the companies’ needs. The world of Italian school was given more autonomy, since it was and is still blocked by a centralist system. By relating business top management and education, the present investigation highlights that the antithesis between humanistic education and technical-scientific education represents a conception of education which is finding its place in Europe, but rather it is reducing its driving force in the world of American business schools. This conceptual dualism tends to produce incomplete educational models and contents. The paper aims to demonstrate that the scientific technical drift, inclined to define humanistic education at high school as ineffective or “useless”, represents a step backwards with respect to the need of building highly-qualified human capital. Key words: Soft skills, management, school, humanistic' education.

Two Doctors Meet.

Ad Libitum16 January 2018Two Doctors MeetSarah ParkerSarah ParkerFrom Knoxville, Tennessee.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/M17-1284 Audio Reading - “Two Doctors Meet” Audio. Virginia L. Hood, MD, Annals Associate Editor, reads "Two Doctors Meet," by S. Parker. Your browser does not support the audio element. Audio player progress bar Step backward in current audio track Play current audio trackPause current audio track Step forward in current audio track Mute current audio trackUnmute current audio track 00:00/ SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail The doctor walked out of one of his clinic rooms and told his nurse he thought he was having a stroke. By the time I saw him, he was nonverbal, globally aphasic, unable to move his right side, his brain filling with rapidly expanding hemorrhage. He didn't understand what I was asking him to do. He couldn't tell me what he was feeling, but he recognized my white coat. He recognized the tone in my voice. He recognized the expression on my face. He took my hand in his left hand and repeatedly squeezed it and looked me right in ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Knoxville, Tennessee.Current Author Address: Sarah Parker, MD; e-mail, [email protected]edu. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement Audio Reading - “Two Doctors Meet” Audio. Virginia L. Hood, MD, Annals Associate Editor, reads "Two Doctors Meet," by S. Parker. Your browser does not support the audio element. Audio player progress bar Step backward in current audio track Play current audio trackPause current audio track Step forward in current audio track Mute current audio trackUnmute current audio track 00:00/ FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byLncRNA RGMB-AS1 facilitates pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and migration but inhibits cell apoptosis via miR-574-3p/PIM3 axis 16 January 2018Volume 168, Issue 2Page: 160KeywordsBrainEmotionsHemorrhageMemoryNursesStroke ePublished: 16 January 2018 Issue Published: 16 January 2018 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2018 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...

Anonymous Witness Evidence before the European Court of Human Rights: Is It Still Possible to Speak of “Fair Trial”?

The purpose of this paper is to encourage a reflection on the use of anonymous witness evidence by the European Court of Human Rights. An analysis of the leading cases solved by the Strasbourg judges will provide an overview of the European case law developments on such a delicate topic, considering how the accused’s right of defence is seriously impaired when anonymous depositions are admitted in proceedings. The Court’s most recent decisions on this topic do create some concern. They represent a considerable step backward in the guaranteed right to confrontation, which, especially when dealing with anonymity, does not seem acceptable. While there is no question on the need to protect persons other than the accused in criminal proceedings and on the urgency to safeguard the safety of witnesses, when in danger, and preserve the source of evidence, on the other hand, it is hard to imagine what “counterbalancing procedures” could compensate for all that the accused is denied when the identity of the person making incriminating statements against him/her is concealed. It is, therefore, a matter of making a civilised choice, and of asking ourselves whether in a trial that still aspires to be defined as “fair”, anonymous incriminations may be tolerated.

Adaptive playfair cipher Crypto algorithm

A well known cryptographic techniques is Playfair Cryptography, it is considered one of the classical method. After the invention of different techniques, it is easy to break Playfair. This paper proposed some way for removal of the traditional Playfair drawbacks. The Adaptive playfair algorithm proposed in this paper, add more security and complexity to the classical playfair algorithm. In addition to the use of two keys in form of matrices to encrypt the message, the proposed method works depending on using the odd even positions for the every pairs of the letters. The odd pairs encrypt through the first matrix key and the even pairs encrypt by using the second matrix, then applying XOR function with the third key to the result. The resulting cipher text will be in binary form, the plain text obtained by run proposed step backwards.

The Choosing Wisely Initiative: A critical analysis with a special focus on primary care

The Choosing Wisely initiative (CWI), a campaign led by the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) Foundation, promotes doctor-patient communication and reducing waste in healthcare. At present, many of the top 5 lists from the Choosing Wisely Initiative appear to be primarily eminence-based and influenced by self-interest. The implementation of recommendations from these lists may mean taking a step backwards to the time before evidence-based medicine. On the other hand, despite all the challenges that the Choosing Wisely initiatives are currently facing, it is difficult to deny that they also hold great potential in terms of making healthcare systems more efficient and beneficial to patients. The aim of the ongoing work in Germany and Austria is to create conditions that are necessary if CW initiatives are to evolve into a model tool that will help introduce the principles of evidence-based medicine into daily practice.

Understanding R. v. Jordan: A New Era for 11(B)

R. v. Jordan: In ascribing content and meaning to 11(b) through a presumptive guideline, the Supreme Court has set out an expectation for compliance with a constitutional right. The Supreme Court has sent a clear message that serious cases should be given priority if the state has a genuine interest in prosecuting them. Inadequate resources can no longer be used as an excuse to justify the dilution of the right to a trial within a reasonable time. There is absolutely no reason why serious charges should fall by the wayside in a system which gives them proper consideration. The state must get organized, prioritize its cases, and allocate its resources with a view to ensuring that the system respects 11(b), a right which our system has historically disregarded. That being said, when the charges are extremely serious and the delay is understandable, the Jordan framework should find a way to justify it regardless of the “number”. The meaning of “complexity” will have to be contextually understood. And sometimes a number will just be a number. If we fail to approach 11 (b) in a contextual way and instead treat the presumptive ceiling as a death sentence for any case regardless of the equities and the various competing interests, then Jordan will truly become a step backwards for the administration of justice.

A Night to Remember.

On Being a Doctor3 October 2017A Night to RememberElizabeth Ricanati, MDElizabeth Ricanati, MDFrom Santa Monica, California.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/M17-0135 Audio Reading - “A Night to Remember” Audio. Listen to Dr. Virginia Hood read her "A Night to Remember" by Elizabeth Ricanati. Your browser does not support the audio element. Audio player progress bar Step backward in current audio track Play current audio trackPause current audio track Step forward in current audio track Mute current audio trackUnmute current audio track 00:00/ SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail The rape kit just sat there on the cold metal table next to the cot, daring me to open it, to begin the examination. I was on call in the ER in a small, sterile room, after midnight—just me and the young woman on the dilapidated cot in front of me. I had chosen to go to medical school on the heels of two seminal Supreme Court decisions on women's health: Webster v. Reproductive Health Services and Planned Parenthood v. Casey. I had participated in Take Back the Night rallies during college. I had marched three times in Washington, DC, ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Santa Monica, California.Corresponding Author: Elizabeth Ricanati, MD, 1158 26th Street, #127, Santa Monica, CA 90403. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement Audio Reading - “A Night to Remember” Audio. Listen to Dr. Virginia Hood read her "A Night to Remember" by Elizabeth Ricanati. Your browser does not support the audio element. Audio player progress bar Step backward in current audio track Play current audio trackPause current audio track Step forward in current audio track Mute current audio trackUnmute current audio track 00:00/ FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byChild sexual abuse among medical school students: experiences and perceptions 3 October 2017Volume 167, Issue 7Page: 517-518KeywordsAssaultIschemiaLabor and deliveryMedical servicesObstetrics and gynecologyResidencySafetySystematic reviewsTwinsWalking ePublished: 3 October 2017 Issue Published: 3 October 2017 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2017 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...

Elections and democratic transition in Pakistan: one step forward and two steps backwards

ABSTRACTExpectations in Pakistan rose, when for the first time, in its history a political government in 2013 completed its full term of office and was replaced not by the military but by another political government after being defeated at the ballot box. It raises questions about what kind of democratic space is developing and what type of hybrid regime is emergent. The paper reflects upon the concept of hybrid regime and draws out key variables: turnover, tutelage and neo-patrimonialism and then considers how to categorise development in Pakistan. It concludes that Pakistan is in a ‘gray zone’ and that during the period there was evidence of it moving towards becoming an illiberal hybrid regime but the military went on the offensive and the democratic space contracted returning to being an illiberal tutelary hybrid regime. Unless tutelage and neo-patrimonialism are not challenged Pakistan will not progress in the democratic transition and remain a hybrid regime.

From Pot to Prescription: The Long, Strange Trip of Medical Marijuana

From Pot to Prescription: The Long, Strange Trip of Medical Marijuana

Back off! The effect of emotion on backward step initiation

The distance regulation (DR) hypothesis states that actors are inclined to increase their distance from an unpleasant stimulus. The current study investigated the relation between emotion and its effect on the control of backward step initiation, which constitutes an avoidance-like behavior. Participants stepped backward on a force plate in response to neutral, high-arousing pleasant and high-arousing unpleasant visual emotional stimuli. Gait initiation parameters and the results of an exploratory analysis of postural sway were compared across the emotion categories using significance testing and Bayesian statistics. Evidence was found that gait initiation parameters were largely unaffected by emotional conditions. In contrast, the exploratory analysis of postural immobility showed a significant effect: highly arousing stimuli (pleasant and unpleasant) resulted in more postural sway immediately preceding gait initiation compared to neutral stimuli. This suggests that arousal, rather than valence, affects pre-step sway. These results contradict the DR hypothesis, since avoidance gait-initiation in response to unpleasant stimuli was no different compared to pleasant stimuli.

Connecting flight to Rochester, MN.

Ad Libitum5 September 2017connecting flight to Rochester, MND.A. Frater, MDD.A. Frater, MDFrom Dallas, Texas.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/M17-0425 Audio Reading - “connecting flight to Rochester, MN” Audio. Michael A. LaCombe, MD, Annals Associate Editor, reads "connecting flight to Rochester, MN," by D.A. Frater. Your browser does not support the audio element. Audio player progress bar Step backward in current audio track Play current audio trackPause current audio track Step forward in current audio track Mute current audio trackUnmute current audio track 00:00/ SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail outside is deathbright drifts of inviting cumulussheens of cirrus lightnothing that we need for lifeas this membrane contains ustransports us by machinationsingenious enough past where webelong beyond the high mountainlimits to an airless desert voidwhere outside would freeze uslike so many fish in the skyinside we are still quietmost of us aware of ourfrailty in other ways acceptingnourishments small offers ofcomfort libations we forgetas we revisit prognoses rubbingsmooth the dome of our minds beforeeasing briefly the mask acrossour face as we try to keep ourselvesfrom falling into the aisle tryto remember that we are not yet dying Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Dallas, Texas.Current Author Address: D.A. Frater, MD; e-mail, [email protected]md. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement Audio Reading - “connecting flight to Rochester, MN” Audio. Michael A. LaCombe, MD, Annals Associate Editor, reads "connecting flight to Rochester, MN," by D.A. Frater. Your browser does not support the audio element. Audio player progress bar Step backward in current audio track Play current audio trackPause current audio track Step forward in current audio track Mute current audio trackUnmute current audio track 00:00/ FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 5 September 2017Volume 167, Issue 5Page: 356KeywordsFrailty ePublished: 5 September 2017 Issue Published: 5 September 2017 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2017 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...

Crutches.

On Being a Doctor1 August 2017CrutchesRaphael Karkowsky, MDRaphael Karkowsky, MDFrom Penn Delancey Internal Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/M17-1147 Audio Reading - “Crutches” Audio. Michael A. LaCombe, MD, Annals Associate Editor, reads "Crutches," by R. Karkowsky. Your browser does not support the audio element. Audio player progress bar Step backward in current audio track Play current audio trackPause current audio track Step forward in current audio track Mute current audio trackUnmute current audio track 00:00/ SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail I follow him from behind. He walks unsteadily and, even with the use of crutches, his legs, largely paralyzed from polio as a child, are not strong enough to keep his feet from dragging across the floor. I breathe a sigh of relief when he makes it to the exam room without falling.Today's visit is unscheduled. “Mr. Devon is worried about his blood pressure,” my receptionist told me. We have a significant history together, so despite being short on time, I agreed to see him.We first met nearly 2 years ago. At that first office visit, he shook ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Penn Delancey Internal Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Corresponding Author: Raphael Karkowsky, MD, Penn Delancey Internal Medicine, 800 Walnut Street, 17th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107; e-mail, Raphael.[email protected]upenn.edu. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement Audio Reading - “Crutches” Audio. Michael A. LaCombe, MD, Annals Associate Editor, reads "Crutches," by R. Karkowsky. Your browser does not support the audio element. Audio player progress bar Step backward in current audio track Play current audio trackPause current audio track Step forward in current audio track Mute current audio trackUnmute current audio track 00:00/ FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 August 2017Volume 167, Issue 3Page: 212KeywordsAlcoholsBlood pressureEmotionsMalnutritionMemoryPoliomyelitisSaltsShouldersTouchWheelchairs ePublished: 1 August 2017 Issue Published: 1 August 2017 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2017 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...

Megan's Law and Durkheim’s Perspective of Punishment: Retribution, Rehabilitation or Both?

<p>The victimization of Adam Walsh, Jacob Wetterling and Megan Kanka has been instrumental in designing sex offender laws. Registration and Community Notification Laws (RCNLs) are informally known as Megan’s Law (Terry 2011.) This paper explores sex offender legislation from the Durkheimian framework of retribution versus rehabilitation. In this paper I attempt to answer the research question: Does sex offender legislation respond to the diluted stance of punishment, which Durkheim envisioned is characteristic of modern societal sentiments (rehabilitation replacing retribution)? Why or why not? I first outline a brief history of sex offender legislation, followed by a discussion of select characteristics of societies that exhibit retributive and rehabilitative justice. Based on scholastic evidence presented in this paper, I conclude the punitive tendencies of current sex offender legislations are more retributive than rehabilitative. Current policies do not conform to the progress of punishment which Durkheim envisioned is concomitant to social evolution, and in many ways, demonstrates taking a step backwards.</p>

MOOC y el aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera: ¿Back to the future?

<p>Cada vez se ofertan más MOOC, y poco a poco también en el campo de las lenguas extranjeras. Debido a las características de los MOOC como una forma de enseñanza-aprendizaje que se dirige a un público potencialmente ilimitado, su metodología está sujeta a dichas particularidades, que necesariamente influyen en la consecución de las competencias en las destrezas comunicativas como la expresión oral y escrita y la comprensión oral y lectora. Nuestra contribución versa sobre estos límites de los MOOC y plantea la duda de hasta qué punto la metodología relacionada constituye un paso atrás hacia enfoques fundamentalmente formales ya superados en el campo de las lenguas extranjeras.</p>