Stephen Watts Research Articles

Army Regulars on the Western Frontier, 1848-1861

Army Regulars on the Western Frontier, 1848-1861. By Durwood Ball. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. Pp. xxxi, 287. Illustrations, maps. $34.95.) This meticulously researched, insightful study of the United States Army's role in the American West between the Mexican and Civil Wars covers much ground geographically and topically and enhances a rich extant historiography about the nation's frontier soldiery in the nineteenth century. In less than 300 pages, Durwood Ball manages not only to cover the army's Indian-fighting record in surprising depth, but also its constabulary duty visa-vis pro- and antislavery settlers in Bleeding Kansas, Mormons in Utah, filibusters and rebellious Cortinistas (Tejanos and Mexicans) in southern Texas, filibusters and vigilantes in California, and British military forces during the explosive Pacific Northwest San Juan Island boundary dispute of 1859. Further, he frames his study with informative treatments of the army's internal organization, manpower (more diverse than the dregs stereotyped in much historiography [57]), and training, and provides an enlightening account of how the Civil War's outbreak affected the service's western commands. Several themes organize Ball's narrative. First, Ball argues that despite incessant complaints by western civilians that the army failed to provide protection for settlers against Indian depredations, the service actually conducted an effective low-intensity by squadron and company scouts (pursuit and/or patrol operations) operating out of dispersed fixed posts. By the end of the nineteenth century, America's soldiery had successfully chipped away at the edges of American Indian societies until they crumbled (32). The adoption of alternative strategies, such as dragoon officer Stephen Watts Kearny's proposal of major expeditions to intimidate the tribes, would not have worked as well. Setbacks derived far more from manpower and supply deficiencies beyond the control of officers than they did from inappropriate strategies. Ball provides revealing case studies of successful scouts, such as the 1858 expedition of Col. George Wright against Spokane, Palouse, and other upper Columbia River tribes. Second, Ball argues that racial attitudes pervasive both in the service and in Washington help to explain the scale of the army's operations. In contrast to Samuel J. Watson, who has emphasized that army officers in the immediate pre-Mexican War period demonstrated remarkable restraint respecting territorial aggrandizement (The Uncertain Road to Manifest Destiny, in Manifest Destiny and Empire: American Antebellum Expansion, edited by Sam W. Haynes and Christopher Morris [1997]), Ball insists that army officers were impelled by the values of Manifest Destiny. Thus, for instance, he highlights the absurdly bellicose stand of William S. Harvey and George E. Pickett during the army's occupation of San Juan Island. Luckily, Old Fuss and Feathers, General Winfield Scott, was still available for international peacemaking. Racist officers waged all-out war and hunts-sometimes verging on extermination-against colored peoples, but pulled their punches during constabulary duty against whites. Thus the dragoons and infantry of Squaw Killer Harvey might mow down Brule Sioux women and children and Samuel P. Heintzelman's battalion might battle Cortinistas in the chaparral near Brownsville, Texas, but soldiers donned a velvet glove (171) respecting Mormons in Utah, vigilantes in San Francisco, filibusters on the border, and even the frontier settlers they often recognized were provoking the very Indian uprisings that they were risking their lives in subduing. Third, Ball emphasizes that starting immediately after the Mexican War when they found themselves cast as occupation authorities in sectionally-contested California and New Mexico, frontier officers were shadowed (xiii) by partisan politics and the slavery issue and sometimes allowed such considerations to override their professionalism and influence decision-making during constabulary operations. …

Ireland's National Theatres: Political Performance and the Origins of the Irish Dramatic Movement by Mary Trotter, and: A Century of Irish Drama: Widening the Stage ed. by Stephen Watt, Eileen Morgan, and Shakir Mustafa (review)

Ireland's National Theatres: Political Performance and the Origins of the Irish Dramatic Movement by Mary Trotter, and: A Century of Irish Drama: Widening the Stage ed. by Stephen Watt, Eileen Morgan, and Shakir Mustafa (review)

A Century of Irish Drama: Widening the Stage

Preliminary Table of Contents: A Century of Irish Drama Widening the Stage Edited by Stephen Watt, Eileen Morgan, and Shakir Mustafa Foreword by Shivaun O'Casey Acknowledgments Introduction: Re-thinking the Abbey and the Concept of a National Theatre /Eileen Morgan Part One: Challenging the Received View of Early Twentieth-Century Irish Theatre 1. The Founding Years and the Irish National Theatre That Was Not /John P. Harrington 2. The Alternative Aesthetic: The Theatre of Ireland's Urban Plays /Nelson O Ceallaigh Ritschel 3. Of Orangemen and Green Theatres: The Ulster Literary Theatre's Regional Nationalism /Laura E. Lyons Part Two: Theorizing and Historicizing Theatre Controversies 4. The Abbey and the Theatrics of Controversy, 1909-1915 /Lucy McDiarmid 5. More Than a Morbid, Unhealthy Mind: Public Health and the Playboy Riots /Susan Cannon Harris 6. Saying No to Politics: Sean O'Casey's Dublin Trilogy /Shakir Mustafa Part Three: Reconstructing Drama During the Fatal Fifties 7. O'Casey's The Drums of Father Ned in Context /Christopher Murray 8. Love and Death: A Reconsideration of Behan and Genet /Stephen Watt 9. Playing Outside with Samuel Beckett /Judith Roof Part Four: Contemporary Theatre Projects and Revivals 10. Translating Women into Irish Theatre History /Mary Trotter 11. I've Never Been Just Me: Re-Thinking Women's Positions in Christina Reid's Plays /Carla J. McDonough 12. Neither Here Nor There: The Liminal Position of Teresa Deevy and Her Female Characters /Christie Fox 13. Playwrights of the Western World: Synge, Murphy, McDonagh /Jose Lanters 14. The Passion Theatre Company's Everyday Life /Lauren Onkey Part Five: Irish History on the Contemporary Stage 15. The Book at the Center of the Stage: Friel's Making History and The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing /Kathleen Hohenleitner 16. Ireland, the Continuous Past: Stewart Parker's Belfast History Plays /Marilynn Richtarik 17. Frank McGuinness and the Ruins of History /James Hurt 18. The End of History: The Millennial Urge in the Plays of Sebastian Barry /Scott T. Cummings Bibliography Contributors Index

Mother Tongues: Non English-Language Poetry in England

Daniel Weissbort, a distinguished translator from Russian, has edited the prestigious journal Modern Poetry in Translation for many years. The present issue (New Series, no. 17), published as a special anthology number with guest editor Stephen Watts, introduces an intriguing concept: namely, to highlight the many international poets who live in England and write in their respective native languages. The poets included in the anthology write in Arabic, Hungarian, Bengali, Kurdish, Turkish, Czech, Farsi, Spanish, Punjabi, Portuguese, German, and Russian, to name only a few languages of that international landscape. Most of the poets, with perhaps such exceptions as Erich Fried, Adam Czerniawski, and Yang Lian, are unknown to the general reader. Thus, the breadth of the collection provides the reader an opportunity to walk through the poetic landscapes of many countries and languages. The gamut of poetic expression ranges from the visual reconstruction of details in situations to

Postmodern / Drama: Reading the Contemporary Stage. By Stephen Watt. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1998; pp. viii + 220, $ 42.50 hardcover.

While it might not be a stretch to get scholars and critics to agree that the work of people like Robert Wilson and Richard Foreman are postmodern, asking the same folks to agree upon this categorization for Samuel Beckett, Harold Pinter, and Sam Shepard might be more challenging. Stephen Watt address this issue of classification with regards to drama, which for Watt excludes “performance,” to concentrate on “what writers write” (4). This is not an easy task since, as Watt points out, the very idea of postmodernism dissolves “neatly sutured categories, such as genres themselves” (8). With this understanding, which prompts the dialectical slash in the book's title, Watt searches for a way to “begin to unravel the taut conceptual skein that results from the paradoxical union of the two terms” (13).

Doniphan's Epic March: The First Missouri Volunteers in the Mexican War (review)

BOOK REVIEWS1 63 brief summaries of hundreds of court-martials, Lowry concludes that "much of Lincoln's clemency consisted of endorsing the recommendations of the several levels of reviewers as the case moved upwards toward the Presidential office" (258). Although Lincoln most often agreed with his chief legal adviser and his generals, he did not have to do so, and Lowry finds that "the legend of his compassion is not legend at all, but truth" (263). Despite the Lowrys' impressive research, this volume fails to take full advantage of this wealth of material. Several decisions hamper it. First, the study is based on a review of only roughly half of the court-martial records. Second, it excludes over 250 decisions by Lincoln because they are included in Roy P. Basler's Collected Works ofAbraham Lincoln. These unfortunate choices yield an incomplete record, even of Lincoln's decisions. Furthermore, the presentation of the material weakens its conclusions. The volume is organized around a curious mixture of the rank of the offender, the nature of the offense, and the geographical location of the offense. While the large proportion of officers as defendants in court-martials (20 percent) and their success in avoiding death penalties (100 percent) are remarkable, they were often charged with the same offenses that enlisted men were. Lowry also fails to offer a comparative perspective. While one would not expect the same type of detailed research, even anecdotal evidence of the attitudes of Jefferson Davis, James K. Polk, or leaders of other nations at war during the mid-nineteenth century toward military offenders would provide a valuable context in which to evaluate Lincoln's compassion. Students of the Civil War and ofAbraham Lincoln owe the Lowrys a debt for their assiduous research in the court-martial records and will look forward to their complete index of the material. Don 't Shoot That Boy! provides an initial foray into that material and illuminates a fascinating area for future study. Daniel W. Stowell The Lincoln Legal Papers Doniphan 's Epic March: The First Missouri Volunteers in the Mexican War. By Joseph C. Dawson HI. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999. Pp. xii, 325. $35.00.) Alexander Doniphan, a successful lawyer in Liberty, Missouri, was among the first in his state to volunteer for military service in 1846. Elected colonel of the First Missouri Mounted Volunteers, he ranked second in command to Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny on the expedition ordered to secure New Mexico and California. Recognizing Doniphan's legal skills, Kearny left the Missourian to supervise the military government in New Mexico while he continued on to California. When reinforcements arrived to occupy Santa Fe, Doniphan's regiment resumed the march southward towards Chihuahua. Demonstrating a natural l64CIVIL WAR HISTORY talent for miUtary command, he held the regiment together on a grueling winter march deep into enemy territory, far from any chance of support. At the battles of Brazito and Sacramento, he met and defeated Mexican forces much larger than his own, thereby diverting troops from Santa Anna's army and contributing toTaylor's victoryatBuenaVistain February 1847.Afteroneofthe longestmarches in military history, he and his men returned to a hero's welcome at home. Dawson's engaging narrative is military history in the broadest sense. While he presents a lucid account ofthe campaign and its battles, he also explores the motivation of Doniphan and his men, their interaction with Mexican civilians, and the response ofpress and public at home to their exploits. Because he relies primarily on diaries and memoirs by the men of Doniphan's regiment, the book is both a study ofDoniphan's leadership and ofways in which his men, through their attitudes and behavior, their discipline or lack of discipline at crucial moments , shaped the outcome ofthe campaign. Dawson presents a fine case study of American war-making at mid-century. It fills a gap in Mexican War literature , and is also ofvalue to those interested in the background of the Civil War. Though Doniphan himself would take no active part in that war, he set precedents for it. Doniphan and his men were among the first American soldiers to march deep into hostile territory, assume the role...

The Personal Correspondence of Sam Houston: Volume III: 1848-1852

The Personal Correspondence of Sam Houston: Volume III:1848-1852. Edited by Madge Thornall Roberts. (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 1999. Pp. vii, 508. $32.50.) Doniphan's Epic March: The Ist Missouri Volunteers in the Mexican War. By Joseph G. Dawson III. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999. Pp. xii, 325. Illustrations. $35.00.) The Mexican-American War has drawn increased attention from military historians of late-in part because of the war's sesquicentennial-some of it revising previous conceptions. Both of these books advance this revision and aid in an understanding of the conflict and its aftermath. The legendary Sam Houston has been significantly identified with Texas independence and eventual statehood. Numerous Houston biographers have attempted to understand both his essential ideology and the events of his eventful life. Sadly, few have succeeded. The Personal Correspondence of Sam Houston may well aid future biographers in their quest for understanding a complex man. This volume includes voluminous correspondence between Houston and his wife, Margaret, as well as with other individuals. These letters contain discussions of both household concerns and the larger political scene. Especially welcome are letters relating to his role in the Senate during a critical period in the nation's history. Although the volume would have been enhanced with introductory material and headnotes providing greater context, it will become an important reference work used by all studying Houston and the events of his life. Doniphan's Epic March explores the experience of the 1st Missouri Volunteers in the Mexican-American War. A volunteer unit formed in June 1846, just after the declaration of war against Mexico, the 1st Missouri formed an integral part of the Army of the West led by Colonel Stephen Watts Kearny. Under the command of Alexander William Doniphan-an able young Missouri lawyer, militiaman, and politician-the 1 st Missouri performed admirably in the conquest of New Mexico and northern Mexico in 1846-47. He led it on an epic march of 3,600 miles throughout the Southwest, commanding it to victory over two larger Mexican forces at El Brazito and Sacramento. Joseph G. Dawson III, on the faculty at Texas A&M University, tells this story with enthusiasm and pungency. But that story has been told previously, for instance in my own biography of Doniphan published in 1997. Instead, the significance of Dawson's work rests on his analysis of the role of citizen soldiers in the wars of America, using Doniphan as a case study, both in the context of combat operations and in military governance of captured territory. …

Selling modernism

Selling Modernism Mark Morrisson Marketing Modernisms: Self-Promotion, Canonization, and Rereading. Edited by Kevin J. H. Dettmar and Stephen Watt. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996. Pp. 374. $18.95 (paper). Who Paid for Modernism? Joyce Piell Wexler. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1997. Pp. 157. $24.00. Marketing Modernism in Fin-de-Siècle Europe. Robert Jensen. 1994; Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1996. Pp. 367. $18.95 (paper). In 1917 the editors of The Little Review, the quintessential American avant-garde magazine whose motto was to “make no compromise with the public taste,” consulted a prominent advertising agent, James Howard Kehler, about plans to market the magazine. In December 1913 the poet Richard Aldington, even while espousing a vehement rhetoric of contempt for the masses, suggested hiring sandwich-board-men to march around London advertising and selling copies of The Egoist, the British organ of Imagism and aesthetic revolt for which he served as assistant editor. 1 What are we to make of strange moments like these in the history of modernism, when modernists’ public anti-mass-market rhetoric seemed to be undercut by flirtations with consumer culture? The years 1996 and 1997 saw the publication of a number of books about the marketing of modernist art and literature, as scholars address precisely these issues. [End Page 155] About a decade ago, Andreas Huyssen’s much-cited study After the Great Divide (1986) gave a convenient name to the modernist antithesis between high art and mass culture. But at the same time, Huyssen complicated the Adorno/Horkheimer vision of this split, not only to suggest the necessary relationship between “High Modernism” and mass culture, but also to demarcate a corner of modernism that had a positive relationship to mass culture—what he calls avant-gardism. In the years following Huyssen’s book, new works on the cultural history of advertising in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and on advertising’s role in modernism, as well as new studies of the professionalization of literature and the history of publishing and readership, have given scholars fresh perspectives from which to approach the Great Divide. 2 This trend, and recent work in cultural studies, feminism, and the study of material culture, have informed this last year’s works and brought them to an exciting level of sophistication and historical richness. The range of topics considered in Dettmar and Watt’s collection alone attests to the fact that questions about the marketing of modernism are no longer seen as irrelevant at best or belittling at worst to modernist literature. Kevin Dettmar and Stephen Watt assembled their impressive collection of essays, Marketing Modernism: Self-Promotion, Canonization, Rereading, precisely not to belittle, as one prominent critic had interpreted such a project, but rather to explore Anglo-American modernists’ search for readers and markets. Some of these essays concern traditional questions about modernists’ concerns over money and the ideology of the professional writer—for example Daniel Morris’s “A Taste of Fortune: In the Money and Williams’ New Directions Phase,” and Joyce Wexler’s “Selling Sex as Art,” which examines the profits possible for censored books by D. H. Lawrence and James Joyce. And some, like Leonard Diepeveen’s “‘I Can Have More Than Enough Power to Satisfy Me’: T. S. Eliot’s Construction of His Audience,” and Timothy Materer’s “Make It Sell! Ezra Pound Advertises Modernism,” explore modernists’ self-positioning before audiences. Materer’s essay is especially interesting in that it explores Pound’s construction of Imagism as itself an advertising strategy, and interprets the similarities between Imagism and new advertising techniques in the commodity realm. Pound wished to avoid what he called, quoting Joyce, the “poster novelty” of the commercial realm (27), but Materer argues that the same emphasis upon the direct treatment of the “thing” appeared in both elite literary culture and in popular consumer-culture images. In addition to essays that explore how modernists themselves interpreted and fashioned their place within a consumer culture, Michael Murphy’s “‘One Hundred Per Cent Bohemia’: Pop Decadence and the Aestheticization of Commodity in the Rise of the Slicks” explores the other side of this issue. Murphy looks at the “slicks”—glossy...

Joyce, O'Casey, and the Irish Popular Theater by Stephen Watt (review)

Joyce, O'Casey, and the Irish Popular Theater by Stephen Watt (review)

The Ballad of Rocky Ruiz by Manuel Ramos

Reviews 353 whose people claim the Shoshone Mountain waste repository as a sacred site, and the monks who live near the mountain, put up a passionate fight against the Department of Energy. The narrative “fallout”that ensues proves both humor­ ous and horrifying. Bergon’s fine new novel suggests that monastic practice in the nuclear age demands a combination of asceticism and activism, and that blind faith in science maywell lead to a spiritual as well as a physical wasteland. ELIZABETH BLAIR The University ofIllinois at Chicago Footloose on the Santa Fe Trail. By Stephen May. (Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1993. 140 pages, $19.95/$12.95.) Personal and engaging, May’s book is useful to general readers as an introduction to the overlapping lives ofa number oftraders, military personnel, and adventurers on the Santa Fe Trail in 1846-47, at the beginning of the Mexican War. May interweaves historical narrative with an account of his own walk along the 200-mile stretch of the Trail between Bent’s Fort, Colorado, and Santa Fe, New Mexico. Gabriel Wiggins apart, the historical players will be familiar to many readers: Francis Parkman, Henry Chatillon, Samuel and Susan Shelby Magoffin, Ceran St. Vrain, Stephen Watts Kearny, Charles and William Bent, Lewis Garrard, and George Frederick Ruxton. Wiggins, whose personal diary May discovered by chance, was a carpenter in the Army of the West and shot afellow soldier in Santa Fe. Mayromantically imagines him a fugitive in the Sangre de Cristo mountains. There are points where Mayconflates his narrative voice with the unquestioned assumptions ofhis characters—in one unfortunate turn of phrase Kearny is labeled “the great white hope, the redeemer of Montezuma’s and Coronado’s vanquished races.” Flat reproduction does not do justice to the forty-seven accompanying photographs. MARTIN PADGET University ofCalifornia, San Diego The Ballad ofRocky Ruiz. By Manuel Ramos. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993. 201 pages, $17.95.) Mystery fans will enjoy this first novel by Manuel Ramos, a lawyer with the Legal Aid Society of Metropolitan Denver. Ramos’protagonist is also a Denver lawyer, Luis Montez, a burnt out case who represents that city’s lost souls and have-nots. Montez’sbleak life grows bleaker when one old college friend is murdered and another disappears. Former members of the United Mexican American 354 WesternAmerican Literature Students, Montez and his friends rode “the wave ofChicano pride . . .that swept the Southwest”in the Sixties until the death of their leader, Rocky Ruiz, doused their revolutionary spirit. Now, Montez is drawn back to that past life, back to the mystery surrounding Ruiz’s murder. TheBallad ofRockyRuiz has all the right elements: an engaging, complicated plot; a mysterious, beautiful, perhaps deadly young woman; a grumpy, savvy cop; corrupt money men and land developers; and even unprincipled, pomp­ ous lawyers. Although insightful and driven, Luis Montez is no macho gumshoe type, and following his steps and missteps makes for enjoyable reading. Manuel Ramos isworking on his second Luis Montez novel. Given his likely cast of recurring characters—Detective Philip Coangelo; Montez’s sarcastic father, Jesus Genaro Montez; andJanice Kendall, “another ex-legal-aid lawyer” who plays an interesting but minor role in this book—that next installment should also be a delight. ROBERT HEADLEY Southern State Community College, Ohio BrightAngels and Familiars: Contemporary Mormon Stories. Edited by Eugene Eng­ land. (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1992. 275 pages, $19.95.) This volume of contemporary Mormon short stories is dedicated to the memories of Maurine Whipple and Virginia Sorensen, whose novels (The Giant Joshua Tree, 1941 and A Little Lower Than the Angels, 1942), both published outside Utah, gained some ofthe first national recognition for Mormon writing. They are represented in this anthology by short pieces which, interestingly, clearly show the distance Mormon writing has traveled in the half century separating the “lost”generation from succeeding ones. The other twenty stories are by current writers who are all associated with Mormon letters in a formal way by participation in competitions, by publication in Mormonjournals that are independent ofthe Church yet identified with it— and no doubt scrutinized by it—or by publication through regional presses. Their shared Mormon background leads them...

Myth and Ritual in the Plays of Samuel Beckett ed. by Katherine H. Burkman, and: Beckett's Later Fiction and Drama: Texts for Company ed. by James Acheson, Kateryna Arthur, and: On Beckett: Essays and Criticism ed. by S. E. Gontarski

376Comparative Drama Katherine H. Burkman, ed. Myth and Ritual in the Plays of Samuel Beckett. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1987. Pp. 169. $24.50. James Acheson and Kateryna Arthur, eds. Beckett's Later Fiction and Drama: Texts for Company. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. Pp. 206. $27.50. S. E. Gontarski, ed. On Beckett: Essays and Criticism. New York: Grove Press, 1986. Pp. 418. $12.95 (paper). Though I have no statistics to offer, my guess is that the Beckett industry is quickly becoming one of the most productive in the academic community. And on the occasion of the Nobel Prize winner's eightieth birthday, an abundance of books appeared. Three of these—all collections of essays by diverse hands and all engaging and insightful—prove that Beckett, like Didi and Gogo, is "inexhaustible." The most focused of the collections is Katherine H. Burkman's Myth and Ritual in the Plays of Samuel Beckett. Burkman has arranged the ten original pieces in three groupings: "Journeying," "Storytelling," and "Myth and Démythification," explaining each category in a brief introductory overview. The essays find common ground in their recognition of Beckett's insistent use of myth and ritual in the plays and novels. But their claims and their approaches are varied. Lois More Overbeck's essay on Endgame, for example, offers a strategy for analyzing Beckett's characters ' façon de vivre. Judith A. Roof's "A Blink in the Mirror" is an inquiry into two models that Beckett's myths often reflect: Oedipus and Narcissus. Susan Maughlin explores Victor Turner's concept of liminality in relation to Endgame. And Stephen Watt, in a theoretically poststructuralist piece, discusses Beckett's use of the green world, setting up a myth/ ritual binarism. One of the strongest essays in the collection is Susan D. Brienza's "Perilous Journeys on Beckett's Stages." Brienza traces the quest motif in Beckett's work, suggesting ways in which the writer retains the framework of myth while reshaping physical journeys into "psychological searches, metaphysical struggles, and linguistic voyages." Other contributors include Martha Fehsenfeld and Phyllis Carey, both on Happy Days, Rosette C. Lamont on Beckett's metaphysical clowns, Mary A. Doll on "Rites of Story: The Old Man at Play," and Claudia Clausius on Waiting for Godot. Though uneven in several respects—some essays are more ambitious than others, some more theoretical, some more gracefully written—the volume is a stimulating contribution to an important and complex aspect of Beckett's writing. Beckett's Later Fiction and Drama: Texts for Company, edited by James Acheson and Kateryna Arthur, is an anthology of thirteen original essays by a number of major figures in Beckett scholarship: Enoch Brater, Colin Duckworth, Martin Esslin, S. E. Gontarski, Rubin Rabinovitz, Katharine Worth, and others. The collection's emphasis on the more recent theater and prose pieces (which the Burkman collection neglects) makes it an especially attractive volume and a valuable resource for studying "minimal" Beckett. The quality of the essays in this collection is consistently high, the insights consistently illuminating. Reviews377 Essays on the prose include Rubin Rabinovitz, "The Self Contained: Beckett's Fiction in the 1960's," Brian Finney, "Still to Worstward Ho: Beckett's Prose Fiction Since The Lost Ones," Nicholas Zurbrugg, "/// Seen III Said and the Sense of an Ending," and Enoch Brater, "Voyelles, Cromlechs and the Special (W) rites of Worstward Ho." Each of these writers establishes connections between and among these later short pieces, noting intertextuality with Beckett's early work and with the work of other writers—notably, in Brater's essay, Rimbaud. Together, these four essays survey the prose writing from All Strange Away (1979) to Worstward Ho (1983), with special attention to /// Seen III Said and Worstward Ho. Essays on the late plays include Katharine Worth, "Past Into Future: Krapp's Last Tape to Breath," Charles R. Lyons, "Beckett's Fundamental Theatre: The Plays from Not 1 to What Where," and James Acheson, "The Shape of Ideas: That Time and Footfalls." Here, too, writers move freely through the Beckett canon, establishing connections. Collectively, the essays cover the plays from Krapp's Last Tape (1958) to What Where (1983), with Acheson concentrating on...

O'Neill and Otto Rank: Doubles, "Death Instincts," and the Trauma of Birth

O'Neill and Otto Rank: Doubles, "Death Instincts," and the Trauma of Birth Stephen Watt "You were born afraid." Mary Tyrone to Edmund "But he's dead now [Major Melody]. And I ain't tired a bit. I'm fresh as a man new born." Con Melody "She loves me. I'm not afraid! . . . She is warmly around me! She is my skin! She is my armor! Now I am born — I — the I! — one and indivisible." Dion Anthony In one extremely defensive interior monologue in Eugene O'Neill's Strange Interlude (1928), Charles Marsden contemplates the widespread influence of Sigmund Freud's thought on the American intelligentsia. In doing so, Marsden also predicts what interpretive tools many readers of O'Neill's plays will employ when digging through characters' psychological strata: "O Oedipus, O my king! The world is adopting you" (I, 34).1 Blithely dismissing the Freudian emphases on dream interpretation and "sex" as constitutive of an "easy cure-all," Marsden also anticipates O'Neill's own frustration with the unrelenting stream of Freudian, especially Oedipal, readings of his plays.2 The literary critical "world," insofar as O'Neill is concerned, has indeed adopted "Herr Freud," as Marsden refers to him, and King Oedipus as well. Even in studies only remotely psychoanalytic , Freud and Oedipus often appear as "givens," figures STEPHEN M. WATT, a member of the English Department at Indiana University , is chiefly interested in modern and Renaissance drama and critical theory. He has previously published in a number of journals, including Comparative Drama. 211 212Comparative Drama who on the basis of admittedly very persuasive biographical evidence must be acknowledged.3 Perhaps the most valuable addition to current understanding of O'Neill's appropriation from and manipulation of Freudian psychoanalysis is Robert Feldman's recent examination of the "death-instinct" in Strange Interlude and Mourning Becomes Electra (1931).4 First elaborated by Freud in Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920), the "death-instinct"—an "expression of the conservative nature of living substance" to "restore an earlier [inorganic] state of things"5—becomes for O'Neill's Nina Leeds and Orin Mannon not an instinct but a choice. As Feldman argues, correctly I think, these characters consciously choose to escape the pain of life by a sterile marriage in Nina's case and suicide in Orin's. And Feldman's point might be amplified to include a host of O'Neill characters who freely select either death—John Brown in the early Bread and Butter (1914), Reuben Light in Dynamo (1928), and others—or seclusion from the world of "life"—Orin's sister Lavinia, Deborah Harford in More Stately Mansions (1938; reconstructed and published in 1962), and of course Mary Tyrone. For a variety of reasons, some of them biographical, this fact overshadows the presence of the Oedipal project in the plays of O'Neill's middle and later periods.6 My purpose here is twofold: to describe the determinative effect of this non-Oedipal problematic in O'Neill's plays—one which concerns desire for a regressive, oral return to the mother and, in several cases, prompts character splitting or "doubling"—and to suggest the interpretive value of Otto Rank's work in undertaking such investigations of O'Neill's drama. Readers of Contour in Time (1972) might recall Travis Bogard's supposition that the "possible implications" of Rank's The Double (1914; abstracted in The Psychoanalytic Review, 1919) for "an understanding of the complex personality of Eugene O'Neill are many." Fascinated by O'Neill's representations of a man divided into "opposed but clearly bound beings" in plays such as Mourning Become Electra, Bogard discovered in Rank's work an especially appealing explanation of "fraternal rivalry toward the hated competitor in love for the mother and ultimately the death-wish of the subject."7 Nevertheless, fraternal rivalry over the love-object and the so-called "death wish of the subject" are two rather different phenomena. Moreover, the fraternal rivalry over the love-object (Mother, Mother surrogate, Stephen Watt213 or not) so prominent in, say, Bread and Butter, Beyond the Horizon (1920), Desire Under the Elms (1924), and The Great God Brown (1925) recedes into the background...

The Melting Pot that Wouldn't: Ethnic Groups in the American Southwest Since 1846

In 1846, General Stephen Watts Kearny and about three hundred dragoon, of his Army of the West rode into Santa Fe to lay claim to New Mexico on behalf of the United States, a claim legalized two years later, in 1848, by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Along with i t went most of what is now the southwestern United States, en larged to its present boundaries th rough the ratification in 1854 of the Gadsden Purchase. Kearny and his men were Johnnies-comelately, and most of us who live in the Southwest today, who are the more-or-less direct beneficiaries of this military and political conquest, a re not the descendants of southwestern pioneers, explorers, and discoverers. The New Mexico and Arizona of the midnineteenth century had been discovered and thoroughly explored at least twelve thousand years earl ier by American Indians. When manifest destiny caught up with the region's real pioneer inhabitants, they numbered in the many thousands; they spoke more than twenty languages, many of which were mutually unintelligible and totally unrelated; they lived in compact pueblo villages or in temporary camps characteristic of seminomads; and, depending on environmental or other factors, they farmed, hunted, gathered, and engaged in extensive foreign trade as means of earning their livelihoods . l In 1846, moreover, northwestern Mexico was occupied also by native-born speakers of Spanish, some of whom were the direct lineal descendants of late-sixteenth -, seventeenth-, and eighteenth-century colonists of ultimate European origin, but most of whom were more genuinely Mexican. That is, they

The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner: With Stephen Watts Kearny to New Mexico and California, 1846-1847

The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner: With Stephen Watts Kearny to New Mexico and California, 1846-1847

Review: The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner with Stephen Watts Kearny to New Mexico and California, 1846, by Dwight L. Clarke

Book Review| September 01 1967 Review: The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner with Stephen Watts Kearny to New Mexico and California, 1846, by Dwight L. Clarke The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner with Stephen Watts Kearny to New Mexico and California, 1846Dwight L. Clarke Nicholas P. Hardeman Nicholas P. Hardeman Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Southern California Quarterly (1967) 49 (3): 349–350. https://doi.org/10.2307/41171385 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Nicholas P. Hardeman; Review: The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner with Stephen Watts Kearny to New Mexico and California, 1846, by Dwight L. Clarke. Southern California Quarterly 1 September 1967; 49 (3): 349–350. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/41171385 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentSouthern California Quarterly Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright, 1967 The Historical Society of Southern California Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner With Stephen Watts Kearny to New Mexico and California, 1846-1847

The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner With Stephen Watts Kearny to New Mexico and California, 1846-1847

Review: The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner: With Stephen Watts Kearny to New Mexico and California, 1846-1847, by Dwight L. Clarke, Henry Smith Turner, and Stephen Watts Kearny

Review: <i>The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner: With Stephen Watts Kearny to New Mexico and California, 1846-1847</i>, by Dwight L. Clarke, Henry Smith Turner, and Stephen Watts Kearny

Soldiers under Stephen Watts Kearny

Soldiers under Stephen Watts Kearny

Down the Santa Fe Trail and into Mexico: The Diary of Susan Shelby Magoffin, 1846-1847

In June 1846 Susan Shelby Magoffin, eighteen years old and a bride of less than eight months, set out with her husband, a veteran Santa Fe trader, on a trek from Independence, Missouri, through New Mexico and south to Chihuahua. Her travel journal was written at a crucial time, when the Mexican War was beginning and New Mexico was occupied by Stephen Watts Kearny and the Army of the West. Her journal describes the excitement, routine, and dangers of a successful merchant's wife. On the trail for fifteen months, moving from house to house and town to town, she became adept in Spanish and the lingo of traders, and wrote down in detail the customs and appearances of places she went. She gave birth to her first child during the journey and admitted, This thing of marrying is not what it is cracked up to be. Valuable as a social and historical record of her encounters-she met Zachary Taylor and was agreeably disappointed to find him disheveled but kindly-her journal is equally important as a chronicle of her growing intelligence, experience, and strength, her lost illusions and her coming to terms with herself.

General Philip Kearny, Battle Soldier of Five Wars Including the Conquest of the West by General Stephen Watts Kearny.

General Philip Kearny, Battle Soldier of Five Wars Including the Conquest of the West by General Stephen Watts Kearny.