Stephen Moore Research Articles

Patel, Raj and Stephen Moore: A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things: A Guide to Capitalism, Nature, and the Future of the Planet

This work reviews and relates relevant information from the book. A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things: A Guide to Capitalism, Nature, and the Future of the Planet. In this book the authors trace how seven essential ‘things” were made cheap by capitalism, pushing the closer to environmental catastrophe. The seven ‘things’ investigated by Patel and Moore are nature, money, work, care, food, energy and lives. The authors examine the history of each ‘cheap’ thing and way capitalism has rendered it a commodity and then cheap. The authors employ the term ‘cheap not in a colloquial sense, by cheap they argue each of the seven items have been devalued and debased by capitalism in order to be exploited.

“Shining in the Light of Your Glory”: Finding the Simple Reading of Scripture

AbstractThis essay argues that without allowing for a legitimate extra‐biblical reasoning for the appropriateness of God's “simplicity,” Christians will be compelled biblically to affirm that God, as such, has a body — or at least Christians will have to accept this as a theologically possible reading of Scripture that cannot be ruled out. Barnes first cites ancient philosophical sources that argue that God has no parts but is utterly simple. In Barnes's quick sketch, the main role is given to Plotinus and especially to the summation found in Alcuinus's Didaskalon X.7 (Alcuinus is known also as Albinus). Barnes then examines readings of Israel's Scriptures that indicate the bodiliness of God (YHWH). Most importantly, divine bodiliness comports with the “plain sense” of Scripture. Here he draws upon such works as Benjamin Sommer's The Bodies of God, Stephen Moore's “Gigantic God,” and Tryggve Mettinger's The Dethronement of Sabaoth; and he also makes reference to the work of the Jewish kabbalist scholar Gershom Scholem. Barnes carefully investigates such passages as Exodus 33, in which God is clearly presented as having bodily parts, including a “face.” As Barnes notes, the Fathers’ arguments for why God does not have a body are tied completely to their arguments for why God exists simply.

Abstract C165: Development of a probody drug conjugate (PDC) against CD166 for the treatment of multiple cancers

Abstract Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) have shown their greatest clinical utility when targeting antigens expressed at very high levels on cancer cells that have coincidentally lower expression in normal tissues. This is exemplified by the approvals of trastuzumab emtansine for her2neu 3+ breast cancer and brentuximab vedotin for Hodgkins Disease and Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Both drugs are approved for subsets of specific cancer types where target antigen expression is particularly high relative to expression in normal tissues. There are other cell surface antigens that are highly expressed on cancer cells and normal tissues, but the utility of such antigens as ADC targets is restricted by their corresponding expression in normal tissues. One such target is CD166 (ALCAM), which shows 3+ expression by IHC in most donors of multiple cancer types, e.g., ca. 70% prevalence in breast, prostate, and lung cancers but also expression in multiple normal tissues including lung, GI tissues, and liver. Thus CD166 has not been progressed as a target for ADCs. Probody™ therapeutics are fully recombinant antibody prodrugs that are converted to active antibodies by tumor-associated proteases. Preclinical in vivo studies show that Probody therapeutics remain substantially inactive in normal tissues and in circulation. As such, Probody drug conjugates (PDCs), unlike ADCs, enable targeting of high expression tumor targets that are also expressed in normal tissues. We have developed an anti-CD166 Probody therapeutic selected for specific binding, internalization, and cross reactivity to cynomolgus macaque as a species for toxicology assessments. This therapeutic has been conjugated to spdb-DM4 and tested in preclinical models of efficacy and safety. Treatment with the PDC has led to complete regressions in models of lung and breast cancer at therapeutically relevant doses. These same doses were assessed for safety in cynomolgus monkeys. The safety and efficacy profiles for the anti-CD166 PDC are supportive of progression to clinical development of this anti-CD166 Probody drug conjugate. Citation Format: Annie Yang Weaver, Shweta Singh, Amy DuPage, Jason Sagert, Jeanne Flandez, Elizabeth Menendez, Judi Ford, Michael Krimm, Stephen Moore, Margaret Nguyen, Andrew Jang, Eric Brecht, Yuanhui Huang, Linnea Diep, Nicole Lapuyade, Tereza Sputova, James West, Olga Vasiljeva, Shouchun Liu, Jennifer Richardson, W. Michael Kavanaugh, Jonathan A. Terrett, Luc R. Desnoyers. Development of a probody drug conjugate (PDC) against CD166 for the treatment of multiple cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr C165.

Kingdom Play? Striving against Racisms through Worship in a Postcolonial Mode

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes Robert Hovda, “The Vesting of Liturgical Ministers,” Worship 54 (March 1980): 104. R. S. Sugirtharajah, Exploring Postcolonial Biblical Criticism: History, Method, Practice (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), 7. Sugirtharajah, 12–13. Sugirtharajah, 16. Ania Loomba, Suvir Kaul, Matti Bunzl, Antoinette Burton, and Jed Esty, eds., Postcolonial Studies and Beyond (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005), 3. Myra Rivera and Stephen D. Moore, “A Tentative Topography of Postcolonial Theology,” in Planetary Loves: Spivak, Postcoloniality, and Theology, ed. Stephen Moore and Myra Rivera (New York: Fordham University Press, 2011), 6. M. Shawn Copeland, Enfleshing Freedom: Body, Race, Being (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2010), 66. Bryan N. Massingale, Racial Justice and the Catholic Church (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 2010), xiii–xiv. Massingale, 24. Massingale, 26. Massingale, 37. Linda Martín Alcoff, Visible Identities: Race, Gender, and the Self, Studies in Feminist Philosophy (New York: Oxford, 2006), 182. bell hooks, Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 1989), 113. Copeland, 68–69. Burns and Jagessar, Christian Worship: Postcolonial Perspectives (Sheffield and Oakville, CT: Equinox, 2011), 26. Burns and Jagessar, 27. See Gláucia Vasconcelos Wilkey, ed., Worship and Culture: Foreign Country or Homeland? The Ongoing Life of the Lutheran World Federation Documents on Worship and Culture (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2014). See Moore and Rivera, 8. See further Dhawn Martin, “Pax Terra and Other Utopias? Planetarity, Cosmopolitanism, and the Kingdom of God,” in Planetary Loves, 292–302. Searle, “The Pedagogical Function of the Liturgy,” Worship 55, no. 4 (July 1981): 332–59, p. 334. Massingale, 97. Citing Eric Yamamoto, Interracial Justice: Conflict and Resolution in Post-Civil Rights America (New York: New York University Press, 1999). Additional informationNotes on contributorsRichard E. McCarronRichard E. McCarron, associate professor of liturgy, and chair of the Department of Word and Worship at the Catholic Theological Union in Chicago, Illinois, teaches courses in sacramental theology and liturgy, culture, and history. He currently serves as the editor of the Proceedings of the North American Academy of Liturgy.

Abstract 4570: Development of a proteolytically activatable EGFR Probody for cancer therapy.

Abstract Antibodies directed to specific disease-related antigens have proven to be very successful therapeutics for a variety of disease indications. In spite of their high affinity and specificity for target antigen, target-mediated toxicity constitutes a major limitation for the development of antibodies to certain targets. We have addressed this type of on-target toxicity by developing a new class of targeting antibodies (Probody™ therapeutics) that remain in an inert, masked form until proteolytically activated at the site of disease. As a proof-of-concept for the construction of a Probody, we used cetuximab as a starting point. Cetuximab is an EGFR-targeted antibody approved for the treatment of colorectal and head-and-neck cancers that produces an on-target toxicity in the form of a skin rash that afflicts 88% of patients treated with the antibody. We engineered an EGFR Probody by incorporating an inhibitory masking peptide fused to the antibody light chain. Masking of the Probody is achieved through a linker that also incorporates a substrate that is cleaved by one or more proteases up-regulated in cancer. In vitro, EGFR binding and cell-based activities of the masked Probody were diminished compared to those of cetuximab, but treatment with exogenous target proteases activated the Probody and restored activity comparable to cetuximab. Using tumor xenograft models in mice, we demonstrated that the Probody remained masked in systemic circulation but was activated and accumulated in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor activation of the Probody translated to efficacy similar to that seen with cetuximab. Consistent with our results in mice, the Probody remained efficiently masked in non-human primates and did not cause skin toxicity such as that observed in animals treated with cetuximab. Together, these results demonstrate that antibody activity can be specifically targeted to diseased tissue by utilizing locally overexpressed proteases as activating agents, suggesting that a variety of antigens not previously amenable to an antibody therapeutic approach may be successfully addressed with Probodies. Citation Format: Luc R. Desnoyers, Annie Yang, Tony W. Liang, Stephen Moore, Jason Sagert, Daniel R. Hostetter, Elizabeth Menendez, Fei Han, Michael Krimm, Ken Wong, Jennifer Richardson, Jim W. West, Shouchun Liu, Olga Vasiljeva, Henry B. Lowman. Development of a proteolytically activatable EGFR Probody for cancer therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4570. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4570

Aichele and I

Many years ago, Jorge Luis Borges wrote a very short essay titled ‘Borges and I’, in which someone who refers to himself as ‘I’ puzzles over the relationship between himself and the one called ‘Borges’, who writes and is a scholar, and who is ‘the one things happen to’ (1964, 246). ‘I’ concludes this essay by writing, ‘I do not know which one of us has written this page’ (1964, 247). When David Odell-Scott first approached me about an SBL session on George Aichele, I confess to feeling something of the weirdness that runs through Borges’s essay, and now, having read these intriguing statements from my friends, I feel it even more strongly. I am deeply grateful to each of the contributors to this collection for their careful and critical readings of my writings, but at the same time I find myself astonished at this mysterious being called ‘George Aichele’. As the ‘I’ of ‘Borges and I’ says, ‘my life is a flight and I lose everything and everything belongs to oblivion, or to him’ (1964, 247). And hence ‘he has achieved some valid pages, but those pages cannot save me, perhaps because what is good belongs to no one, not even to him’ (1964, 246). I write this knowing that even this text stands in my place, speaking not simply for me but instead of me, interrupting my story, separating me from that story. I'm intrigued by Gary Phillips’s descriptions of me – that is, of ‘Aichele’ – as ‘postmodern psychopomp’ and ‘Charon of critical theory’. While the idea of being a ‘ferryman’ to ‘foreboding shores’ certainly has its appeal, I hope that any insinuation of the death (of postmodernism or critical theory) is as the famous saying goes, premature. It is true, though, that as these onceforeboding terms increasingly spread throughout the discursive formations of our world, and are especially used by fundamentalists and others who are anything but postmodernists or critical theorists, their semantic value has been diluted, and I at least find myself using the words less and less. As for ‘The Matrix’, while ‘I’ prefer the image of layers of reality/virtuality without end in David Cronenberg’s film ‘eXistenZ’, ‘Aichele’ does like Morpheus better than Neo. And we both agree that Chauncey Gardner is one of the great heroes of Western civilization. I haven’t read much Levinas, but as one who cut his wisdom teeth on Sartrean existentialism, I am sensitive to the idea of an ‘ethics of reading’, especially in the de Manian/Barthesian sense of fully laying out and critiquing my own assumptions and trying to be scrupulously ‘responsible’ to the text itself, no matter how much I might like to think that it ‘really means’ something else. Thus I deeply mistrust all claims (first and foremost my own) to ‘exegesis’ of a text, and I have become increasingly convinced that every purported exegesis is never anything more than carefully ‘managed’ (in the worst sense) eisegesis. I learned much of that while working with Gary on Semeia 69/70 (Scholars Press) and with our other friends in the Bible and Culture Collective, Fred Burnett, Elizabeth Castelli, Bob Fowler, David Jobling, Stephen Moore, Tina Pippin, Regina Schwartz, and Wilhelm Wuellner, on The Postmodern Bible (Yale University Press). ARTICLES

Savage Frontier: Rangers, Riflemen, and Indian Wars in Texas, Volume III, 1840-1841 (review)

Savage Frontier: Rangers, Riflemen, and Indian Wars in Texas, Volume III, 1840-1841 (review)

Eminent Social Scientists’ Views on Immigration Issues: 1985 and 2006

Following up on a research note by Stephen Moore published in 1985, this article compares the results of the survey conducted in 1985 against one carried out in 2006 on the views of eminent social scientists (economists, political scientists, psychologists, sociologists, historians and anthropologists) on immigration issues. Specifically, the surveys report on whether the respondents are likely to favor an increase in the number of immigrants who are allowed into the United States and other issues such as whether immigrants improve the economy.

Partnership approach to Indigenous primary health care and diabetes: a case study from regional New South Wales

Partnership approach to Indigenous primary health care and diabetes: a case study from regional New South Wales

Intellectuals, Rhetoric, and Context: The Move to Economic Arguments by Conservative Writers

On 7 December 1998, National Review published a short piece by Stephen Moore—one in a continuing stream of articles, reports, and books emerging from the network of conservative media outlets and think tanks. The article ostensibly addressed a then-raging public debate regarding what the Federal Reserve Board could do to keep America’s economy growing, but Moore quickly seized the opportunity to shift attention toward the actions available to Congress and the president. “If there is any single enduring economic lesson of the past twenty years,” Moore observed, “it is that loose monetary policy cannot offset the negative effects of a punitive tax and regulatory regime.” In Moore’s judgment, growing levels of taxation were quickly approaching the danger zone that historically had triggered recessions. A large tax cut “would not just stimulate the U.S. economy, but would serve as an antidote to the global economic crisis.” Those actions should be paired with relieving the domestic regulatory burden on business, for environmental, consumer, and workplace regulations have “a vise grip around the economy.”

Reviewing New Testament Masculinities

Anyone who hasn’t already realised that masculinity is the nouvelle cuisine of biblical studies had better add this book to their diet and expect to be in for some tasty treats. This collection of essays from professors and doctoral students – all based in the USA with the exception of David Clines – is a carefully constructed work designed to place masculinity under the gaze of the discriminating diner and expose it as having almost nothing to do with biblical studies and yet nearly everything. Stephen Moore explains in his introduction: ‘Masculinity was, at once, everywhere and nowhere in the discipline, so ubiquitous as to be ordinarily invisible, and possessed, too, of the omnipotence that omnipresence confers’ (p. 1). Dragged (in style) under the spotlight, masculinity is ‘outed’ in such a way that it can no longer exercise its power from the shadows – it has finally become (to use Moore’s words again, and to thoroughly mix my metaphors) an important fish to fry. Conveying both the self-consciousness and self-confidence that is to be expected from any new area of research, this compilation offers the reader much. A quick scan over the menu reveals an introductory essay accompanied by a bibliography of works in the field of masculinity studies, followed by ten essays exploring the mesh between masculinity and biblical studies (with an emphasis on the gospels), and concluding with three responses, two of which are from professors of Classics. Very little has been overlooked in the preparation of this volume; it is in constant critique of itself and a reviewer might be tempted to tell the reader to peruse the introductory essay and the response essays and be done with it. However, for the sake of those readers who do not hold a copy in their hot little hands, the following comments should suffice. The introductory essay by Stephen Moore outlines the interrelationship between masculinity, masculinism, and feminism, before delving more deeply into the crucial issue of methodology. BOOK REVIEWS

Parables of War: Reading John's Jewish Apocalypse

Parables of War: Reading John's Apocalypse, by W. Marshall. Studies in Christianity and Judaism 10. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2001. Pp. vii + 258. $29.95 (paper). In introduction to this provocative but flawed work, Jew named John gazes from island of Patmos at events across Roman Empire during turbulent year 69 C.E. Like Saruman with his palantir in Orthanc, he sees all! In east siege of Jerusalem and, farther east, ghost of Nero leading armies of Parthia against Rome; in west, assassination and civil war in Italy; armies marching across Asia toward Rome; and communities in Seven Cities harassed by their neighbors and giving way to temptations of Greeks. With this sort of clarity, one wonders why did not become emperor himself. Instead, apparently, he wrote Apocalypse. Marshall's main thesis in this revised Princeton dissertation (1998) is that Apocalypse should be read not as a text but as a one. This claim has been made before, from Martin Luther to Rudolf BuItmann, who dismissed Apocalypse as weakly Christianized (see Theology of New Testament [2 vols.; Scribner, 1955], 2:173-75), and many scholars since have identified elements in text. Marshall, however, deconstructs categories Christian and Jewish as part of his study and maintains that text, its author, and its audience should be understood completely within a context. he joins a significant minority of who date text to time of Nero. Finally, he argues that calls on his readers to resist Roman culture and religion. Marshall offers a new combination of previous proposals and approaches-the Apocalypse as Jewish; Apocalypse as a Neronic text; Apocalypse as countercultural; and Apocalypse as read through poststructural lenses-but results are unpersuasive. Marshall engages a limited set of scholarship on Revelation. He caricatures scholarship on Revelation as full of cliches and defined by master narrative of orthodox Christianity. By commentators in first half oi book, Marshall means almost exclusively Adela Yarbro Collins (whose Crisis and Catharsis: The Power of Apocalypse [Westminster, 1984] receives extensive criticism), Leonard Thompson, David E. Aune, and Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza. These are all influential scholars, but book would have been more effective if it had more fully engaged a wider set of authors from past ten years. These might include Greg Carey, Paul Duff, Steven Friesen, Catherine Keller, Stephen Moore, Stephen Moyise, Tina Pippin, and my own work. Granted, Parables of War is a new reading. But his critique of modernist scholars from a poststructuralist perspective, while ignoring similar approaches, fights against only paper tigers. The cliches he tries to debunk (p. 175) have also been deconstructed by others. The introduction (ch. 1) tackles a couple of thorny methodological problems. Marshall questions outright whether presence of Christ demands presence of Christianity. Claiming that, in John's Apocalypse, the faith, institutions, and cult of judaism are not even objects of criticism (p. 6), he attempts a noncanonical reading of Revelation that would not retroject Christianity into text. The task involves a continual self-examination and constant reformulation that will ideally enrich terms 'Judaism' and 'Christianity' (p. 9). Marshall critiques complex of dogma and belief that have defined Christianity through which Apocalypse has been read. But he does not consider alternative definitions of Christianity proposed by scholars, for instance as social construct, symbolic universe, or discursive formation. In first part of book (chs. 2-7), Marshall unpacks his theoretical claims. He builds his analysis around a series of aporias, interpretive cruxes that produce circular readings if text is read as but which become clear when text is read as Jewish. …

It's Getting Better All the Time: 100 Greatest Trends of the Last 100 Years. By Stephen Moore and Julian Simon (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2000. xviii plus 294 pp. $29.95/cloth $14.95/paper)

Journal Article It's Getting Better All the Time: 100 Greatest Trends of the Last 100 Years. By Stephen Moore and Julian Simon (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2000. xviii plus 294 pp. $29.95/cloth $14.95/paper) Get access Roy Rosenzweig Roy Rosenzweig George Mason University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Social History, Volume 36, Issue 1, Fall 2002, Pages 179–181, https://doi.org/10.1353/jsh.2002.0107 Published: 01 October 2002

Spaces Sacred and Profane: Stephen Moore, Sex and the Bible

Spaces Sacred and Profane: Stephen Moore, Sex and the Bible

It's Getting Better All the Time: Greatest Trends of the Last 100 Years. By Stephen Moore and Julian L. Simon. Cato Institute, 2000. 294 pages. Paper, $14.95; Cloth, $30.00

It's Getting Better All the Time: Greatest Trends of the Last 100 Years. By Stephen Moore and Julian L. Simon. Cato Institute, 2000. 294 pages. Paper, $14.95; Cloth, $30.00

SHORT REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: Gay Becker, The Elusive Embryo: How Women and Men Approach New Reproductive Technologies Theodore Caplow, Louis Hicks, and Ben J. Wattenberg, The First Measured Century: An Illustrated Guide to Trends in America, 1900–2000 Stephen Moore and Julian L. Simon, It's Getting Better All the Time: 100 Greatest Trends of the Last 100 Years Elisabeth Croll, Endangered Daughters: Discrimination and Development in Asia Barbara Entwisle and Gail E. Henderson (Eds.), Re‐Drawing Boundaries: Work, Households, and Gender in China David T. Graham and Nana K. Poku (Eds.), Migration, Globalisation and Human Security Paul Harrison and Fred Pearce, AAAS Atlas of Population and Environment Russell King, Paolo De Mas, and Jan Mansvelt Beck (Eds.), Geography, Environment and Development in the Mediterranean Michael T. Klare, Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs and United Nations Population Fund, Low Fertility and Policy Responses to Issues of Ageing and Welfare National Assessment Synthesis Team, Climate Change Impacts on the United States: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. Report for the US Global Change Research Program Jacques Vaixin and Thérèse Locoh (Eds.), Population et développement en Tunisie: La métamorphose

Books

Book Reviews in this ArticleFrom Subsistence to Exchange and Other Essays. Peter BauerIt's Getting Better All The Time: 100 Greatest Trends in the Last 100 Years. Stephen Moore and Julian L. SimonMarshall's Tendencies: What Can Economists Know? John SuttonJust in Time: Inside the Thatcher Revolution. John HoskynsThe End of Shareholder Value. Allan KennedyThe Economics of Energy, Volumes I & II. Paul Stevens (ed.)

Mark and Method: New Approaches in Biblical Studies. Edited by Janice Capel Anderson and Stephen Moore. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992. Pp.viii + 176. N.p.

Mark and Method: New Approaches in Biblical Studies. Edited by Janice Capel Anderson and Stephen Moore. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992. Pp.viii + 176. N.p.

Disguised medication was 'weak paternalism'

I was delighted that you published my article Taking the Blame’ (Features December 11). However, in reply to Stephen Moore’s review of the ethical principles behind the case, our action was in fact ‘weak’ paternalism since the patient was not competent and we took action to ensure that he came into hospital without causing injury to himself or others. ‘Strong’ paternalism would have occurred had we then insisted that he have investigations into his epilepsy without his consent when he had recovered mental competence.

State Tax Cuts of 1995: Is Something New Afoot?

Perhaps the hottest fiscal topic in state capitals in 1995 was tax cuts. When legislatures convened in January, it appeared possible that states were on the verge of an unprecedented wave of tax cuts. The Republican landslide of November 1994 swept into office many new governors and legislators who had campaigned on reducing taxes. Governor Christine Todd Whitman of New Jersey was considered a role model by many of them. Perhaps state tax policy was about to take a major new direction.According to some reports, that is precisely what happened. For example, Stephen Moore, Director of Fiscal Policy Studies at the Cato Institute, wrote the following introduction to his overview of state tax policies:11995 is shaping up to be the biggest tax‐cutting year in more than 10 years…. [T]he supply side philosophy that low tax rates and expenditure controls are the key fiscal tools to state economic competitiveness now appears to be the new governing philosophy in state capitals from Albany to Sacramento. The Pete Wilson, Lowell Weicker, Jim Florio soak‐the‐rich philosophy of the early 1990s has been nearly universally repudiated across the states. Meanwhile, “Whitmanomics,” named after tax‐cutting Christine Todd Whitman of New Jersey, is spreading rapidly to other states.In fact, there was a wave of state tax cuts in 1995 with about half of the states enacting reductions of some kind. But it appears premature to draw the strong conclusion that this marked a radical change in state fiscal policy. State legislatures trimmed or rejected most of the proposals for large tax cuts. Most of the 1995 tax cuts were small or modest in size Rather than a new departure, they are consistent with past policies at similar points in the business cycle.It is also possible, however, that something new really is afoot. Conservative anti‐tax forces are gaining strength in the states, just as they are at the federal level. If it were not for prospective federal aid cuts, state tax policy really might become more conservative. But the shift of federal responsibilities to states will represent a formidable obstacle to large state tax cuts in the coming years.This article places the tax cuts of 1995 in perspective. It begins with a detailed discussion of ambiguities'in defining and measuring tax reductions and increases. This discussion can be applied to any time period and will remain relevant after concern