Stepper Motor Research Articles

Design and experiment of a crawling-inchworm-type self-tuned dynamic vibration absorber based on silicone gel materials

Based on the different body configurations caused by varying head-to-tail distances exhibited by crawling inchworms during locomotion, this paper proposes a crawling-inchworm-type self-tuned dynamic vibration absorber (DVA) based on silicone gel materials for reducing low-frequency vibration. The proposed DVA was designed and developed by employing a magnetic hanging design with movable features, a span adjustment design with an embedded stepper motor, and a real-time control design using a microcontroller. First, a finite element simulation model was established to analyze the main structure of the self-tuned DVA using the finite element method. The frequency-shifting characteristics of the absorber were obtained by identifying the actuating modes that are sensitive to the hanging span. Second, based on the frequency-shifting characteristics of the self-tuned DVA, an absorber control system was designed by introducing a short-time Fourier transform and PID algorithm to achieve autonomous frequency adjustment of the DVA. Finally, the self-tuned absorption effects of the prototype self-tuned DVA were tested through a series of experiments, which confirmed its excellent self-tuned vibration absorption capability within the low-frequency range.

Implementasi Internet of Things pada Otomasi Pemberian Pakan Ayam Ras Petelur

Adequate nutrition affects the quality and quantity of egg production which has an impact on the profitability of laying hen breeders. Rizqie Farms experienced problems with the management of feeding laying hens, when the rainy season and open cage conditions made feeding irregular. It is important to be disciplined in feeding layer chickens on time at the same time as a research ur-gency, so that the chickens do not become stressed so that discipline in feeding management increases the quality and quantity of egg production. The design thinking method as a meth-od-ology for completing the creation of Android smartphone tools and applications. The com-pletion stages start with empathize, define, ideate, prototype and test. The materials used to make the tool are ESP32 DEVKIT V1 S2, Ultrasonic Sensor, Servo driving droplet feed, Power Source/Supply 12v 1A, Stepper Motor Driver l928n, Stepper Motor Nema 17 20nm, DS3231 RTC Module (timer), Arduino Uno R3, Buzzer / Speaker, LCD 1062 16x2 with I2c port. Sensor data connected to the ESP32 DEVKIT V1 S2, Ultrasonic Sensor, Servo drive is converted to an Android smartphone as a monitoring medium. Monitoring is carried out via a mobile application, with the Internet of Things connected to the device as an internet-based communication medium. Feeding equipment testing had an average delay of 40.2 seconds and MSE 0,0514. Black box testing was carried out to test the functionality of the monitoring application on 5 users with a percentage of 100%.

Design and Experiment of an Independent Leg-Type Chassis Vehicle Attitude Adjustment System

In response to the current low work efficiency of soil ridge-working machinery, as well as its poor stability, passability, and adaptability, this paper designs an independent leg-type working platform that can autonomously adjust its vehicle attitude through LiDAR scanning in a soil ridge-working environment. The platform, in terms of its mechanism and structural design, adopts dual parallelogram mechanisms, dual lead screw mechanisms, and independent column leg mechanisms, with a maximum adjustable ground clearance of 107 mm and a maximum wheelbase adjustment of 150 mm. A gyroscope is mounted at the center of the platform for attitude adjustment, ensuring the accurate data collection of the ultrasonic ranging module. Moreover, the platform adopts an adaptive adjustment method based on vehicle attitude and soil ridge shape parameters, obtaining soil ridge parameters through LiDAR and combining ultrasonic ranging module data with stepper motor pulse signals to obtain the absolute vehicle attitude parameters, using first and second linear regression methods to adjust the vehicle attitude and other working parameters. A prototype was also created, and the test data from the soil obtained through experiments show that, after leveling with the gyroscope leveling algorithm, the average value of the pitch angle is up to 0.6154°, and the average value of the roll angle is up to 0.9989°, with the maximum variance of the pitch angle being 0.0474° and the maximum variance of the tilt angle being 0.1320°. After the ultrasonic ranging module data are filtered by the Kalman filter, the maximum variance is 0.0304, and after applying the final fusion algorithm, the maximum variance is only 0.0085. The LiDAR measurement width value deviates from the actual width value by no more than 1.0 cm, and the LiDAR measurement height value deviates from the actual height value by no more than 1.0 cm. The platform’s actual adjusted width deviates from the actual soil ridge width by no more than 2.0 cm, and the platform’s actual adjusted height deviates from the actual soil ridge height by no more than 1.2 cm. This platform can improve the passability, adaptability, and stability of agricultural machinery in soil ridge work and provide technical references for subsequent related research.

Characterization of chaotic mixing effects in hydrometallurgical leaching process based on deep learning

Traditional stirring methods in the wet metallurgy leaching process suffer from low efficiency, high consumption, and low output, leading to increased production costs and energy consumption. Therefore, this study evaluates reactor performance using deep learning and introduces variable-speed stirring to enhance laminar mixing and reduce stirring reactor power consumption. An S-Type acceleration and deceleration control algorithm is constructed to ensure that stepper motors do not experience step loss, stalling, or overshoot when the frequency changes abruptly. A deep learning tracking model based on dual cameras is established to dynamically track tracer particles inside the stirring reactor, and a Euclidean distance evaluation method is proposed to characterize and evaluate the mixing performance of the stirring reactor. Experimental results demonstrate that the use of complex function variable-speed stirring and shortening the variable-speed cycle both contribute to improving mixing efficiency. Under a variable-speed cycle of 5 seconds, chaotic speed increases mixing efficiency by 53.1% compared to constant speed. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the wet metallurgy leaching process.

Arduino based stepper motor speed regulation for robotics applications

Arduino based stepper motor speed regulation for robotics applications

Jet mixing optimization using a flexible nozzle, distributed actuators, and machine learning

In this paper, we introduce the first jet nozzle allowing simultaneous shape variation and distributed active control, termed “Smart Nozzle” in the sequel. Our Smart Nozzle manipulates the jet with an adjustable flexible shape via 12 equidistant stepper motors and 12 equidistantly placed inward-pointing minijets. The mixing performance is evaluated with a 7 × 7 array of Pitot tubes at the end of the potential core. The experimental investigation is carried out in three steps. First, we perform an aerodynamic characterization of the unforced round jet flow. Second, we investigate the mixing performance under five representative nozzle geometries, including round, elliptical, triangular, squared, and hexagonal shapes. The greatest mixing area is achieved with the square shape. Third, the symmetric forcing parameters are optimized for each specified nozzle shape with a machine learning algorithm. The best mixing enhancement for a symmetric active control is obtained by the squared shape, which results in a 1.93-fold mixing area increase as compared to the unforced case. Symmetrically unconstrained forcing achieves a nearly 4.5-fold mixing area increase. The Smart Nozzle demonstrates the feasibility of novel flow control techniques that combine shape variation and active control, leveraging the capabilities of machine learning optimization algorithms.

A Sensorless Tuning Method for Back-phasing Damping of a Stepping Motor

A Sensorless Tuning Method for Back-phasing Damping of a Stepping Motor

Development of a true density-based automated quality grading device for unboiled arecanut kernels

The automated sorting of arecanut kernels is a significant challenge that has not been effectively addressed thus far. Scientific grading techniques are necessary given the paradigm change toward investigating alternative uses for arecanuts in industry and the medical field. This research work emphasizes the relatively unexplored aspect of the post-harvest process; quality grading of kernels based on physical properties. It aimed to develop a novel approach for classifying unboiled (Chali) arecanut kernels cultivated in Goa, India based on their true density, using a combination of mechanical and visual techniques. The study explored the potential of true density as a quality indicator for real-time grading of the kernels. To achieve this, automated grading equipment was devised, utilizing a load cell to measure the kernel's mass and the ellipsoid approximation method to estimate its volume. A machine vision system captured the top and side images of the kernels to measure their volume. Python programs were created to enable image acquisition, processing, object detection, measurement and kernel segregation. Real-time kernel classification was accomplished by establishing serial data communication between the Python code and the Arduino board. The kernel segregation process was facilitated by servomechanism and a stepper motor. The kernels were classified into acceptable and non-acceptable categories based on a threshold value of true density. The research successfully established a method that utilizes the physical attributes of arecanut kernels as parameters for quality grading. However, the study encountered challenges with the density measurements, as the paired t-test results revealed significant differences between the kernel true density measured by the device and the true density estimated using the weighing scale-water displacement method, indicating a percentage error of 13.2%. Addressing these challenges would lead to more accurate density calculations, thereby enhancing the overall effectiveness of the kernel classification process. Furthermore, the technique allowed for the offline estimation of the kernels' porosity, which was found to be 45.3%. In future research, the integration of density and porosity measurement systems could be explored for real-time quality evaluation based on porosity, offering potential opportunities for further enhancement and optimization of the grading process. The technology could be further applied to other types of nuts and agricultural products, thereby overcoming the limitations of color-based sorting using image processing. Key words: Quality grading, True density, Machine vision, Arecanut kernel, Python

Stepper Motor Controlled by Pic 16F84 Microcontroller

Background: Most times in engineering and other fields, engines need to be transformed from one form to another, in circuits and most components we are familiar with, electrical engines, impulses, digital information and etc needs to be changed from one level to another, this is done by a motor, be it in any kind, pending on the desired function. This literature review examines various research that has been done using the PIC 16F84 microcontroller for the control of stepper motors. The PIC 16F84 is a popular choice for stepper motor control applications due to its simplicity, low cost, and ease of programmability.

3D printing birdhouses with ceramic clay using a six-axis palletizing robot

Over the past few decades, billions of adult breeding birds have been lost worldwide. The primary factors for this population loss are habitat loss and global warming. To aid the efforts for bird conservation, we have designed a simple birdhouse that can be 3D printed rapidly using a six-axis arm robot. We transformed a six-axis palletizing robotic arm into a ceramic 3D printer with the help of an extruder, stepper motor, and a custom Printed Circuit Board (PCB) consisting of an ESP32 and a motor driver. The ceramic clay is stored in a pneumatic pressure tank. An air compressor pump transports the clay from the tank to the extruder. We conducted various experiments at 8–10 bars of air pressure with different water-to-clay ratios. We found that the optimum air pressure, water-to-clay ratio, and nozzle sizes are 10 bars, 0.084, and 5 mm, respectively. After determining the appropriate printing parameters, we designed the birdhouse in the Mastercam software and generated the G-code. The G-code is loaded onto the robot controller, and the birdhouse is printed in parts. We dried the birdhouse for 24 h and then baked it in a kiln for 24 h at 1000 degrees Celsius. We then compared the ceramic birdhouse to a wooden birdhouse. The ceramic birdhouse maintains internal temperatures of 38 degrees Celsius or lower despite external temperatures reaching 43 degrees Celsius, which is on par if not better than the wooden birdhouse. This temperature will be beneficial for nesting, breeding, and egg development.

Design and research on the posture-adjustable mannequin for chest-up and hunchbacked posture

The development of garment personalization has put forward diverse requirements for mannequins. In this paper, we present a garment mannequin that can continuously alter the body posture in response to changes in human body posture in the chest and back regions. This research is founded on an analysis of the patterns and ranges of movement in the mannequin's chest and hunchbacked motions. We segmented the mannequin into six modules: neck, front chest, back, left and right shoulders, and waist and abdomen. By employing stepper motors, we independently drive the front chest, back, and left and right shoulders to achieve the simulation and continuous adjustment of the mannequin's body posture for chest and hunchbacked positions. The comparison of the 3D scans shows that the mannequin fits well in several cross-sections with the corresponding body variations of real people, and the results of the real shirt also show that the shirt made based on the simulated hunchbacked body mannequin is significantly better than the standard shirt in terms of comfort and aesthetics for a person with a hunchbacked body posture. The body posture adjustable mannequin can replace multiple static mannequins, which can provide strong support for the business model of personalized clothing customization. Compared with the existing dynamic mannequin, it has the advantages of high relevance, simple structure and low production cost.

Open Photonics: An integrated approach for building a 3D-printed motorized rotation stage system

In the context of experimental optics- and photonics-research, motorized, high-precision rotation stages are an integral part of almost every laboratory setup. Nevertheless, their availability in the laboratory is limited due to the relatively high acquisition costs in the range of several 1000€ and is often supplemented by manual rotation stages. If only a single sample is to be analyzed repeatedly at two different angles or the polarization of a laser source is to be rotated, this approach is understandable. Yet, in the context of automation and the associated gain in measurement time, cost-effective and precise rotation stages designed for the use of optics are lacking.We present a low-cost alternative of a motorized high precision rotation stage system. The design is based on a combination of 3D-printed components, which form the monolithic mechanical framework, and a stepper motor controlled by an ESP32 based microcontroller. By coupling the motor and rotation unit via a toothed belt, backlash is minimized and at the same time high positioning accuracy can be achieved. Finally, the implementation of remote procedure calls for serial communication and the utilization of a physical home switch and incremental encoder complete the desired feature set of an integrated system for laboratory setups. The total costs can thus be reduced to less than 100€ without significantly restricting the performance criteria.

Design and Analysis of the Effect of the Number of Membership Functions on the Accuracy of the Fuzzy Controller in a Sun Tracking System

Purpose: To investigate how the number of rules in the fuzzy controller affects the single-axis solar tracking system's orientation accuracy. Methodology: Design and compare FLC49 and FLC25 controllers, each with different organic rules and functions. To improve the system efficiency by accurately measuring the maximum power point, the controller receives comparison results from the light sensors installed on the solar panels. We study and analyze the controllers, selecting the best one based on the accuracy of the solar panel orientation. Using the FLC output to operate a two-phase SM. Findings: This study developed a sun tracking system using Matlab/Simulink and compared FLC49 and FLC25 controllers. FLC49 performed better in simulations, with lower settling time and overshoot. The number of rules significantly influenced accuracy, and it also showed lower transient ripple magnitudes, accelerating time response. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The research investigates the effectiveness of rules in a fuzzy controller and recommends the optimal number of windings to achieve precision in controlling a stepper motor. The study explores the use of 49-rule and 25-rule fuzzy logic controllers to control a stepper motor based on LDR sensor inputs. The researchers found that while both controllers had similar steady time error and overshoot, they differed in orientation accuracy, with the 49-roll fuzzy controller being more accurate in orientation. This single-axis solar tracking system optimizes solar energy conversion into electricity.

Structural design and performance testing of respiratory sensor based on optical fiber end-face coupling

An optical fiber sensor based on the principle of intensity modulation is proposed, which is composed of plastic optical fibers and silicone tubes. The displacement measurement is achieved by stretching the optical fibers to cause changes in the angle between the end faces, resulting in changes in the coupling efficiency between the end faces. To address the challenges in the performance calibration of fiber optic respiratory sensors, it is proposed to convert the dynamic characteristics measurement of the respiratory sensor into the static performance analysis of the displacement sensor, so as to obtain the characteristics such as sensitivity, linearity, and repeatability, etc. It is further proposed to use a stepper motor to simulate the periodic stretching process of the optical fibers caused by the respiratory process, enabling the analysis of frequency measurement accuracy under different respiratory strengths. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed sensor has high linearity, good repeatability, high sensitivity, and a wide measurement range. It can accurately measure respiratory frequency and display amplitude information, providing comprehensive information for respiratory monitoring.

Design of Intelligent Window Automatic Monitoring System Based on Microcontroller Control

To ensure the safety of residents’ lives and property by using automatic opening and closing of ordinary windows, this article designs an intelligent window automatic monitoring system. The article proposes a software and hardware design scheme for the system, which comprises a microcontroller control module, temperature and humidity detection module, harmful gas detection module, rainfall detection module, human thermal radiation induction module, Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) display module, stepper motor drive module, Wi-Fi communication module, etc. Users use this system to monitor environmental data such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, harmful gas concentrations, and human health. Users can control the opening and closing of windows through manual, microcontroller, and mobile application (app) remote methods, providing users with a more convenient, comfortable, and safe living environment.

Touch-free tissue dispensing device

In this paper, an innovative solution for the everyday issue of tissue dispensing is presented. With billions of tissues distributed daily, the current dispensers often face challenges, as revealed in studies of frequently damaged units. The primary objective was to enhance this fundamental item, aiming to simplify users’ lives. The key innovation lies in granting users control over the tissue dispenser’s rolling mechanism. Introducing the Arduino UNO microcontroller-powered smart tissue dispenser. Operated by a stepper motor, the dispenser reacts to the user’s needs. Activation occurs when the infrared sensor detects hands, prompting the motor to release the appropriate amount of tissue. It’s like witnessing magic, yet it’s simply the ingenuity of technology at play. The software for the Arduino UNO, serving as the project’s controller, is compiled, and uploaded using the Arduino IDE. The performance of this automatic tissue dispenser indicates success in addressing common issues and facilitating effortless tissue retrieval.

MODIFIKASI SISTEM ERETAN PADA EMCO COMPACT 5-PC CNC LATHE

The EMCO Compact 5-PC CNC Lathe engine made in Austria in the laboratory majoring in Mechanical Engineering, Sam Ratulangi University has not been operating due to the use and maintenance of machines that have been lasted for years so that they are not maintained and cannot be operated anymore. In order to be operated again, the machine needs to be repaired and modified. The purpose of this study is the modification of the eretan system in the EMCO Compact 5-PC CNC Lathe by adding a belt transmission system and calibrateing the motor stepper using a computer, so that a more precise product can be produced. Modification of the EMCO Compact 5-Pc CNC Lathe eretan system has been successful. The Modification Process of EMCO Compact 5-Pc CNC Lathe carried out is the replacement of old components with new components and assembling the grade system components based on the CAD image that has been created. Then the machine is connected to a computer/laptop to calibrate and adjust the speed of the stepper motor on the X axis, Y axis, and X axis through the GRBL Controller Software so that the resulting movements are the same as those programmed. Keywords: Modification, CNC Lathe, CAD, Calibration, Stepper Motor, GRBL, Arduino Microcontroller

Design and Investigation of a low-cost elbow rehabilitation tool

Electronic medical development focuses on creating an efficient rehabilitation device that will strengthen all surrounding muscles and enhance elbow performance. The elbow rehabilitation tool (ERT) provides sophisticated methods like exercise and motion analysis. The initiative is notable for its advanced assessment methods and adaptable training curricula, which offer users a thorough and successful therapeutic experience. The ERT includes elements like a stepper motor, variable resistor, steel wire, microcontroller, motor driver, and components created using a 3D printer. The experiment results show that the average systematic error percentage is about 82.857%, where seven healthy people have tested the ERT aged between 22 and 55 (five males and two females). The ERT also has achievement evaluation, which improves motivation and dedication to the recovery methods through an effective rehabilitation experience for users.

A rigid and compact piezoelectric motor with high output efficiency.

We introduce a novel piezoelectric stepper motor featuring high compactness, rigidity, and any direction operability. Here, not only is the structure of high novelty but also the working principle very simple. The piezo stacks unit is sandwiched between two spring finger pieces, with almost equal clamping forces applied between the top of the piezo stacks' unit and the spring finger piece. Applying individual driving signals to each of the five piezo stack pairs, causing deformation one by one in the same direction, followed by simultaneous recovery in the reverse direction, enables movement of the frame part. The optimized clamping force of the piezoelectric stack units and spring fingers ensures maximum output force. The motor's operational capability at low threshold voltages, specifically 8V for downward movement and 10V for upward movement, confirmed its efficacy in both vertical and horizontal directions. The motor's operational capability at a low threshold voltage of 10V confirmed its efficacy in both vertical and horizontal directions. At room temperature, step size ranges from 0.3 to 7.4 µm at 20Hz frequency and varying driving voltage from 10 to 180V. It has a maximum travel range of about 5mm and can lift a maximum load of 220g in an upward direction, so the maximum output force generated by this motor is 2.2 N. The compact and rigid design is capable of building an atomically resolved scanning probe microscope, and its working ability has the potential to use the cleavage of different types of samples in limited space environments, such as the small-bore superconducting magnet and low temperature.

Design and Control of Wireless Hybrid Stepper Motor System

Design and Control of Wireless Hybrid Stepper Motor System