Step Cluster Analysis Research Articles

Relapsed Ovarian Cancer Patients with Ascites and/or Pleural Effusion Still Benefit from Treatment: A Real-Life Study.

(1) Background: Relapsed HGSOC with ascites and/or pleural effusion is a poor-prognostic population and poorly represented in clinical studies. We questioned if these patients are worth treating. In other words, if these patients received the most effective treatment, would it change the course of this disease? To our knowledge this is the first real-life study to evaluate this question in this low-survival population. (2) Methods: To tackle this question we performed a retrospective, multi-centric, real-life study, that reviewed relapsed HGSOC patients with ascites and/or pleural effusion. Our rationale was to compare the OS of two groups of patients: responders, i.e., patients who had an imagological response to treatment (complete/partial response/stable disease, RECIST criteria) versus non-responders (no response/progression upon treatment). We evaluated the predictive value of clinical variables that are available in a real-life setting (e.g., staging, chemotherapy, surgery, platinum-sensitivity). Multivariate logistic regression and survival analysis was conducted. A two-step cluster analysis SPSS tool was used for subgroup analysis. Platinum sensitivity/resistance was also analyzed, as well as multivariate and cluster analysis. (3) Results: We included 57 patients, 41.4% first line responders and 59.6% non-responders. The median OS of responders was 23 months versus 8 months in non-responders (p < 0.001). This difference was verified in platinum-sensitive (mOS 28 months vs. 8 months, p < 0.001) and platinum-resistant populations (mOS 16 months vs. 7 months, p < 0.001). Thirty-one patients reached the second line, of which only 10.3% responded to treatment. Three patients out of thirty-one who did not respond in the first line of relapse, responded in the second line. In the second line, the mOS for the responders' group vs. non-responders was 31 months versus 13 months (p = 0.02). The two step cluster analysis tool found two different subgroups with different prognoses based on overall response rate, according to consolidation chemotherapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, FIGO staging and surgical treatment. Cluster analysis showed that even patients with standard clinical and treatment variables associated with poor prognosis might achieve treatment response (the opposite being also true). (4) Conclusions: Our data clearly show that relapsed HGSOC patients benefit from treatment. If given an effective treatment upfront, this can lead to a ~3 times increase in mOS for these patients. Moreover, this was irrespective of patient disease and treatment characteristics. Our results highlight the urgent need for a sensitivity test to tailor treatments and improve efficacy rates in a personalized manner.

Insights from Surgically treated Post Covid Acute Invasive Fungal Rhino-Orbital sinusitis in Chandrapur Study (SPAROS): A Population Based study of Coronavirus Associated Mucormycosis (CAM) characteristics in India

Introduction: COVID19 associated mucormycosis (CAM) became a public health problem in India in 2021 . However information about incidence, presentation, prognosis of CAM remains sparseMethods: We describe 100 cases from SPAROS, a prospective observational follow-up study of CAM cases diagnosed in Chandrapur district, India. We use two step cluster analysis using four input variables- blood glucose on admission, diabetes status, glucocorticoid exposure and COVID19 severity- to define three distinct CAM clusters.Results: The incidence of CAM in the general population is 7.1 cases /1000 COVID19 hospitalized cases. Steroid exposure and pre-existing diabetes was present in 76% and 55% respectively. In a median follow up of 18 days, only two deaths were recorded, while 93 were stable. .Glucocorticoids, in particular methylprednisolone, seemed to precipitate CAM. ICU admission was found to predict less extensive surgery.Discussion: We describe three subtypes- COVID 19 associated Diabetes and mucormycosis (CADM), COVID19 associated Classical Mucormycosis (CACM) and COVID19 induced mucormycosis (CIM) . We propose a CAM hypothesis based on SARS CoV2 and Glucose Regulated Protein (GRP 78) dynamicsConclusion: Clinical characteristics, natural course and pathogenesis is different from Mucormycosis in pre-covid era . Our classification, will be handy in CAM management.

Classification of (communal) housing typologies for independently living seniors in social housing; a Two Step Cluster analysis

Classification of (communal) housing typologies for independently living seniors in social housing; a Two Step Cluster analysis

Examining changes in recreation participation on the Monongahela National Forest over five years following the global financial crisis: An activity-based segmentation approach

Research on recreational use market segments and trends are essential for determining how tourism businesses can better meet the needs of their customers and find new target markets especially during challenging times. The purpose of this study was to determine how recreation participation has changed over five years on the Monongahela National Forest following the world financial crisis of 2008–2009. Data used for this research were collected with the National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) surveys for fiscal years 2009 and 2014. NVUM surveys are on-site interviews conducted at the end of a visit. The surveys produce descriptive information about visitors. NVUM uses a stratified random sampling methodology to collect data for each use level (e.g., low, medium, high, or very high) and site type (e.g., Day Use Developed Sites, Overnight Use Developed Sites, General Forest Areas, and Wilderness Sites). Data were collected during a 12-month period and a total of 1,851 interviews were completed. Two step cluster analysis of 18 activity participation variables (binary data) was conducted with 5 clusters specified. The clusters include Relaxing in Nature Package, Backpacking and Hiking Package, Viewing Nature and Hunting Package, Picnicking Package, and Purely Fishing, and they were compared with an activity package typology. Changes in demographics, trip spending, nights away from home, and overall satisfaction were examined for each market segment. Potential market winners and losers during the financial crisis were identified helping tourism providers develop more efficient strategies.

One treatment fits all: Effectiveness of a multicomponent cognitive behavioral therapy program in data-driven subtypes of perinatal depression

IntroductionIt has been well established that depressive disorders including perinatal depression are very heterogeneous, which partly explain the ineffectiveness of available treatments for many patients. Recent innovations in data science can help elucidate the nature of perinatal depression especially the heterogeneity in its presentation.ObjectivesThe present study aime to elucidate heterogeneous subtypes of PND and assess the effectiveness of a multicomponent cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) across heterogenous subtypes of PND.MethodsThis study was conducted in 2005 in two rural areas of Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Out of a total of 3,898 women, 903 pregnant women were identifed with PND (using DSM-IV) and randomly assigned to intervention and control group. Baseline assessments included interviewer admininstered Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS) and social risk factors. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 6 months and 12 months post-intervention. Principle component analysis was run to reduce dimensionality of the HDS. Two step cluster analysis was then run to elucidate subtypes of PND using the dimensional scores. Thereafter, effectiveness of CBT was compared across these subtypes of PND using multilevel modelling.ResultsPrinciple component analysis revealed a four component solution for the Hamilton depression rating scale. Using these dimensional scores, cluster analysis (average silhouette= 0.5) revealed a parsimonius four cluster soultion of participants with mild PND symptoms (n=326); predominant sleep problems (n=311) c) predominant atypical symptoms (n=80) and d) comorbid depressive and anxiety symptoms (n=186). CBT yielded moderate effect sizes across all these subtypes of PND (cohen’s d &gt; 0.8).ConclusionsMulticomponent CBT is effective across hetergeneous presentations of PND.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

BİREYLERİN SOSYODEMOGRAFİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN ÇALIŞMA HAYATINDA KADINA BAKIŞ AÇILARINA ETKİSİNİN ANALİZİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, bireylerin sosyodemografik özellikleri ile kadınların çalışma hayatına katılımlarına ve çalışma hayatındaki yerlerine yönelik bakış açıları arasındaki etkileşimi saptamaktır. Çalışmada ikincil veri kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan veri seti, Dünya Değerler Araştırması Türkiye’nin 2014 verileridir. Amaç doğrultusunda kullanılan bu verilere, Optimal Ölçeklemeli çok değişkenli analiz tekniklerinden Doğrusal Olmayan Kanonik Korelasyon Analizi uygulanmıştır. Uygulama sonucunda ulaşılan temel bulgu; bireylerin sosyodemografik özellikleri ile kadınların çalışma hayatındaki yerine yönelik bakış açıları arasında orta düzeyde bir ilişki bulunduğudur. Daha sonra ise, Türkiye’deki bireylerin sosyodemografik özellikleri ve çalışma hayatında kadına bakış açıları bakımından benzerliklerine göre kümelenmesi amacıyla veri setine İki Aşamalı Kümeleme Analizi uygulanmıştır. Bu analizin bulgularına göre ev kadınlarının daha ayrımcı, tam zamanlı çalışanların ise daha eşitlikçi bir bakış açısına sahip olduğu söylenebilir. Bunun yanı sıra orta düzeyde eğitimliler için; eğitim düzeyi arttıkça ilgili konuya bakış açısının ayrımcıdan eşitlikçiye doğru değiştiği saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, eğitim seviyesinin ve kadınların çalışma hayatına katılımlarının artması gerekmektedir.

Specific Cytokine Assay for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Malaria in Adult Patients in a Holoendemic Lagos, Nigeria

Background: During Plasmodium falciparum infection, cytokines are said to be elevated in the peripheral blood and may contribute to parasite clearance and also, likely to be responsible for many of the symptoms and pathological changes observed during malaria disease. Aim: this study evaluated specific cytokines as possible tool for diagnosis and prognosis of uncomplicated malaria in adult patients. Methods: Prospective 147 apparently malaria adult patients were microscopically screened and parasite load quantified. Blood donors (n=30) were used as control group A (CA) and parasite negative patients (n=26) as control group B (CB). The study took place between Aug. and Dec. 2014. The Cytokines (IL 12 and IL 18) levels were measured using ELIZA method. The data generated were analyzed using SPSS (15) two step cluster analysis for categorical variable and ANOVA excel single factor package was used to test significance differences between test and control groups. Results: Only 34/147 (23.1 %) were malarial positive, with mean parasite density of 2,384 ± 26,191 parasites/μl. Uncomplicated adult malaria had lower (30.2 ± 56.7ng/L) IL-12 concentration when compared with the controls and higher (30.9 ± 36.5ng/L) IL-18 for CA and not for CB. The mean analyses of variance between the groups were not statistically significant at 95% confidence interval: IL- 12 T versus (vs.) CA, P=0.899; IL-12 T vs. CB, P=0.600. For cytokine IL-18 (T) vs. CA, P=0.674; IL-18 (T) vs. CB, P=0.509. There was no significant difference between the two control groups: IL -12 CA vs. CB, P=0.7696 and IL-18 CA vs. CB, P=0.599. Conclusion: Excluding the outliers, the low production of IL-12 with higher level of IL-18 by majority of the patients indicates protective characteristics of pro-inflammatory cytokines studied; this is prognostic in nature. However, the report of mean ratio (IL-12/lL18) of 0.886, 0.955 and 0.916 ng/L for the T, CA and CB respectively were not discriminatory and therefore not diagnostic.

Abstract PO-010: Clustering of prostate cancer risk behaviors in West African men: The familial cohort study

Abstract Background: The risk of developing prostate cancer (CaP) is higher in Black Africans compared to non-Hispanic whites. Smoking, alcohol consumption, Unhealthy dietary behavior (consumption of high fat, sugar and salt diets) and chronic exposure to pesticides have been strongly associated with the risk of CaP. However, there is scarcity of information on clustering pattern of these risk behaviors among African men. Specific Aim(s)/Methods: Cross-sectional data of 500 West-African Black men representative from the Prostate Cancer Familial Cohort Study was analyzed. Two- step cluster analysis was used to identify cluster groups and multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between behavioral risk factors and socio-demographic data. Results: The mean (95% CI) age and years spent in school were 47.93(47.05, 48.82) and 14.11(13.41, 14.80). The prevalence of smoking, alcohol drinking, chronic pesticide exposure and unhealthy diet was 26.2%, 44.7%, 39.0% and 82.4% respectively. Men of ages 35-34 years consumed High fat, sugar and salt (HFSS) diet most frequently. Most (96.6%) of the respondents were involved in at least one CaP risk behavior. Eleven clusters were identified in the clustering analysis, 3.4% had no risk, 24.4% had single risk behavior, 48.8% had double risk behaviors and 23.4% had multiple risk behaviors. Men with uncompleted college education were more likely to have multiple risk behaviors. Nigerian men were more likely to smoke or consume alcohol in addition to HFSS dietary intake. Men with Chronic exposure to pesticide consuming HFSS diet and/or smoking were more likely to have low body mass index. Cameroon men were more likely to have chronic exposure to pesticide in addition to HFSS diet intake and/or smoking. Conclusion: Policies and Behavior change interventions focused on double and multiple risk behaviors for CaP with consideration for socio-demoographic differences is essential for reducing the risk of CaP in Black men. Citation Format: Oluwafunke Akinbule, Catherine Oladoyinbo, Opeyemi Bolajoko. Clustering of prostate cancer risk behaviors in West African men: The familial cohort study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-010.

English

The Sunday opening of shops is a very debated topic on both international and national levels. On a European level, the regulation of Sunday work is varied, with most Member States that, like Italy, do not impose restrictions on openings and working hours. The present work aims to analyze the European reference framework of Sunday openings, focusing on the Italian situation, which is currently experiencing proposals for change. Moreover, from the statistical analysis of the purchase data made in the main Italian stores of a multinational company, the of the Sunday is highlighted, analyzing the characteristics and peculiarities that orient Sunday shopping. The Two Step cluster analysis provides different profiles, among which emerges the consumer profile of Sunday, which assumes peculiar characteristics and different from those of consumers of the other days of the week. Key words: Sunday shopping, consumer profile, cluster analysis.

Associations between (sub) clinical stress- and anxiety symptoms in mentally healthy individuals and in major depression: a cross-sectional clinical study

BackgroundResponses to stressful circumstances have psychological and physiological dimensions, and are related to anxiety symptoms and mental disorders such as depression. Nonetheless, the relationship between subclinical stress and anxiety symptoms is still elusive.MethodsTo explore possible associations between stress and anxiety symptoms, patients with major depression (N = 77) and mentally healthy individuals of different age clusters and occupations (N = 412) were enrolled into the study. Stress was assessed with the new subclinical stress symptom questionnaire (SSQ-25). Anxiety was studied with the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), mainly focusing on clinical anxiety, whilst anxiety as a personality trait was assessed with the trait aspect of the State Τrait Αnxiety Ιnventory Y (STAI Y). Statistical analyses included ANOVA, Scheffe test, linear regression models and a two-step cluster analysis using Log-Likelihood Distance measure and fixed number of two clusters.ResultsAge, stress symptoms and BAI scores differed significantly between among groups (P < 0.001), whilst STAI Y scores did not. Stress levels were found to be related to clinical anxiety (P < 0.001), while neither group identity nor age exerted any influence on anxiety levels (P > 0.05). The two Step Cluster analysis classified 76 out of 77 participants with milder stress (subclinical) symptoms into the cluster with moderate anxiety, as indicated by BAI scores, and all individuals with more severe stress into the severe anxiety cluster.ConclusionsThe observed associations between stress and anxiety shed light on the interrelations between even very mild (subclinical) stress and anxiety symptoms and may point to the potential of mild stress to serve as a target for early interventions aiming to prevent anxiety morbidity.

Indoor and Outdoor Design in Healthcare Environments: The Employees’ Views in the General University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece

Healthcare environments should be designed and operate as healing places for all their users. Therefore, the design of outdoor and indoor spaces, has to be oriented towards distressing solutions. The employees’ occupational stress affects their feelings and in turn their services they provide. Thus, this study aimed at the evaluation of the General University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece according to its employees’ views. With the use of two step cluster analysis and the hierarchical cluster analysis, important findings were derived, concerning the interior and landscape design of the healthcare environment. The hospital indoor and outdoor spaces were investigated in relation with environmental parameters and psychological effects on their users. The results have shown a lack of the appropriate green spaces—even though their beneficial role was acknowledged—and marginal satisfaction with available spaces. Conclusively, it should be noted that there is still room for improvements in both interior and outdoor premises of the hospital to reduce stress levels, especially for its nursing staff.

Clustering effects of health risk behavior on mental health and physical activity in Chinese adolescents

PurposeRisk behaviors are significantly impacting physical and psychological health among adolescents, resulting in a tremendous public health issue. The aim of this study is to examine the association of clustered risk behaviors with mental health and physical activity, and identify to what extent the clustering of various risk behaviors is associated with psychological health and physical activity in Chinese adolescents.MethodsStudents aged 16–18 years, male 16.2 ± 1.03, female 16.3 ± 1.56, were recruited from 30 high schools to complete an online questionnaire in fall semester 2017. A structured questionnaire, 2017 state and local youth risk behavior survey was revised, modified, and translated into Chinese. Five questions were designed to assess physical activity times of the last 7 days. Symptom checklist 90 (SCL-90) was used to investigate the mental health status of the participants. Statistical analyses were done employing chi-square tests, two step cluster analysis, logistic regression.ResultResults illustrate that girls report a significantly higher mean of being bullied in school, electronically bullied, feeling sad or hopeless, and trying cigarette smoking. Two-step cluster analysis and regression analysis find that alcohol use, smoking and sedentary behavior have significant effect on adolescent health. Logic regression demonstrated that risk behaviors have significantly associated with mental health and physical activity in specific cluster.ConclusionThis study finds that a specific behavior cluster has significant impact on mental health and physical activity among adolescents. Integrating risk behaviors cluster with factors can be employed to target high-risk adolescents who have poor physical and psychosocial health. The research suggest that more effective and feasible school intervention programs can be designed to promote adolescent health-related behavior in terms of those pathways.

Morphologic and Functional Changes after LVAD Implantation in Patients with Preoperative Severe Mitral Regurgitation

Examined cardiac changes after continuous flow left ventricular assist device (cfLVAD) implantation in patients with preop severe mitral regurgitation (MR). From 2003-2017, 134 patients with severe MR had cfVLAD implant without mitral valve (MV) intervention. We assessed echocardiographic (echo) features pre-cfLVAD, early post-cfLVAD, and the last available echo. Ventricular and atrial volumes were calculated from established area-length formulas. Volumes were normalized to predicted volume given sex, body habitus and age. Values were compared using paired or independent t-test or Wilcoxon analysis. Two step cluster analysis based on preop normalized left ventricular and atrial volumes and MV height identified 3 groups with a silhouette measure of 0.4 (table). Median echo follow up for early and late times were 0.92 months (IQR=0.90) and 15.16 months (IQR=33.00) respectively. MR improved early after cfLVAD by 2.10+1.16 grades (P<0.01). However, MR worsened over time where greater than mild MR was present in 26% in early and 76% in late follow up (P<0.01). Neither pre-cfLVAD MV height (P=0.29) nor left ventricular volume (P=0.56) alone predicted MR resolution on regression analysis. However preoperative left atrial volume was predictive of MR improvement post-cfLVAD (P=0.02). Morphologically, Cluster 1 with smaller left sided chambers and MV height was predictive of MR improvement at early (P=0.03) and late (P<0.01) echo follow up. Right heart function worsened over time. Moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation in the early and late echo were 15% and 25% respectively (P=0.01). Severe right ventricular dysfunction in the early and late echo were 15% and 38% respectively (P<0.01). Smaller overall cardiac dimension predicts improvement in severe MR after cfLVAD. Larger left atrial size is independently predictive of MR improvement perhaps reflecting MR chronicity. Despite cfLVAD, right heart function continues to decline over time.

Application of Different Classification Methods to Determine the Developmental Stage of Fish Erythrocytes of the Common Nase (Chondrostoma nasus) and Vimba Bream (Vimba vimba)

Fish erythrocytes released from erythropoietic sites are immature. During circulation, they increase their own surface, while the cell body and nuclei begin to become more elliptical and less spherical during maturation. The relative abundance of different developmental stages represents an erythron profile which could be a more sensitive indicator of contamination than classic hematological indices. In this study, we analyzed blood smears of the common nase (Chondrostoma nasus) and vimba bream (Vimba vimba) with the main goal to identify the determinants of the developmental stage of erythrocytes. Based on parameters developmental stages, erythrocytes are categorized into immature, intermediate or mature. In this investigation we have used four classification methods: the Two Step Cluster analysis, the K-Means Cluster analysis, and Neural Networks–Multilayer Perceptron and an Ordinal Regression model. Our findings clearly justify that Multilayers Perceptron and OLR models are appropriate to classify the developmental stage of fish erythrocytes in both species.

Two step cluster analysis of burnout among preschool teachers

Abstract Background The burnout is influenced by a variety of personal, work-related and client-related factors, which are included in different domains of Copenhagen burnout inventory (CBI). The aim of this study was to examine if there are different groups of preschool teachers which differ in scores on different domains of CBI. Methods This was the analysis of the data from the survey on burnout on a National representative sample of 456 preschool teachers in Serbia. The study was conducted between October of 2018 and January 2019. The study instrument contained questions on socio-demographic characteristics, workplace environment characteristics, and Copenhagen burnout inventory. We used two-step cluster analysis in SPSS to segment the participants based on age and average scores on personal, work-related and client related domains of CBI. Results Our participants clustered in three distinguished groups: participants aged 35.31 years, who worked in shifts, with personal burnout average of 29.46, work-related burnout average of 24.06 and client related burnout average of 19.46; participants aged 44.09 years, who worked in shifts, personal domain scores of 55.24, work-related burnout scores of 51.72, and client-related burnout scores of 51.13; and participants aged 43.01 years, who did not work in shifts, with personal burnout scores of 36.47, work-related burnout scores of 31.95, and client-related burnout scores of 32.08. Conclusions Participants clustered in three different groups, and the group with the highest average age and with the shift work had higher scores on all three domains compared to other groups. Key messages Preschool teachers clustered in three groups with different scores on domains on burnout. The group with the highest average age had the highest scores on all three domains of burnout.

Food choice motives for consumers in Lebanon: a descriptive study

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors underlying Lebanese consumers’ food motivations and segment them based on those motivations. Design/methodology/approach The data in the study were collected from the main shopping districts of the Lebanese capital, Beirut, through a structured questionnaire. Respondents were intercepted by employing simple random sampling. Out of 700 people approached, 411 surveys were collected, giving a response rate of 58.7 per cent. After gathering the food choice motives under main groups by employing exploratory factor analysis, the study used two step cluster analysis. Findings The food choice motives were grouped under eight dimensions: ecological, sensory, convenience and availability, health, weight, mood, price and religion motives. Based on the food choice motives, the study identified four dissimilar clusters, namely, careless, conscious, hedonic and health and weight conscious. The study clearly indicated that there are significant differences among clusters in terms of the food choice motives, attitudes towards healthy eating, exercising, food quality and natural organic food and socio demographic characteristics. Originality/value There are numerous studies on food choice motives in the literature investigating certain countries. This study is the first study investigating the subject in one of the Middle Eastern countries, Lebanon.

Two Step Cluster Analysis for Tourist Segmentation Coastal Object for Green Marketing Strategy

Regional autonomy causes the Government of Malang Regency needs to increase local revenue, one of them by maximizing the existing tourism potential, such as Balekambang Beach and Batu Bengkung attractions. The purpose of this study is to determine the grouping of tourists formed based on demographic segmentation and satisfaction of tourists who visit the two beach attractions. The statistical analysis that can be used for grouping objects is cluster analysis. For mixed data, the combination of metric and non-metric grouping data can be performed with Two Step Cluster Analysis. The population in this study is all tourists Balekambang beach and Batu Bengkung, Malang regency. Using the rule of tumb, the sample size for this study is 120 samples. Sampling technique in this research use nonprobability sampling method with accidental base and quota sampling. This research applied two step cluster analysis using log-likelihood distance. The results of this study showed that Balekambang Beach and Batu Bengkung Beaches each formed three optimal clusters, while the tourists from the two coastal joints formed two optimal clusters. Overall, the tourist clusters formed on the joint and each coast have low satisfaction rates.

Implementation of the Two Step Cluster Method on the National Labor Force Survey Data (Sakernas)

MAYA DEANTI. Implementation of Two Step Cluster Method on National Labor Force Survey Data (Sakernas) 2017 Bogor Regency. Supervised by FARIT MOCHAMAD AFENDI and AAM ALAMUDI.&#x0D; &#x0D; Five labor issues in Indonesia that have not been resolved by 2017 are termination of employment due to digitalization or automation, labor informalization, BPJS, high accident and occupational safety (K3), and outsourcing. In addition, the increasing number of Foreign Workers (TKA) in Indonesia can affect the decrease in local employment opportunities. Therefore, in this study will be carried out clustering to the labor force data to determine the condition of employment in Indonesia, especially Bogor regency. However, this labor force data has considerable observation with mixed data types, namely numerical and categorical. Regular cluster analysis can not be applied directly to the condition of the data, so that to be used in this research is a Two Step Cluster analysis which is a modification of existing cluster analysis. This Two Step Cluster analysis produces 3 clusters, with the characteristics of each cluster that is cluster 1 consisting of resident households or unemployed, cluster 2 consists of self-employed residents, and cluster 3 with the majority of the population working as laborers or employees. This clustering is based on work aspect only because the demography and education aspect of Bogor Regency is quite uniform.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: cluster analysis, cluster, Two Step Cluster, uniform

MATHEMATICAL ABILITY ANALYSIS BASED ON ASSIST SCALE WITH A DIFFERENT LEARNING APPROACH TO PREPARE A PROFESSIONAL TEACHER CANDIDATE IN DEALING WITH ASEAN ECONOMIC COMUNITY (AEC)

This paper aimed to basic mathematical skills based to the studying approach. To this subject pre detection is a need. One way ANOVA analyzing will show the significant of basic mathematical skill of students by giving different studying approach. Hence, there is correlation within basic mathematical skill to studying approach. Teachers should be able measure basic mathematical by designing model supporting understanding level, critical thinking ability made concept. The sample consisted of all the second semester of mathematical students by random sampling. Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST) is used to studying approach, Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) is used to create group classification. Two Step Cluster Analysis Method divided into three approaches (Strategies, Surface, Deep)

The game variants in Europe. Trends and perspectives during youth competitive stages

Abstract AIMS The aim of this study was to verify how European countries manage the type of game variants and their frequency during different age groups of youth competition. METHODS Data were collected from the official rules of youth football championships. To identify countries homogenous groups according to their game variants, Two Step Cluster Analysis procedure was used while a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the game variants distribution in each Cluster. In order to correlate the game variants with age groups, a Chi-Square independence test and a Spearman ordinal correlation coefficient were used. RESULTS The results showed there were five clusters with significant differences in their game variants distribution (X2 kw (4) = 22.149; p<0.001; n = 30) and a significant correlation between age group and game variant (χ2(63) = 477.724; p<0.001; n = 30). Specifically, the most used game variants in each age group were the five-a-side (F5) in Under-8; the nine-a-side (F9) in Under-12; the seven-a-side (F7) in Under-9 and Under10; and the eleven-a-side (F11) in and above Under-13. CONCLUSION These results may contribute to understand the different country perspectives about the competitive game variants of youth football within the European space and its relation with diverse learning philosophies and pathways.