Stenosed Artery Research Articles

Impact of Silver Nanoparticles Infused in Blood in a Stenosed Artery under the Effect of Magnetic Field Imp. of Silver Nano. Inf. in Blood in a Sten. Art. Under the Eff. of Mag. Field

Nanotechnology and nanofluids offer promising avenues for enhancing our understanding and control of blood flow dynamics, providing novel solutions for addressing challenges in cardiovascular health and medical diagnostics. This paper investigates the impact of silver nanoparticles infused in blood within a stenosed artery under the influence of a magnetic field. The governing equations of continuity, mass, and heat transfer are non-dimensionalized to facilitate numerical solution. Utilizing the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method implemented in MATLAB, the non-dimensionalized equations are solved to analyze the effects of pertinent parameters on flow velocity and heat transfer in the presence of a magnetic field. The study reveals significant insights into the behavior of blood flow and heat transfer when silver nanoparticles are introduced into the bloodstream in the context of arterial stenosis and magnetic field exposure. The analysis provides valuable information on how the magnetic field and nanoparticle infusion affect flow characteristics and thermal dynamics within the stenosed artery. The rise in the volume fraction of nanoparticles slows down the nanofluid. The augmented values of magnetic parameter results in decrease in velocity but increase in temperature. The thickness of boundary layer at arterial wall decreases with enhancement in Prandtl number. The findings of this research hold promise for applications in biomedicine and medical science, offering potential strategies for enhancing therapeutic interventions in cardiovascular diseases. This study contributes to the advancement of biomedical engineering and offers avenues for the development of novel treatments and diagnostic techniques by elucidating the intricate interplay between nanoparticles, blood flow, and magnetic fields within stenosed arteries.

MHD flow of blood-based hybrid nanofluid through a stenosed artery with thermal radiation effect

The MHD flow of a blood-based hybrid nanofluid with thermal radiation and stenosis effects is explored in this study. Gold (Au) and Copper (Cu) hybrid nanoparticles are assumed to be distributed in the blood. Relevant governing equations are established and appropriately normalized. The Caputo fractional-order derivative is used to convert the transient terms of normalized equations into time-fractional forms, which are then semi-analytically solved using the Laplace transform method to yield complex forms of modified Bessel functions. The concentrated matrix exponential (CME) approach is used to numerically determine approximate inverse Laplace transforms of the updated equations. The distribution patterns of velocity, temperature, and concentration are evaluated graphically. The results showed that the fractional-order derivative and the height of stenosis greatly influence the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles. We also observed that both velocity and temperature decreased with increasing values of Ha. Temperature rises with increasing values of the thermal radiation parameter (Ra) and the Eckert number (Ec) whilst concentration is enhanced with rising values of the chemical reaction parameter (Cr) and the Schmidt number (Sc). Our numerical results show that relevant parameters have considerable influences on skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number, which are important for understanding blood mobility, heat and mass transfer dynamics, and treating cardiovascular illnesses. Our results are also essential for controlling blood flow, temperature and delivery of drugs to diseased arteries in the human body.

THE ANALYSIS OF THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN A STENOSED ARTERY THROUGH SIMULATION: A COMPARISON AMONG VARIOUS NON-NEWTONIAN MODELS

This paper focuses on the dual quality of blood, Newtonian and non-Newtonian, in particular by exploring the energy curves. Careful investigation of the dual property of blood has been made by considering two different geometries to represent a stenosed arterial segment. We present a cautious assessment of non-Newtonian blood rheology impacts in arterial stream simulations by coupling the Newtonian and non-Newtonian models. The flow of energy through the two flow dimensions is meticulously investigated using velocity (kinetic energy), pressure, and wall shear stress (pressure energy). Besides, the proper implementation of an interface boundary condition (IBC) was emphasized to ensure consistency with the flow conditions downstream of a backward-facing step. The integration of the Newtonian and non-Newtonian models adjoins the novelty of the current research. The energy curves are obtained by implementing five different non-Newtonian models to designate a suitable non-Newtonian model for blood flow investigations. The combination of the non-Newtonian models enforced in this research is novel and particular attention is paid to the energy curves obtained. The conclusion was to elect the Carreau model as a suitable non-Newtonian rheological model for the blood flow study. This study was able to finalize the fact that the coupling of Newtonian and non-Newtonian models is necessary to obtain accurate results. For the sinusoidal waveform considered for the velocity, Carreau and the Power law models yield better results, eliminating the other non-Newtonian models from the list. With a better inlet condition imposed in the form of the Fourier series for pressure and velocity, the Carreau model yields the best results.

Computer Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer Effects on Nanofluid Flow of Blood Through an Inclined Stenosed Artery With Hall Effect

Abstract The present study deals with the analysis of heat and mass transfer for nanofluid flow of blood through an inclined stenosed artery under the influence of the Hall effect. The effects of hematocrit-dependent viscosity, Joule heating, chemical reaction and viscous dissipation are taken into account in the governing equations of the physical model. Non-dimensional differential equations are solved using the finite difference method, by taking into account the no-slip boundary condition. The effects of different thermophysical parameters on the velocity, temperature, concentration, shear stress coefficient and Nusselt and Sherwood numbers of nano-biofluids are exhaustively discussed and analysed through graphs. With an increase in stenosis height, shear stress, the Nusselt number and the Sherwood number are computed, and the impacts of each are examined for different physical parameters. To better understand the numerous phenomena that arise in the artery when nanofluid is present, the data are displayed graphically and physically described. It is observed that as the Hartman number and Hall parameter increase, the velocity drops. This is as a result of the Lorentz force that the applied magnetic field has generated. Blood flow in the arteries is resisted by the Lorentz force. This study advances the knowledge of stenosis and other defects’ non-surgical treatment options and helps reduce post-operative consequences. Moreover, ongoing research holds promise in the biomedical field, specifically in magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), an imaging method for artery examination and anomaly detection.

Impact of hematocrit on pulsatile blood flow in stenosed arteries: a computational study in healthy, diabetic, and anemic models

In this study, researchers aim to enhance the realism of circulatory system simulations, focusing on factors affecting flow variations, particularly in stenotic arteries of individuals with altered hematocrit levels. Through extensive data collection and varied conditions, the goal is to attain more precise and valid results. The study conducts approximate simulations to comprehensively describe the dynamic motion of pulsatile flow. Different values of inlet velocity (UDF) are introduced, considering potential arterial distortion or occlusion due to plaque deposition, along with variations in hematocrit (Hct) levels commonly observed in patients. Three distinct types of pulsatile blood flow, corresponding to diabetes (Hct 65%), healthy (Hct 45%), and anemia (Hct 25%), are studied and compared. The research illuminates that stenosis in arteries with varying hematocrit levels significantly impacts hydrodynamic features, potentially predisposing individuals to cardiovascular diseases. Through meticulous analysis, several conclusions about hemodynamic characteristics are drawn. It is observed that both velocity and wall shear stress exhibit variation along the affected artery, influenced by stenosis and changes in hematocrit levels. Notably, the highest influence on velocity and wall shear stress is observed with Hct 65%, compared to Hct 45% and Hct 25% at the moment of stenosis. These findings hold substantial practical implications for the field of cardiovascular health, providing valuable insights into blood flow behavior in stenotic arteries with diverse hematocrit levels. Ultimately, this research contributes to more effective clinical interventions.

Biological structural study of emerging shaped nanoparticles for the blood flow in diverging tapered stenosed arteries to see their application in drug delivery

The magnetic force effects and differently shaped nano-particles in diverging tapering arteries having stenoses are being studied in current research via blood flow model. There hasn’t been any research done on using metallic nanoparticles of different shapes with water as the base fluid. A radially symmetric but axially non-symmetric stenosis is used to depict the blood flow. Another significant aspect of our research is the study of symmetrical distribution of wall shearing stresses in connection with resistive impedance, as well as the rise of these quantities with the progression of stenosis. Shaping nanoparticles in accordance with the understanding of blood flow in arteries offers numerous possibilities for improving drug delivery, targeted therapies, and diagnostic imaging in the context of cardiovascular and other vascular-related diseases. Exact solutions for different flow quantities namely velocity, temperature, resistance impedance, boundary shear stress, and shearing stress at the stenosis throat, have been assessed. For various parameters of relevance for Cu-water, the graphical results of several types of tapered arteries (i.e. diverging tapering) have been explored.

Investigating hybrid nanoparticles for drug delivery in multi-stenosed catheterized arteries under magnetic field effects

This groundbreaking study pioneers the exploration of the therapeutic implications of a constant magnetic field simultaneously with hybrid nanoparticles on blood flow within a tapered artery, characterized by multiple stenosis along its exterior walls and a central thrombus, employing three-dimensional bio-fluid simulations. In addition, a magnetized catheter is inserted into the thrombus to increase the therapeutic potential of this novel method. The flow condition under consideration has applications in targeted medication distribution, improved medical device design, and improved diagnostics, as well as in advancing healthcare and biomedical engineering. Our investigation primarily aims to optimize blood flow efficiency, encompassing key parameters like pressure, velocity, and heat fluctuations influenced by diverse geometric constraints within the stenotic artery. Precise solutions are obtained through the finite element method (FEM) coupled with advanced bio-fluid dynamics (BFD) software. Hybrid nanoparticles and magnetic fields impacted pressure and velocity, notably reducing pressure within the stenosis. Convective heat flux remained uniform, while temperature profiles showed consistent inlet rise and gradual decline with transient variations. This approach promotes fluid flow, and convection within stenosed arteries, enhances heat transport, evacuates heat from stenotic regions, and improves heat dispersion to surrounding tissues. These findings hold promise for targeted therapies, benefiting patients with vascular disorders, and advancing our understanding of complex bio-fluid dynamics.

Analysis of Effect of Hemodynamic Parameters on Two-layered Blood Flow in a Mild Stenosed Artery

Arterial stenosis is the lessening of the arterial wall due to the growth of aberrant tissues that prevent adequate blood flow in the human circulatory system and induces cardiovascular diseases. Mild stenosis, over time, can lead to serious and permanent damage if it remains uncured. Navier-Stokes equation in cylindrical polar coordinates system has been extended by two-layered blood flow along the axial direction with appropriate boundary conditions.A steady flow through a stenosed artery has been investigated extensively using the analytical approach in the case of two-layered blood flow. Mathematical expressions for two-layer hemodynamic parameters such as velocity profile, volumetric flow rate, and effect of stenosis progression on parameters with the variation of core and peripheral layered coefficient of viscosity are derived. Moreover, pressure drop, and shear stress have been calculated analytically in an artery with and without stenosis. Peripheral viscosity has less contribution to varying velocity distribution than the core and is proportional to stenosis size.The volumetric flow rate decreases with an increasing viscosity coefficient. Pressure drop and shear stress attain maximum value in the region stenosis occur maximum height in core layer.The present work could serve as a model in biomedical engineering for the cure of vascular-related diseases and has the potential in designing the devices of this field.

Numerical simulation of pulsatile blood flow through eccentric double stenosed carotid artery

Purpose This study aims to perform three-dimensional numerical computations for blood flow through a double stenosed carotid artery. Pulsatile flow with Womersley number (Wo) of 4.65 and Reynolds number (Re) of 425, based on the diameter of normal artery and average velocity of inlet pulse, was considered. Design/methodology/approach Finite volume method based ANSYS Fluent 20.1 was used for solving the governing equations of three-dimensional, laminar, incompressible and non-Newtonian blood flow. A high-quality grid with sufficient refinement was generated using ICEM CFD 20.1. The time-averaged flow field was captured to investigate the effect of severity and eccentricity on the lumen flow characteristics. Findings The results show that an increase in interspacing between blockages brings shear layer instability within the region between two blockages. The velocity profile and wall shear stress distribution are found to be majorly influenced by eccentricity. On the other hand, their peak magnitude is found to be primarily influenced by severity. Results have also demonstrated that the presence of eccentricity in stenosis would assist in flow development. Originality/value Variation in severity and interspacing was considered with a provision of eccentricity equal to 10% of diameter. Eccentricity refers to the offset between the centreline of stenosis and the centreline of normal artery. For the two blockages, severity values of 40% and 60% based on diameter reduction were permuted, giving rise to four combinations. For each combination, three values of interspacing in the multiples of normal artery diameter (D), viz. 4D, 6D and 8D were considered.

Blood flow through a 3D stenosed artery and its constrained bypass graft design

Blood flow through a 3D stenosed artery and its constrained bypass graft design

Bioconvective blood flow of tetra composition nanofluids passing through a stenotic artery with Arrhenius energy

The uncoupled forced blood flow in a stenosed artery using tetra-hybrid nanofluids is examined. The worked suspension is electrically conducting and containing oxytactic microorganisms. The direction of movements of the blood is perpendicular to the applied Lorentz force. During the formulation of the problem, several significant impacts are taken into account, for instance Joule heating, dissipation of viscosity, heat generation and activation energy proposed by Arrhenius. Four situations are considered based on the components of the nano-mixture, namely, mono-, Di-, Tri- and Tetra hybrid nanofluids. The method of the treatments starts with converting the governing system to dimensionless similar forms and solve numerically. The major results indicated that the rate of heat transport in case of the Tetra-hybrid nanofluids case is higher than those of the other cases. The rising in Weissenberg number enhances the values of the coefficient of skin friction.

Multi-effect analysis of nanofluid flow in stenosed arteries with variable pressure gradient: analytical study

This study advances the understanding of nanofluid behaviour within stenosed arteries, highlighting the importance of considering multifaceted effects in the modelling process. It investigates the combined impact of pressure gradient variation, heat transfer, chemical reactions, and magnetic field effects on nano-blood flow in stenosed arteries. Unlike previous studies that made the assumption that the pulsatile pressure gradient remains constant during channel narrowing, this novel investigation introduces a variable pressure gradient. This, in turn, significantly impacts several associated parameters. The mathematical model describing nano-blood flow in a horizontally stenosed artery is solved using perturbation techniques. Analytical solutions for key variables, including velocity, temperature, concentration, wall shear stress, flow rate, and pressure gradient, are visually presented for various physical parameter values.

Electromagnetohydrodynamics Casson pulsatile nanofluid flow through a bifurcated stenosed artery: Magnetically targeted drug delivery

The current study is centered on the application of magnetically targeted drug delivery in a constricted vertical bifurcated artery utilizing Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The arterial stenosis is characterized by a bell-shaped narrowing in the parent artery and overlapping narrowing in the daughter artery. The blood is regarded as exhibiting the rheological behavior of a Casson fluid. The temperature-dependent nature of blood viscosity is postulated, and Reynold’s viscosity model describes it. This study examines the impact of electromagnetohydrodynamics (EMHD), body acceleration, Joule heating, and viscous dissipation. The assumption of a no-slip velocity condition is made at the walls of the artery. The governing equations are subjected to a process of non-dimensionalization and simplification, employing the mild-stenosis approximation. The resulting equations are subsequently solved in MATLAB by employing the finite-difference Crank–Nicolson technique. Entropy plays a significant role during any treatment or surgery; therefore, the present problem addresses entropy generation minimization. The results for velocity, temperature, wall shear stress, flow rate, impedance, heat transfer rate, entropy generation number, and Bejan number are represented graphically. The velocity contours illustrate that the flow velocity enhances with the Casson fluid and particle mass parameters. Furthermore, the number of trapped bolus also increases in the daughter artery. The nanofluid velocity and particle velocity decrease with an increase in the particle concentration parameter in the parent artery and the daughter artery. Entropy declines with the temperature difference parameter increment, whereas the Bejan number enhances. Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles have various applications owing to their biocompatibility, elevated magnetic susceptibility, chemical stability, non-toxic nature, and cost-effectiveness.

COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF UNSTEADY PULSATILE BLOOD FLOW THROUGH A POROUS MULTI-IRREGULAR VERTICAL STENOSED ARTERY: IMPACTS OF HOMOGENEOUS–HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS

Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions are significant because many chemically reactive systems, such as biochemical systems, involve both types of reactions. This paper sheds light on the effects of homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions on magnetohydrodynamic blood flow through the catheterized multi-irregular vertically stenosed artery in non-Darcy porous media. The governing partial differential equations are simplified using mild stenosis approximations and then transformed into the computational domain to simplify the numerical calculations. It has been noticed that the fluid velocity and the flow rate go to their maximum values after a short time, and they decrease with fluctuation in the case of pulsating, but in the case of nonpulsatile, the behavior is steady. Moreover, an increase in the homogeneous heat reaction parameter decelerates the blood velocity, the flow rate and elevates the fluid temperature. Furthermore, the concentration reaches the steady state faster in the absence of a homogeneous thermal reaction.

Solute Dispersion in an Unsteady Herschel-Bulkley Flow through an Inclined Stenosed Arter

Motivated by the concept of blood flow in a stenosed artery, this present research investigates the influence of stenosis shape in terms of height and arterial inclination on the blood flow and solute dispersion behaviour through an inclined stenosed artery. The blood rheology is depicted using the Herschel-Bulkley model in a laminar, axisymmetric and incompressible unsteady flow through the stenosed artery. The effect of stenosis is focused on the stenosis height for both sine and cosine stenosis. Parameters of arterial inclination are also investigated to observe the effect of inclination on the blood velocity and dispersion function. Perturbation method is adopted in solving for the blood flow velocity under the effect of stenosis height and arterial inclination. The dispersion function of solute dispersion is solved using the obtained blood velocity by adopting the Generalized Dispersion Model (GDM) in obtaining steady dispersion functions. This present study shows that the increase in stenosis height decreases both blood velocity and dispersion function. Meanwhile, the increase in arterial inclination increases the blood velocity and dispersion function. The effect of stenosis height also affects blood velocity and dispersion function for the sine stenosis more than the cosine stenosis.

Clinical symbiosis of hybrid nanoparticles and induced magnetic field on heat and mass transfer in multiple stenosed artery with erratic thrombosis

This article scrutinizes blood circulation through an artery having magnetized hybrid nanoparticles (silver and gold) with multiple stenoses at the outer walls and erratic thrombus of different radii at the center. In the realm of biomedical innovation, magnetized hybrid nanoparticles emerge as a captivating frontier. These nanoparticles, amalgamating diverse materials, exhibit magnetic properties that engender novel prospects for targeted drug delivery, medical imaging enhancement, and therapeutic interventions. The study was carried out employing modern bio-fluid dynamics (BFD) software. In this iterative procedure, a second-order finite difference approach is used to solve the governing equations with 0.005 tolerance. The experiment is performed on a blood conduit with mild stenosis assumptions, and expressions of temperature, resistance impedance to flow, velocity, wall shear stress, and pressure gradient are generated by employing related boundary conditions. No one has ever attempted to acquire the remedial impact of an induced magnetic field and hybrid nanoparticles on the bloodstream in a tapering artery containing multiple stenoses on the outside walls and multi-thrombus at the center using 3-D bio-fluid simulation. Furthermore, the study's findings are unique, and these computational discoveries were not previously published by any researcher. The findings suggest that hybrid nanoparticles can be used as medication carriers to reduce the impact of thrombosis and stenosis-induced resistance to blood flow or coagulation-related factors.

The significance of ternary hybrid cross bio-nanofluid model in expanding/contracting cylinder with inclined magnetic field

Significance: Bio-nanofluids have achieved rapid attention due to their potential and vital role in various fields like biotechnology and energy, as well as in medicine such as in drug delivery, imaging, providing scaffolds for tissue engineering, and providing suitable environments for cell growth, as well as being used as coolants in various energy systems, wastewater treatment, and delivery of nutrients to plants.Objective: The present study proposes a novel mathematical model for the ternary hybrid cross bio-nanofluid model to analyse the behaviour of blood that passes through a stenosed artery under the influence of an inclined magnetic field. The model considers the effect of expanding/contracting cylinder, infinite shear rate viscosity, and bio-nanofluids.Methodology: The considered model of the problem is bounded in the form of governing equations such as PDEs. These PDEs are transformed into ODEs with the help of similarity transformations and then solved numerically with the help of the bvp4c method.Findings: The results show that the flow rate and velocity decrease as the inclination angle of the magnetic field increases. Additionally, research has found that the presence of nanoparticles in the bio-nanofluid has a significant impact on the velocity and flow rate. Therefore, the flow rate decreases, in general, as the stenosis becomes more severe.Advantages of the study: The results obtained from this study may provide insights into the behaviour of blood flow in stenosed arteries and may be useful in the design of medical devices and therapies for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Entropy generation optimization for the electroosmotic MHD fluid flow over the curved stenosis artery in the presence of thrombosis

The present study deals with the entropy generation analysis on the flow of an electrically conductive fluid (Blood) with hbox {Al}_2hbox {O}_3-suspended nanoparticles through the irregular stenosed artery with thrombosis on the catheter. The fluid flow can be actuated by the interactions of different physical phenomena like electroosmosis, radiation, Joule heating and a uniform radial magnetic field. The analysis of different shapes and sizes of the nanoparticle is considered by taking the Crocine model. The velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions are computed using the Crank–Nicholson method within the framework of the Debye–Huckel linearization approximation. In order to see how blood flow changes in response to different parameters, the velocity contour is calculated. The aluminium oxide nanoparticles employed in this research have several potential uses in biomedicine and biosensing. The surface’s stability, biocompatibility, and reactivity may be enhanced by surface engineering, making the material effective for deoxyribonucleic acid sensing. It may be deduced that the velocity profile reduces as the nanoparticle’s size grows while depicts the reverse trend for the shape size. In a region close to the walls, the entropy profile decreases, while in the region in the middle, it rises as the magnetic field parameter rises. The present endeavour can be beneficial in biomedical sciences in designing better biomedical devices and gaining insight into the hemodynamic flow for treatment modalities.

Exact Analysis of Unsteady Solute Dispersion in Blood Flow: A Theoretical Study

The diameter of an artery can narrow due to atherosclerosis or stenosis, making it challenging to resolve solute dispersion issues as blood flows via a stenosed artery. The stenosis occurrence restricted drug dispersion and blood flow. This research introduces the establishment of a mathematical model in examining the unsteady dispersion with respect to the solute in overlapping stenosis arteries depicting blood as a Herschel-Bulkley (H-B) fluid model. Note that fluid velocity was obtained by analytically solving the governing and constitutive equations. The transport equation has been solved by employing a generalised dispersion model (GDM), in which the dispersion process is described. Accordingly, yield stress, stenosis height, slug input of solute length, as well as a rise in the power-law index have improved the peak with regard to the mean concentration and solute concentration. The maximum mean concentration yielded the effective dose for therapeutic concentration. In conclusion, this study is relevant to disease arteries, coagulating hemodynamics and may help physiologists in furnishing a more refined understanding of diffusion processes in cardiovascular hydrodynamics. An interesting application related to the present study is the transportation of drugs in the arterial blood flow.

Blood Flow with Heat Transfer through Different Geometries of Stenotic Arteries

The current study evaluates blood flow patterns in symmetrical, elliptical, trapezoidal, triangular, cosine-shaped and bell-shaped stenosed arteries with heat transfer. The ordinary differential equations obtained from the transformation applicable to the controlling partial differential equations. The system of ordinary differential equations has been solved using analytical methods of variation of parameters with the help of software. The MATLAB code graphically demonstrates various profiles and analyses the impact of the Prandtl number, magnetic field, Darcy number and Radiation number on velocity, wall shear stress, temperature and volumetric flow rate. The preponderance of blood flow problems is caused by stenosis between z = 1 and z = 2 locations for symmetrical, elliptical, trapezoidal, triangular, cosine-shaped and bell-shaped stenosis. The originality of the present study is the simultaneous influence of varied stenosis geometries on heat transfer. The main observation of blood velocity is that it is also greater for bell-shaped artery walls in the presence of a magnetic field than for trapezoidal artery walls between z = 1 and z = 2 and all other geometries in between. It may help to understand the blood flow in stenosed blood arteries caused by cardiovascular disease. HIGHLIGHTS The current study evaluates blood flow patterns in symmetrical, elliptical, trapezoidal, triangular, cosine-shaped and bell-shaped stenosed arteries with heat transfer The effect of magnetic field and Darcy number on a diseased segment of an artery is examined Due to the presence of hemoglobin in RBCs, which contains iron oxide particles and is capable of binding oxygen molecules, the blood is greatly impacted by the magnetic field GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT