Stenosed Artery Research Articles

Computational Simulation of MHD Blood-Based Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Through a Stenosed Artery

As the leading cause of death worldwide, cardiovascular disease underscores the urgent need for effective therapies and diagnostic tools. The use of magnetic fields and nanoparticles has demonstrated potential for creating cutting-edge treatments. To analyse blood flow in an artery with stenosis and the impact of an external magnetic field on blood flow infused with hybrid nanoparticles, this study is conducted. A generalised power law is used to model the flow of a hybrid blood nanofluid comprising silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles. This study focuses on a deeper level of the magnetic field with hybrid nanoparticles in a non-Newtonian fluid, which extends from previous studies on nanoparticles in Newtonian blood. In a straight artery, the blood flow through a cosine-shaped stenosis is simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The physical controlling parameters, including velocity profiles and wall shear stress, are illustrated through graphs. The external magnetic field significantly reduces shear stress and the velocity profile. The addition of gold and silver nanoparticles allows for smooth blood flow in the diseased artery. The findings show a decline in aberrant behaviour and recirculation in the post-stenotic area. The combination of a hybrid nanofluid with an external magnetic field presents a practicable method for improving blood flow in stenosed arteries. The results have implications for targeted drug delivery in stenotic arteries and advancements in nanomedicine.

Effectiveness of heat source/sink and Lorentz force constraints in a non-Newtonian peristaltic arterial blood hybrid nanofluid past an overlapping stenotic artery

Recently a considerable amount of attention has been directed towards the technological advancements in the study of arterial stenosis. The deposition of adipose tissues and saturated fatty acids and the abnormal growth of flesh, narrows the arteries, leading to restricted blood flow. This causes cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis, atherogenesis, atheroma, etc. Considering this the present research paper develops a Casson fluid model to investigate magnetohydrodynamic peristaltic transport of the passage of blood through slightly stenosed arteries due to the influence of copper (Cu) and alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles. The problem is formulated using appropriate mathematical models employing non-dimensional parameters and stenosis approximations. The study has its applications in the field of medicine. The outcome of this work is that it helps to handle many heart conditions. The findings of this investigation may have benefits in various academic fields, including pharmaceuticals and other industries. In addition, they are remarkably beneficial in the treatment of numerous cardiovascular diseases.

Modelling of coronary artery stenosis and study of hemodynamic under the influence of magnetic fields

Investigating magnetic blood flow characteristics through arteries and micron-size channels for clinical therapies in biomedicine is becoming increasingly important with the rise of point-of-care diagnostics devices. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigation is conducted to explore blood flow within a coronary artery affected by an elliptical stenosis near the artery wall under the influence of a magnetic field. The novelty of our study is the integration of Navier-Stokes and Maxwell's equations to calculate body forces on fluid flow, coupled with the application of magnetic fields both longitudinally and vertically, and the use of the Carreau-Yasuda model to analyse non-Newtonian blood rheology. Blood flow is modelled by solving the incompressible continuity and momentum equations, considering laminar and non-Newtonian properties, with the finite element-based solver COMSOL Multiphysics. The CFD model is validated using previously published analytical and computational data. This study investigates the effects of magnetic fields on blood flow through stenotic arteries with 25 %, 35 %, and 50 % stenosis, examining how the magnetic field and its orientation impact variations in velocity profiles, pressure drop, and wall shear stress (WSS). Our results show that magnetic fields can effectively manipulate blood flow, causing acceleration or deceleration depending on field direction. Significant changes in hemodynamics are observed, particularly at 50 % arterial stenosis, highlighting the profound impact of stenosis on flow characteristics. Compared to healthy arteries, the velocity change in stenosed arteries increased by 16.5 %, 29.4 %, and 62.1 % for 25 %, 35 %, and 50 % stenosis, respectively. The findings advance experimental models of blood flow in magnetic fields, highlighting the critical importance of regulating blood velocity and pressure. These insights are particularly valuable for developing drug delivery systems and magnetic-driven blood pumps.

Blood flow through a stenosed left anterior descending coronary artery: Evaluation of loss coefficients in one-dimensional fluid–structure interaction model

Coronary arterial flow is affected by conditions such as atherosclerosis and stenosis resulting in coronary artery disease. Quantifying the flow fields across arteries is a key aspect in the functional assessment of occlusive arterial disease. An essential aspect of blood flow modeling is the mechanical interaction between the fluid flow and the arterial vessel wall. The present study focuses on the modeling of blood flow within the left anterior descending artery affected with stenosis. A one-dimensional (1D) model was developed to study the transient blood flow characteristics in the artery. The 1D model is coupled with the material tube law to account for the flexibility of the arterial wall. The loss coefficients that account for the local viscous and turbulent losses across the stenosis region are estimated accurately in terms of the varying local cross-sectional area, instead of empirical constants used in the literature. It was observed that the magnitude of viscous losses decreases with an increase in the severity of stenosis. For lower degree of stenosis (<30%), the local turbulent losses are insignificant compared to the viscous losses. The maximum deformation of the vessel wall is ∼0.12mm at t=0.45s for s=70%. During the cardiac cycle (T=0.9s), the artery is observed to be experiencing dilation (Δr>0) in the upstream region, whereas contraction (Δr<0) in the downstream region for all the values of severity (s). A fractional flow reserve of 58.53% was noticed in a stenosed artery of 70% severity.

Computational analysis of heat transport dynamics in viscous dissipative blood flow within a cylindrical shape artery through influence of autocatalysis and magnetic field orentation

Nanofluids consisting of tetra nanoparticles are crucial in bio medical sciences due to their improved thermal transport characteristics. The advanced tailored properties of tera nanoparticles make them useful in several medical interventions, such as hyperthermia treatment, where the targeted tissue can be heated more efficiently, leading to better treatment outcomes. The current study investigates the heat transfer enhancement in a hemodynamic system using tetra nanoparticles. The physical configuration of the blood flow is assumed with in a permeable cylindrical shape stenosed artery. The model incorporates the Carreau model with inclusion of diverse factors such as, exponential space-based heat source, viscous dissipation, infinite shear rate and permeability of surface. Additionally, impact of chemical reaction (autocatalysis) and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) consequences is also integrated into the system. The framed partial differential equations (PDEs) generated by physical problem are converted into new dimensionless form of an ordinary differential system (ODEs). Bvp4c MATLAB procedure is fetched for numerical investigation. It is observed that, velocity profile of the fluid is reduced due to intensification in inclined magnetic effect, whereas autocatalysis effect promotes the concentration of nanoparticles in blood flow mixture, which increases the temperature field of fluid. Furthermore, augmentation in the values of Wassenberg number increased the elasticity in blood which enables it to deform and stretch more readily in reaction to alterations in flow conditions and hence reduction is seen in overall blood flow rate. The results revealed the significance of these integrated factors for accurate modelling of blood flow passing through a stenosed artery, which is crucial in medical interventions.

Exploring the Dynamic Behavior of a Tapered Stenosed Artery: An Investigation into Its Unsteady Model

In this communication, blood flow is considered in a two-phase model of the tapered stenosed artery. Non-Newtonian and Newtonian models are considered in inner and outer regions, respectively. The transverse magnetic field is applied externally on the presumed pulsatile flow of blood to examine the nature of blood flow. It is anticipated that, in the inner region, blood follows the Jeffrey fluid model, and in the outer region, it follows the Bingham Plastic fluid model. The mathematical model of this system is formulated, a non-dimensionalization technique is used, and a numerical solution is obtained using the Finite difference method, one of the most suitable numerical methods for the formulated problem. The expressions for the primary/fundamental characteristics in determining the effect of blood flow are developed to explore the consequence of hematocrit, time component, tapering angle, and magnetic field. Scilab software is employed for mathematical simulations, revealing that flow characteristics within a stenosed artery undergo significant alterations, while the presence of a magnetic field aids in partially regulating the flow characteristics.

Thermal analysis in unsteady oscillatory Darcy blood flow through stenosed artery

This study aims to provide an extensive overview of the consequences of heat source and thermal radiation on blood flow in stenosed arteries through Casson fluid. We examine the behaviour of an unsteady non-Newtonian fluid under oscillatory Darcy flow. This analysis explores the impact of blood flow in the stenosed arteries on the momentum and energy profiles of the Casson fluid. In addition, this study examines a parametric analysis to illustrate the impact of the Nusselt number and Casson parameter. Higher values of the thermal radiation and Casson-Viscous parameters result in enhanced velocity fields. The Brinkman model accurately represents the resistance to flow caused by the porous material, known as Darcy resistance. The inner space of the coronary artery generates cholesterol-rich fatty plaques and blood clots that block the artery, simulating the diseased condition of blood circulation in this study. We employ a set of non-dimensional variables to convert the governing equations of the current flow into dimensionless partial differential equations. Analytical methods have derived a solution for the studied problem. The discovery is pertinent to the natural circulation of blood through coronary arteries, which are highly porous. A particular artery pathology creates a permeable structure within the arterial lumen. The current study demonstrates that blood flow may be manipulated by adjusting the intensity of the external magnetic field, while the temperature of the blood can be managed by either increasing or decreasing its thermal conductivity. The graphical representation demonstrates the impact of different physical parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. The significant results of the current studies are that, the fluid velocity diminishes with rising magnetic and Biot numbers but exhibits an increase when considering the Darcy number and Hall parameter. There is a gentle increase in the wall shear stress as the Casson parameter (β) increases from 0.1 to 0.3. For β= 0.3, the percentage change along the axial direction (x) is more pronounced. This is because the wall shear stress is proportional to the number of Casson parameters.

Solute Dispersion in Casson Blood Flow through a Stenosed Artery with the Effect of Temperature and Electric Field

This study develops a mathematical model to address solute dispersion in arterial blood flow, particularly considering the effects of temperature and electric fields using the Casson fluid model. Given the physiological importance of drug delivery within the human vascular system, understanding these dynamics is crucial, especially in the presence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The Generalized Dispersion Model (GDM) is employed to simulate the dispersion function. Results demonstrate that elevated temperatures and electric fields enhance drug uptake and distribution by increasing blood flow. The model accurately predicts drug behavior in narrowed arteries, optimizing dosage regimens and improving therapeutic outcomes. Visual representations and detailed discussions of these findings are presented in the subsequent sections. The results are validated against a previous study that did not consider the effects of stenosis height, temperature and electric field. The findings suggest a strong agreement between the two studies. Additionally, an increase in mean absorption leads to an increase in velocity. When mean absorption increases, the functions of steady dispersion and overall dispersion decrease, while the function of unsteady dispersion increases. The reverse behavior is observed for the electric field. The study concludes that integrating temperature and electric field effects into drug delivery systems can significantly enhance treatment efficacy and reduce side effects, providing a valuable tool for advanced targeted therapies in CVD and cancer management.

Fractional Model for Blood Flow in a Stenosed Artery Under MHD Effect Through a Porous Medium

This paper presents a fractional approach as a substitute to the integer-order model, describing the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) effect of blood flow in a stenosed artery. We not only obtain an analytical solution for the fractional governing equation but also present an expression for the wall-shear stress. After the successful verification of our model with established models, we carry out a two-step validation with the experimental data existing in literature. Then, we analyze the obtained plots by using the analytic expression. We exhibit how fractional model (FM) is helpful for controlling the blood flow through a stenosed artery. This study also indicates that magnetic field intensity significantly controls the flow velocity and wall-shear stress to a great extent. We also show that the external magnetic field, along with the fractional order of the governing equation, plays a pivotal role in the solution of the problem involving the treatment of stenosis. Finally, we conduct some experimental data approximation by the solution to establish the credibility of the proposed fractional-order model.

Rheological analysis of magnetized trihybrid nanofluid drug carriers in unsteady blood flow through a single-stenotic artery

In this work, we use the Casson fluid model to analyze the blood flow through a cylindrical stenosis artery. Blood is utilized as a base fluid and aluminium oxide (Al2O3), copper (Cu), and titanium oxide (TiO2) of cylindrical shapes are used as nanoparticles (NPs), which bind to blood to form TiO2−Cu−Al2O3/Blood tri-hybrid nanofluid (THNF). Mathematical analysis has been conducted by considering the blood as a non-Newtonian fluid. The flow is subjected to an external magnetic field that is applied in the radial direction while considering the arterial vessels with a wall permeability effect. For the solution of nonlinear resultant equations, the homotopy analysis method (HAM) is utilized. The present model has been validated by comparing the results of our proposed model with existing work. Key factors like velocity, flow rate, temperature, and wall shear stress are calculated at a precise height of the stenosis. It is noted that the Casson fluid parameter improves the temperature profile. Additionally, it has been noted that tri-hybrid nanofluids have a higher thermal conductivity than hybrid nanofluids (HNFs). Implanting the tri-hybrid nanoparticles (Cu, Al2O3 and TiO2) in the blood leads to promote its axial velocity. When the outer magnetic field is functional in the direction radial to flow of the blood, the velocity profile experiences a substantial decrease, while temperature and concentration profiles are rather less changed. The applications of these simulations include the diffusion of nanodrugs and the magnetic targeted treatment of stenosed artery diseases.

Machine learning based analysis of entropy production and wall shear stress in blood flow through stenosed artery

The building up of cholesterol and various substances on the inner boundary of arterial walls forms a plaque (stenosis), which results in the narrowing of walls of arteries, and this exerts additional stress on the walls. Shear stress at the wall of arteries may cause the formation of plaque, plaque growth, and expansive arterial remodeling, and it may also result in an increased risk of plaque rupture. The purpose of this research work is to use machine learning approaches to analyze the wall shear stress and entropy generation through irreversible processes of blood flow in a porous stenosed artery within the context of magnetohydrodynamic consideration. As a way of illustrating blood’s non-Newtonian behavior, the Casson fluid model is used. A blood flow model in the context of mild stenosis has been developed, and it has subsequently been computationally addressed using an explicit finite difference method. The velocity, temperature, entropy generation, Bejan number, and wall shear stress are visualized for different values of pertinent variables. The result reflects the increased velocity in the stenosed region. A hybrid machine learning method using artificial neural network and particle swarm optimization is implemented to optimize the entropy generation and wall shear stress. The network is trained using Stochastic gradient–descent training procedure as well as Levenberg–Marquardt training procedure, and the outcomes of both training procedures are compared. Using this machine learning process, the minimum entropy production has been found for specific values of the Hartmann number, dimensionless temperature difference, and pulsatile component of pressure gradient. This machine learning-based optimization approach enhances the ability to forecast quantitative changes in affecting parameters, which will contribute to minimized damage to the arterial wall, improved blood flow efficiency and the delivery of necessary components to tissues.

Non-Newtonian blood flow across stenosed elliptical artery: Case study of nanoparticles for brain disabilities with fuzzy logic

This analysis aimed to explore the blood-based non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid flow in elliptical stenosed artery with single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as nanoparticles. The Carreau fluid model is incorporated to assess the non-Newtonian rheology of blood-based nanofluid for mild stenosis. In particular, the carotid artery is responsible for delivering blood to the brain. If normal blood circulation is disrupted or in the case of severe stenosis, blockage of the carotid artery can lead to the development of brain disability or stroke, which in turn can lead to death. The idealized mathematical equation is transformed into a nondimensional form and solved analytically via the perturbation method through a novel polynomial technique. These analytical solutions are explored and explained graphically. The system’s disorder and variability are assessed by completing an entropy production analysis. The disruption in blood flow due to the presence of nanoparticles causes uncertainty in the flow nature. This uncertainty is dealt with by fuzzy analysis of temperature distribution by accounting for the nanoparticle volume fractions as triangular fuzzy numbers. It is noticed that stenosis shapes and height greatly impact the flow characteristics. The nanoparticles’ percentage in fluid affected the temperature profile. The non-Newtonian characteristics of blood are found to be more dominant along the minor axis, and an effectively higher disorder is produced in this direction. It is observed that the temperature of nanofluid emerged as a triangular fuzzy number of symmetric shape.

Transradial stenting of left subclavian artery origin using shockwave intravascular lithotripsy balloon plasty: Technical report and literature review

Lesions of the subclavian artery often involve pathologic stenosis due to high degrees of calcification within the vessel wall. While endovascular angioplasty and stenting is generally the preferred method for obtaining flow reconstitution, calcification of the vessel wall has proven to significantly impair the efficacy of successful stent deployment. Shockwave intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) is a technology that has been very successful in addressing this challenge in other vascular territories, however its use has yet to be approved for supra-aortic vessels such as the subclavian artery. In this report, the use of IVL for a case of subclavian steal syndrome due to a highly stenosed left subclavian artery is described along with a review of the literature. Although several cases utilizing this technology in subclavian arteries have been reported, none have described the use of a left transradial approach. Therefore the purpose of this report is to demonstrate the efficacy of IVL for supra-aortic vessels so that its benefits can be expanded to a broader patient population.

Inclined magnetized infinite shear rate viscosity of non-Newtonian tetra hybrid nanofluid in stenosed artery with non-uniform heat sink/source

Abstract Many scholars performed the analysis by using the non-Newtonian fluids based on the nano and hybrid nano particles in blood arteries to investigate the heat transport for cure in several diseases. These performances are presented to investigate the blood flow behaviour with extended form of the novel tetra hybrid Das and Tiwari nanofluid system attached by the Carreau fluid. The assessment of energy transport has been achieved based on the thermal radiation, heat source/sink, Joule heating, and viscous dissipation. The obtained partial differential equation from physical problem is transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by using the similarity variables. Furthermore, system of nonlinear ODEs attached with boundary conditions are transported into the system of first-order ODEs with initial conditions. For the numerical solution of obtained ODEs, the numerical solutions have been performed based on the RK method. The numerical results are plotted through figures, tables, and statistical graphs. Magnetic forces and inclined magnetic effects are caused to reduce velocity of blood. Temperature of blood within the arteries is increased by increasing the parameter of thermal radiation.

Effect of Hematocrit-Dependent Variable Viscosity on Magnetohydrodynamics Flow of Blood-Based Hybrid Nanofluid Through an Inclined Stenosed Artery

This study delves into the effect of hematocrit-dependent viscosity on the MHD flow of blood-based hybrid nanofluid containing gold and copper nanoparticles. To accomplish this, the Caputo fractional derivative is utilized to transform transient terms in established governing equations after they have been properly normalized using appropriate dimensionless variables. Subsequently, the Laplace transform technique is employed to attain analytical solutions of these equations. Their inverse Laplace transforms are then sought numerically by employing the concentrated matrix exponential (CME) method, as the transformed equations contain modified Bessel functions whose solutions cannot be easily obtained using any known analytical inversion method. The outcomes of the impact of pertinent parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are graphically scrutinized, and numerical results for the dimensionless parameters, such as skin friction, Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers, are tabulated. The study’s findings reveal the significant influence of the fractional-order parameter, the hematocrit parameter, and the inclination angle parameter on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles, as well as on the dimensionless parameters. These findings hold relevance for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular-related diseases, as well as for targeted drug delivery in the human body’s arterial system.

Multifaceted simulation: Finite volume and finite element modeling of blood flow in multiple stenosed arteries

Cardiovascular illnesses are a primary global health concern because they are frequently brought on by arterial stenosis. The complicated hemodynamics of blood flow via elliptically shaped arteries with numerous stenotic lesions along their top and bottom walls are examined in this paper. Carreau fluid model is used with Navier–Stokes equations in this study. The complete comparative study is done by using the Finite Element and Finite Volume Methods. This study uses commercial software to examine blood flow velocity, pressure and temperature distributions under various physiological situations at Reynolds number 30. Our results illuminate the interaction between flow dynamics, stenosis characteristics, and arterial geometry. The novelty of the work is to investigate how stenosis size, shape, and location affect pressure gradients, and flow disturbances. These observations provide helpful direction for understanding disease progression, designing treatments, and possibly new stent designs. The future direction of this research may involve further exploration of the interplay between hemodynamics and arterial stenosis by incorporating advanced computational models. Additionally, studies focusing on in vivo validation and clinical applications could enhance the translational impact of the findings. Collaborations between researchers, clinicians, and engineers may pave the way for personalized treatment strategies and innovations in cardiovascular care based on a deeper understanding of the intricate dynamics within diseased arteries.

Biological structural study for the blood casson fluid flow in catheterized diverging tapered stenosed arteries with emerging shaped nanoparticles: application in drug delivery

Biological structural study for the blood casson fluid flow in catheterized diverging tapered stenosed arteries with emerging shaped nanoparticles: application in drug delivery

Propulsive study of blood flow with heat transfer enhancement connection to ferro copper magnetized nanoparticles in converging tapered stenosed arterial surface

To investigate the effects of magnetic fields and variously structured nanoparticles in narrowing, stenosed arteries, an arterial flow model is incorporated. The aim of this study here is to achieve more realistic results by modeling and simulating the arterial blood flow system with the nanoparticles and shape factor of the nanoparticles. The study of blood flow in tapered stenosed arteries with nanoparticles involves understanding the dynamics of blood circulation in vessels having application in drug delivery. Nanoparticles with specific shape factors can enhance imaging modalities like MRI, CT or ultrasound diagnosing tumor. Metallic nanoparticles in various shapes utilizing water as the base fluid have not yet been considered. Imagine a symmetrical radially but axially nonsymmetric constriction for the blood flow. Along with taking into account the regularity in the sequence of distributing the wall shear stress as well as resistance impedance, the study also takes into account a rise in these readings as the stenosis worsens. For speed, resistive impedance, wall shear and shearing forces at the stenosis throat, results have been computed in exact form. For various Cu-water-relevant parameters, the visual results of several types of converging tapering arteries have been assessed.

Thermal transport exploration of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow in a non-Newtonian model with homogeneous-heterogeneous chemical reactions induced by vertical cylinder

Studying the combination of convection and chemical processes in blood flow can have significant applications like understanding physiological processes, drug delivery, biomedical devices, and cardiovascular diseases, and implications for various fields can lead to developing new treatments, devices, and models. This research paper investigates the combined effect of convection, heterogeneous-homogeneous chemical processes, and shear rate on the flow behavior of a ternary hybrid Carreau bio-nanofluid passing through a stenosed artery. The ternary hybrid Carreau bio-nanofluid consists of three different types of nanoparticles dispersed in a Carreau fluid model, miming the non-Newtonian behavior of blood. This assumed study generates a system of PDEs that are processed with similarity transformation and converted into ODEs. Furthermore, these ODEs are solved with bvp4c. The results show that the convection, heterogeneous-homogeneous chemical processes, and shear rate significantly impact the bio-nano fluid’s flow behavior and the stenosed artery’s heat transfer characteristics.

Explanatory and numerical examination of the fractional conditions of blood stream in a limit, slanted supply route utilizing the Akbari Ganji technique

This paper investigates the flow of blood through a slanted stenosed artery beneath the impact of a magnetism field. The equations that control the behavior of blood use a type of derivative called Caputo Fabrizio time fractional derivatives. These equations explain that blood acts like a non-Newtonian Casson fluid. The objective of this study is to explore the governing equations of blood flow in a narrow artery by utilizing Caputo Fabrizio fractional derivatives. Using the Laplace and limited Hankel changes of arrange zero, expository arrangements for the overseeing conditions have been inferred. Using the Akbari Ganji method, simple math problems have been solved and transformed into simpler forms. Answers have been found using this method. This article introduces a new approach by applying the AGM analytical and numerical method to address dimensionless fractional equations related to velocity and pressure, in conjunction with the Capato method, marking a significant innovation. Generally, the velocity of the particles is slower than the velocity of the blood. Anyway, the Reynolds number and Casson's liquid parameters are incrementing in both blood and molecule velocities. However, blood velocity diminishes with an increment within the Hartmann number. These discoveries hold noteworthy suggestions for the progress of atherosclerosis treatment. The narrowing of the diameter of the blood vessel with a radius of 45° and a relative percentage of 35 increases the flow resistance and height of the stenosis.