Stem Cells For Cell-based Therapies Research Articles

Accelerating Diverse Cell-Based Therapies Through Scalable Design.

Augmenting cells with novel, genetically encoded functions will support therapies that expand beyond natural capacity for immune surveillance and tissue regeneration. However, engineering cells at scale with transgenic cargoes remains a challenge in realizing the potential of cell-based therapies. In this review, we introduce a range of applications for engineering primary cells and stem cells for cell-based therapies. We highlight tools and advances that have launched mammalian cell engineering from bioproduction to precision editing of therapeutically relevant cells. Additionally, we examine how transgenesis methods and genetic cargo designs can be tailored for performance. Altogether, we offer a vision for accelerating the translation of innovative cell-based therapies by harnessing diverse cell types, integrating the expanding array of synthetic biology tools, and building cellular tools through advanced genome writing techniques.

Apoptotic Effects of Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Secretome in Breast Cancer Stem Cells: A Literature Review

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) are cells from the core of fat tissue that secrete various cytokines, growth factors, proteins and extracellular vesicles that can be used in regenerative therapy, especially in the case of cancer. This ASC produces a secretome which is an exosome derived from ASC. In many studies it has been proven that the secretome has proangiogenic, neurotrophic and epithelialization activities and has the potential to be used for cardiovascular, respiratory, neurodegenerative, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, as a wound healing treatment and as an immunomodulator in anticancer therapy through induction of apoptosis. Due to the limited use of stem cells in cell-based therapies, secretomes from ACS-derived exosomes may be a safer alternative treatment in the future with higher levels of effectiveness and lower side effects. Therefore in this review, we focus on the current knowledge about the ASC secretome that can induce breast cancer cell apoptosis.

Therapeutic advances in neural regeneration for Huntington's disease.

Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion mutation of a cytosine-adenine-guanine triplet in the exon 1 of the HTT gene which is responsible for the production of the huntingtin (Htt) protein. In physiological conditions, Htt is involved in many cellular processes such as cell signaling, transcriptional regulation, energy metabolism regulation, DNA maintenance, axonal trafficking, and antiapoptotic activity. When the genetic alteration is present, the production of a mutant version of Htt (mHtt) occurs, which is characterized by a plethora of pathogenic activities that, finally, lead to cell death. Among all the cells in which mHtt exerts its dangerous activity, the GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons seem to be the most affected by the mHtt-induced excitotoxicity both in the cortex and in the striatum. However, as the neurodegeneration proceeds ahead the neuronal loss grows also in other brain areas such as the cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra, determining the variety of symptoms that characterize Huntington's disease. From a clinical point of view, Huntington's disease is characterized by a wide spectrum of symptoms spanning from motor impairment to cognitive disorders and dementia. Huntington's disease shows a prevalence of around 3.92 cases every 100,000 worldwide and an incidence of 0.48 new cases every 100,000/year. To date, there is no available cure for Huntington's disease. Several treatments have been developed so far, aiming to reduce the severity of one or more symptoms to slow down the inexorable decline caused by the disease. In this context, the search for reliable strategies to target the different aspects of Huntington's disease become of the utmost interest. In recent years, a variety of studies demonstrated the detrimental role of neuronal loss in Huntington's disease condition highlighting how the replacement of lost cells would be a reasonable strategy to overcome the neurodegeneration. In this view, numerous have been the attempts in several preclinical models of Huntington's disease to evaluate the feasibility of invasive and non-invasive approaches. Thus, the aim of this review is to offer an overview of the most appealing approaches spanning from stem cell-based cell therapy to extracellular vesicles such as exosomes in light of promoting neurogenesis, discussing the results obtained so far, their limits and the future perspectives regarding the neural regeneration in the context of Huntington's disease.

Stem Cell-Based Hair Cell Regeneration and Therapy in the Inner Ear.

Hearing loss has become increasingly prevalent and causes considerable disability, thus gravely burdening the global economy. Irreversible loss of hair cells is a main cause of sensorineural hearing loss, and currently, the only relatively effective clinical treatments are limited to digital hearing equipment like cochlear implants and hearing aids, but these are of limited benefit in patients. It is therefore urgent to understand the mechanisms of damage repair in order to develop new neuroprotective strategies. At present, how to promote the regeneration of functional hair cells is a key scientific question in the field of hearing research. Multiple signaling pathways and transcriptional factors trigger the activation of hair cell progenitors and ensure the maturation of newborn hair cells, and in this article, we first review the principal mechanisms underlying hair cell reproduction. We then further discuss therapeutic strategies involving the co-regulation of multiple signaling pathways in order to induce effective functional hair cell regeneration after degeneration, and we summarize current achievements in hair cell regeneration. Lastly, we discuss potential future approaches, such as small molecule drugs and gene therapy, which might be applied for regenerating functional hair cells in the clinic.

Roles of adipose-derived stem cells in cell-based therapy: current status and future scope—a narrative review

Background and Objective: Stem cell-based regenerative medicine is a new therapeutic approach for repairing or replacing tissues and organs that have been depleted or damaged by genetic, traumatic, or age-related degenerative disorders by creating functional tissues or supporting wound healing. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are a type of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) isolated from adipose tissue that are an ideal source of cells for treatment of many diseases. In this review, the current challenges for use of ADSCs in regenerative medicine are discussed to understand directions for clinical applications in transplantation, gene therapy, and tissue engineering.

Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Cells with A Single Tet-Off Lentiviral Vector System.

Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (hASC) constitute an attractive source of stem cells for cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering as they are easy to acquire from lipoaspirate, expansion, and genetic modification ex vivo. The combination of Pdx-1, MafA, and NeuroD1 has been indicated to possess the ability to reprogram various types of cells into insulin-producing cells. The aim of this study is to investigate whether MafA and NeuroD1 would cooperate with Pdx-1 in the differentiation of hASC into insulin-producing cells. In this experimental study, we generated polycistronic expression vectors expressing Pdx1 and MafA/NeuroD1 with a reporter from a human EF-1α promoter using 2A peptides in a single tet-off lentiviral vector system. Briefly, hASC were transduced with the lentiviral vectors and allowed to differentiate into insulin-producing cells in vitro and in vivo. Thereafter, RNA expression, dithizone staining, and immunofluorescent analysis were conducted. Cleaved transcriptional factors from a single tet-off lentiviral vector were functionally equivalent to their native proteins and strictly regulated by doxycycline (Dox). Insulin gene expression in hASC transduced with Pdx1, Pdx1/ MafA, and Pdx1/NeuroD1 in differentiation medium were successfully increased by 1.89 ± 0.39, 4.81 ± 0.98, 5.51 ± 0.63, respectively, compared to venus-transduced, control hASC. These cells could form dithizone-positive cell clusters in vitro and were found to express insulin in vivo. Using our single tet-off lentiviral vector system, Pdx-1 and MafA/NeuroD1 could be simultaneously expressed in the absence of Dox. Further, this system allowed the differentiation of hASC into insulin-producing cells.

Hydrogels to Support Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells.

Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are highly specialized neural cells with several functions essential for vision. Progressive deterioration of RPE cells in elderly individuals can result in visual impairment and, ultimately, blinding disease. While human embryonic stem cell-derived RPE cell (hESC-RPE) growth conditions are generally harsher than those of cell lines, the subretinal transplantation of hESC-RPE is being clinically explored as a strategy to recover the damaged retina and improve vision. The cell-adhesion ability of the support is required for RPE transplantation, where pre-polarized cells can maintain specific functions on the scaffold. This work examined four typical biodegradable hydrogels as supports for hESC-RPE growth. Four biodegradable hydrogels were examined: gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), hyaluronic acid methacryloyl (HAMA), alginate, and fibrin hydrogels. ARPE-19 and hESC-RPE cells were seeded onto the hydrogels separately, and the ability of these supports to facilitate adherence, proliferation, and homogeneous distribution of differentiated hESC-RPE cells was investigated. Furthermore, the hydrogel's subretinal bio-compatibility was assessed in vivo. We showed that ARPE-19 and hESC-RPE cells adhered and proliferated only on the fibrin support. The monolayer formed when cells reached confluency, demonstrating the polygonal semblance, and revealing actin filaments that moved along the cytoplasm. The expression of tight junction proteins at cell interfaces on the 14th day of seeding demonstrated the barrier function of epithelial cells on polymeric surfaces and the interaction between cells. Moreover, the expression of proteins crucial for retinal functions and matrix production was positively affected by fibrin, with an increment of PEDF. Our in vivo investigation with fibrin hydrogels revealed high short-term subretinal biocompatibility. The research of stem cell-based cell therapy for retinal degenerative diseases is more complicated than that of cell lines. Our results showed that fibrin is a suitable scaffold for hESC-RPE transplantation, which could be a new grafting material for tissue engineering RPE cells.

Stem Cells

Applicability of stem cells in cell-based therapy and regenerative medicine provided hope for untreatable diseases; subsequently, stem cells bioengineering has become a promising scientific research topic. Different types of stem cells possess different characteristics; certain types are superior to others according to their advantages. Cell bias toward asymmetric division is the first step regarding tissue regeneration and homeostasis, and this event is stimulated by chemical and mechanical cues arising from the surrounding microenvironment. Inappropriate asymmetric cell division (ACD) consequently results in organ disrupt morphogenesis. Intracellular events including polar distribution of regulatory proteins and fate determinants are of significant importance to prepare cells toward asymmetric division. The assembly of polarity proteins on opposite sides of the cell would induce downstream signaling pathway, and this forms a fundamental mechanism to establish cell asymmetric division. This review addresses the current understanding regarding stem cells biology, niche-raised cues, and polarity of regularity proteins and fate determinants of ACD.

Effects of interaction between stem cells and degenerative retinal microenvironment on stem cell fate determination

<p indent=0mm>To date, a substantial amount of experimental data supports the safety and effectiveness of stem cell-based cell therapy in treating retinal degenerative diseases, thus, serving as a foundation for clinical studies. However, its therapeutic effect often declines or even disappears at a later stage. In addition to the characteristics of stem cells, the microenvironment in which stem cells are transplanted is likely a key factor that determines the fate of stem cells. Glial scar, chronic inflammation, and abnormal metabolic microenvironment in the retina often lead to the failure of long-term survival, correct differentiation, and integration of grafted stem cells in the retina, which may be important factors contributing to the failure of long-term therapeutic effect of stem cell treatment for retinal degenerative diseases. Alternatively, grafted stem cells may also actively regulate the degenerating retina through paracrine or material exchange with the host cells, which can help the fate determinant of grafted stem cells in the retina. Thus, the therapeutic effect of stem cell transplantation can be improved by combined-transplantation of different stem cells or by regulating the degenerative retinal microenvironment. This review summarizes the recent progress in interactions between grafted stem cells and degenerative host retina and their impact on stem cell fate determination.

Generation of a human iPSC line CIBi011-A from amniocytes of a healthy fetus

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) resemble human embryonic stem cells with potential to differentiate into cells of all adult tissues. Nonetheless human iPSCs may have an epigenetic memory of their donor tissue origin, are easier to differentiate to those lineages, and their potential to other cell fates can be controlled. We generated a human iPSC line CIBi011-A from amniocytes of a healthy fetus. CIBi011-A serves as a useful source to investigate the epigenetic memory of iPSCs. As an iPSC line from a healthy donor, this line can also serve as a potential cell source from which to develop stem cell-based cell therapies.

Generation of an RCVRN-eGFP Reporter hiPSC Line by CRISPR/Cas9 to Monitor Photoreceptor Cell Development and Facilitate the Cell Enrichment for Transplantation.

Stem cell-based cell therapies are considered to be promising treatments for retinal disorders with dysfunction or death of photoreceptors. However, the enrichment of human photoreceptors suitable for transplantation has been highly challenging so far. This study aimed to generate a photoreceptor-specific reporter human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) line using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, which harbored an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) sequence at the endogenous locus of the pan photoreceptor marker recoverin (RCVRN). After confirmation of successful targeting and gene stability, three-dimensional retinal organoids were induced from this reporter line. The RCVRN-eGFP reporter faithfully replicated endogenous protein expression of recoverin and revealed the developmental characteristics of photoreceptors during retinal differentiation. The RCVRN-eGFP specifically and steadily labeled photoreceptor cells from photoreceptor precursors to mature rods and cones. Additionally, abundant eGFP-positive photoreceptors were enriched by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and their transcriptome signatures were revealed by RNA sequencing and data analysis. Moreover, potential clusters of differentiation (CD) biomarkers were extracted for the enrichment of photoreceptors for clinical applications, such as CD133 for the positive selection of photoreceptors. Altogether, the RCVRN-eGFP reporter hiPSC line was successfully established and the first global expression database of recoverin-positive photoreceptors was constructed. These achievements will provide a powerful tool for dynamically monitoring photoreceptor cell development and purification of human photoreceptors, thus facilitating photoreceptor cell therapy for advanced retinal disorders.

Human Umbilical Cord Blood Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus : A Review

Stem cell therapy for patients with diabetes mellitus is receiving great attention among scientists and clinicians. Although bone marrow is considered one of the rich sources of stem cells, its limited availability of donors precludes its use for all the suitable patients. Human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells or its-derived mesenchymal cells are being increasingly used as an alternative source of stem cells for cell-based therapy for malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Human umbilical cord blood cells have low potential for graft-versus-host disease and tumorigenicity. Also, no immunosuppression is required. Experimental evidence has shown that human umbilical cord blood -derived stem cells can differentiate into insulin-secreting β-cells. Transplantation of Human umbilical cord blood cells has been shown to improve blood glucose levels, and ameliorate kidney as well as neuropathic complications in diabetic animal models. Although the first use of autologous Human umbilical cord blood transfusion in type 1 diabetic children had a short-term beneficial effect in reducing the daily requirement of insulin dose and the maintenance of near normoglycemia, subsequent studies have failed to show this beneficial effect. In this review, we will provide both experimental and clinical evidence in favor and against the beneficial effect of human umbilical cord blood cells and cord blood-derived mesenchymal cells in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Cell Therapy: Types, Regulation, and Clinical Benefits.

Cell therapy practices date back to the 19th century and continue to expand on investigational and investment grounds. Cell therapy includes stem cell- and non–stem cell-based, unicellular and multicellular therapies, with different immunophenotypic profiles, isolation techniques, mechanisms of action, and regulatory levels. Following the steps of their predecessor cell therapies that have become established or commercialized, investigational and premarket approval-exempt cell therapies continue to provide patients with promising therapeutic benefits in different disease areas. In this review article, we delineate the vast types of cell therapy, including stem cell-based and non–stem cell-based cell therapies, and create the first-in-literature compilation of the different “multicellular” therapies used in clinical settings. Besides providing the nuts and bolts of FDA policies regulating their use, we discuss the benefits of cell therapies reported in 3 therapeutic areas—regenerative medicine, immune diseases, and cancer. Finally, we contemplate the recent attention shift toward combined therapy approaches, highlighting the factors that render multicellular therapies a more attractive option than their unicellular counterparts.

Therapeutic Aspects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Cell Therapy with a Focus on Human Amniotic Epithelial Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: A Mechanistic Review

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of central nervous system (CNS). The mmune system plays an important role in its pathogenesis. Current treatments are unable to cure patients and prevent the progression of MS lesions. Stem cell-based cell therapy has opened a new window for MS treatment. Stem cells regulate immune responses and improve axonal remyelination. Stem cells can be obtained from different origins such as embryonic, neural, bone marrow, and adipose tissues. But yet there is a challenge for the selection of the best cell source for stem cell therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of stem cell obtained from different origins and have significant immunomodulatory effects on the immune system. The increasing evidence have suggested that umbilical cord and adipose tissue can be a suitable source for isolation of MSCs. Moreover, human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) as novel stem cell origins by having immunoregulatory effects, regenerative effects, and less capacity of antigenicity can be a candidate for MS treatment. This review discussed the mechanistic effects of MSCs with a focus on human amniotic epithelial cells, which can be used to treatment and improvement of outcome in MS disease.

Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Secretome and Its Potential Application in “Stem Cell-Free Therapy”

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) secrete many cytokines, proteins, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles with beneficial outcomes that can be used in regenerative medicine. It has great potential, and the development of new treatment strategies using the ASCs secretome is of global interest. Besides cytokines, proteins, and growth factors, the therapeutic effect of secretome is hidden in non-coding RNAs such as miR-21, miR-24, and miR-26 carried via exosomes secreted by adequate cells. The whole secretome, including ASC-derived exosomes (ASC-exos) has been proven in many studies to have immunomodulatory, proangiogenic, neurotrophic, and epithelization activity and can potentially be used for neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, respiratory, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases as well as wound healing treatment. Due to limitations in the use of stem cells in cell-based therapy, its secretome with emphasis on exosomes seems to be a reasonable and safer alternative with increased effectiveness and fewer side effects. Moreover, the great advantage of cell-free therapy is the possibility of biobanking the ASCs secretome. In this review, we focus on the current state of knowledge on the use of the ASCs secretome in stem cell-free therapy.

Autologous Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Cell Therapies: Promise, Progress, and Challenges.

The promise of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) lies in their ability to serve as a starting material for autologous, or patient-specific, stem cell-based therapies. Since the first publications describing the generation of iPSCs from human tissue in 2007, a Phase I/IIa clinical trial testing an autologous iPSC-derived cell therapy has been initiated in the U.S., and several other autologous iPSC-based therapies have advanced through various stages of development. Three single-patient in-human transplants of autologous iPSC-derived cells have taken place worldwide. None of the patients suffered serious adverse events, despite not undergoing immunosuppression. These promising outcomes support the proposed advantage of an autologous approach: a cell therapy product that can engraft without the risk of immune rejection, eliminating the need for immunosuppression and the associated side effects. Despite this advantage, there are currently more allogeneic than autologous iPSC-based cell therapy products in development due to the cost and complexity of scaling out manufacturing for each patient. In this review, we highlight recent progress toward clinical translation of autologous iPSC-based cell therapies. We also highlight technological advancements that would reduce the cost and complexity of autologous iPSC-based cell therapy production, enabling autologous iPSC-based therapies to become a more commonplace treatment modality for patients. © 2021 The Authors.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Hope in the Treatment of Diseases, including Muscular Dystrophies.

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are laboratory-produced cells that combine the biological advantages of somatic adult and stem cells for cell-based therapy. The reprogramming of cells, such as fibroblasts, to an embryonic stem cell-like state is done by the ectopic expression of transcription factors responsible for generating embryonic stem cell properties. These primary factors are octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct3/4), sex-determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2), Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4), and the proto-oncogene protein homolog of avian myelocytomatosis (c-Myc). The somatic cells can be easily obtained from the patient who will be subjected to cellular therapy and be reprogrammed to acquire the necessary high plasticity of embryonic stem cells. These cells have no ethical limitations involved, as in the case of embryonic stem cells, and display minimal immunological rejection risks after transplant. Currently, several clinical trials are in progress, most of them in phase I or II. Still, some inherent risks, such as chromosomal instability, insertional tumors, and teratoma formation, must be overcome to reach full clinical translation. However, with the clinical trials and extensive basic research studying the biology of these cells, a promising future for human cell-based therapies using iPS cells seems to be increasingly clear and close.

Importance of Stem Cell Migration and Angiogenesis Study for Regenerative Cell-based Therapy: A Review.

Stem cells play an essential role in maintaining homeostasis, as well as participating in new tissue regeneration. Over the past 20 years, a great deal of effort has been made to investigate the behaviour of stem cells to enable their potential use in regenerative medicine. However, a variety of biological characteristics are known to exist among the different types of stem cells due to variations in the methodological approach, formulation of cell culture medium, isolation protocol and cellular niches, as well as species variation. In recent years, cell-based therapy has emerged as one of the advanced techniques applied in both medical and clinical settings. Cell therapies aim to treat and repair the injury sites and replace the loss of tissues by stimulating the repair and regeneration process. In order to enable the use of stem cells in regenerative therapies, further characterisation of cell behaviour, in terms of their proliferation and differentiation capacity, mainly during the quiescent and inductive state is regarded as highly necessary. The central focus of regenerative medicine revolves around the use of human cells, including adult stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells for cell-based therapy. The purpose of this review was to examine the existing body of literature on stem cell research conducted on cellular angiogenesis and migration, to investigate the validity of different strategies and variations of the cell type used. The information gathered within this review may then be shared with fellow researchers to assist in future research work, engaging in stem cell homing for cell-based therapy to enhance wound healing and tissue regeneration process.

Systematic Review of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration.

Background: Symptomatic cartilage lesions and early osteoarthritis produce significant clinical and economic burdens. Cartilage repair can improve the symptoms and delay arthroplasty. The complete healing of damaged cartilage with the consistent reproduction of normal hyaline cartilage has not yet been achieved. The choice of harvesting site might influence the cells' abilities to modulate immunologic and inflammatory responses. Recently, dental pulp has been shown to contain a stem cell niche consisting of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) that maintain their self-renewal capacity due to the active environment in the dental pulp of deciduous teeth. Objective: The aim of this study was to critically review the current literature on the potential and limitations of the use of dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stem cells in cell-based therapies for cartilage regeneration. Methods: An electronic, customized search of scientific articles was conducted using the PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from their inception to December 2018. The inclusion criteria were applied, and the articles that described the use of DPSC in cartilage treatment were selected for complete evaluation. The articles were classified according to the scaffold used, experimental model, chondrogenic differentiation features, defect location, cartilage evaluation, and results. After the application of the eligibility criteria, a total of nine studies were selected and fully analyzed. Results: A variety of animal models were used, including mice, rats, rabbits, and miniature pigs, to evaluate the quality and safety of human DPSCs in the repair of cartilage defects. Among the articles, two studies focused on preclinical models of cartilage tissue engineering. Five studies implanted DPSCs in other animal sites. Conclusion: The use of DPSCs is a potential new stem cell therapy for articular cartilage repair. The preclinical evidence discussed in this article provides a solid foundation for future clinical trials. Impact statement Osteoarthritis presents an ever-increasing clinical and socioeconomic burden. While cartilage repair has the potential to improve symptoms and delay joint replacement, complete regeneration of hyaline cartilage has been an elusive goal. Dental pulp has been shown to contain a niche that protects dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) from the cumulative effects of genetic and environmental factors and maintains their self-renewal capacity due to the active environment. Transplantation and preclinical trials have demonstrated the strong potential of regenerative tissue-engineering protocols using DPSCs.

Human autologous iPSC-derived dopaminergic progenitors restore motor function in Parkinson's disease models.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with loss of striatal dopamine, secondary to degeneration of midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons in the substantia nigra, rendering cell transplantation a promising therapeutic strategy. To establish human induced pluripotent stem cell-based (hiPSC-based) autologous cell therapy, we report a platform of core techniques for the production of mDA progenitors as a safe and effective therapeutic product. First, by combining metabolism-regulating microRNAs with reprogramming factors, we developed a method to more efficiently generate clinical-grade iPSCs, as evidenced by genomic integrity and unbiased pluripotent potential. Second, we established a "spotting"-based in vitro differentiation methodology to generate functional and healthy mDA cells in a scalable manner. Third, we developed a chemical method that safely eliminates undifferentiated cells from the final product. Dopaminergic cells thus express high levels of characteristic mDA markers, produce and secrete dopamine, and exhibit electrophysiological features typical of mDA cells. Transplantation of these cells into rodent models of PD robustly restores motor function and reinnervates host brain, while showing no evidence of tumor formation or redistribution of the implanted cells. We propose that this platform is suitable for the successful implementation of human personalized autologous cell therapy for PD.