Types Of Stem Cells Research Articles

Comparative effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cell versus bone-marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BackgroundThere is no clear evidence on the comparative effectiveness of bone-marrow mononuclear cell (BMMNC) vs. mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) stem cell therapy in patients with chronic heart failure (HF).MethodsUsing a systematic approach, eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of stem cell therapy (BMMNCs or MSCs) in patients with HF were retrieved to perform a meta-analysis on clinical outcomes (major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), hospitalization for HF, and mortality) and echocardiographic indices (including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)) were performed using the random-effects model. A risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were pooled based on the type of the outcome and subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate the potential differences between the types of cells.ResultsThe analysis included a total of 36 RCTs (1549 HF patients receiving stem cells and 1252 patients in the control group). Transplantation of both types of cells in patients with HF resulted in a significant improvement in LVEF (BMMNCs: MD (95% CI) = 3.05 (1.11; 4.99) and MSCs: MD (95% CI) = 2.82 (1.19; 4.45), between-subgroup p = 0.86). Stem cell therapy did not lead to a significant change in the risk of MACE (MD (95% CI) = 0.83 (0.67; 1.06), BMMNCs: RR (95% CI) = 0.59 (0.31; 1.13) and MSCs: RR (95% CI) = 0.91 (0.70; 1.19), between-subgroup p = 0.12). There was a marginally decreased risk of all-cause death (MD (95% CI) = 0.82 (0.68; 0.99)) and rehospitalization (MD (95% CI) = 0.77 (0.61; 0.98)) with no difference among the cell types (p > 0.05).ConclusionBoth types of stem cells are effective in improving LVEF in patients with heart failure without any noticeable difference between the cells. Transplantation of the stem cells could not decrease the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events compared with controls. Future trials should primarily focus on the impact of stem cell transplantation on clinical outcomes of HF patients to verify or refute the findings of this study.

Simplifying Stem Cell Therapy for IRs: Exploring New Horizons in Interventional Radiology and Cell Therapy

AbstractThe effective treatment of various diseases requires not only medications but also precise delivery methods to the body and specific organs. In this regard, radiology plays a crucial role, acting as the eyes of physicians. In contrast, interventional radiology serves as its hands, acting as one of the most effective drug delivery systems. Among interventional radiology disciplines, arterial drug delivery through arteries holds paramount importance as organs primarily receive nourishment directly from them. Furthermore, regenerative medicine is a burgeoning field dedicated to repairing diverse body tissues without relying on pharmaceutical drugs. Stem cells, inherent in various parts of our bodies, are vital for tissue regeneration and reconstruction. Depending on the treatment approach, stem cells can be sourced from the patient's body (autologous) or another individual (allogeneic). There exist various types of stem cells across species, with regenerative properties observed in animals and even plants. However, targeted cell therapy is preferred over systematic injections throughout the body for better efficacy. This article aims to familiarize interventionalists with stem cells and provide them with a clear and helpful explanation of their functions, mechanisms of action, different sources, and other relevant aspects. This will help them select the most appropriate cells for their therapeutic purposes. By comprehensively understanding the significance of stem cells in interventional radiology, we can implement optimal methodologies to address diverse medical conditions efficiently.

Revolutionizing medicine practice using stem cells in healthcare: review article

Abstract This review delves into the transformative potential of stem cells in healthcare, particularly within regenerative medicine. With their unique ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types, stem cells offer groundbreaking possibilities for treating various medical conditions. The review begins by thoroughly exploring different types of stem cells, from totipotent to pluripotent, highlighting their specific capabilities. This foundational understanding sets the stage for examining the therapeutic potential of stem cells. A key focus is the practical application of stem cell-based therapies, particularly in treating conditions like epidermolysis bullosa and macular degeneration. These examples showcase how stem cell research translates into real-world treatments, helping individuals with debilitating illnesses regain functionality and improve their quality of life. The review further emphasizes advancements in clinical trials, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases and spinal cord injuries, demonstrating significant progress in these fields. Additionally, the importance of stem cell banking is underscored as an essential resource for future regenerative medicine, offering a readily available source of cells for personalized treatments. Integrating stem cell research into therapeutic applications represents a revolutionary leap in modern medicine, potentially disrupting traditional treatment paradigms and providing new hope for previously incurable diseases.

Regenerative mechanisms of stem cells and their clinical applications for degenerative eye diseases

There are different types of treatment for eye diseases. Although the majority of eye diseases are curable with primary treatments and surgery, some of degenerative eye damages need regeneration that is not gained by conventional procedures. Stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigmented epithelium, and inducible pluripotent stem cells, are now considered one of the most important and safe methods for regeneration of various damaged tissues or organs. However, how will stem cell therapy contribute to regeneration and overcome degenerative eye diseases? This review discusses the regenerative mechanisms, clinical applications, and advantages of different types of stem cells for restoring degenerative eye diseases.

Characterization of cord blood immune and stem cells from Vietnamese infants

Cord blood has emerged as a valuable and versatile resource, holding within its grasp a myriad of immune and stem cell types with immense therapeutic potential. Moreover, immune profiling in cord blood, a burgeoning field of research, offers profound insight into the early immune development of newborns, paving the way for understanding immune health, disease susceptibility, and therapeutic interventions. Therefore, in this research, we aimed to characterize the diverse immune and stem cell types present in the cord blood of Vietnamese infants. In this study, a total of 59 cord blood samples were examined for immune cell populations. Cell populations were identified using flow cytometry based on the expression of specific markers on the cell surface. The results showed that the CD3+/CD4+ population accounted for the greatest proportion of lymphocytes (46.71 ± 8.99%), followed by the CD3+/CD8+ population (22.58 ± 6.73%). The mature B-cell population (CD3-/CD19+) accounted for 9.52 ± 3.28%, while CD3+/CD19+ cells accounted for an average of 8.59 ± 5.77%. Moreover, the NK population (CD3-/CD56+ cells) accounted for 6.44 ± 4.9%, T lymphocytes carrying both CD4 and CD8 markers (CD3+/CD4+/CD8+) accounted for 0.63 ± 0.41%, and NKT cells (CD3+/CD56+) accounted for only 0.30 ± 0.53%. Moreover, the number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) tends to increase in umbilical cord blood units with a high volume and number of TNCs and MNCs. In contrast, the number of HSCs was negatively correlated with the ratio of B lymphocytes. The TCD4 ratio was positively correlated with the number of HSCs but negatively correlated with the NK ratio (p = 0.01). The study initially characterized the diversity of some stem and immune cell types present in the umbilical cord blood of Vietnamese infants. These findings laid the groundwork for developing novel immune profiles and expanding the potential applications of umbilical cord blood in cellular therapy.

On the possibility of using cell technologies in surgical practice

Cell therapy is one of the promising areas of modern medicine. This field has become widespread in many medical specialties, but over the past few years, cell therapy has been attracting more and more attention from specialists in the surgical field. Special attention is paid to therapy based on the use of stem cells, which is explained by their ability to self-renew and differentiate. Due to their properties, stem cells directly act in the wound site, triggering tissue regeneration mechanisms, and some types of stem cells suppress inflammation processes. In surgical practice, the following stem cells are used to correct skin defects and treat wounds: mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Each type of cell has its own advantages and is used in different directions. Many studies indicate the prospects of using cellular technologies in the treatment of diseases and wounds of various etiologies.

Donor Muse Cell Treatment Without HLA-Matching Tests and Immunosuppressant Treatment.

The strength of stem cell therapy is the regeneration of tissues by synergistic pleiotropic effects. Among many stem cell types, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that are comprised of heterogenous population are widely used for clinical applications with the expectation of pleiotropic bystander effects. Muse cells are pluripotent-like/macrophage-like stem cells distributed in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and organ connective tissues as cells positive for the pluripotent surface marker stage-specific-embryonic antigen -3. Muse cells comprise ~1% to several percent of MSCs. While Muse cells and MSCs share several characteristics, such as mesenchymal surface marker expression and their bystander effects, Muse cells exhibit unique characteristics not observed in MSCs. These unique characteristics of Muse cells include selective homing to damaged tissue after intravenous injection rather than being trapped in the lung like MSCs, replacement of a wide range of damaged/apoptotic cells by differentiation through phagocytosis, and long-lasting immunotolerance for donor cell use. In this review, we focus on the basic properties of Muse cells clarified through preclinical studies and clinical trials conducted by intravenous injection of donor-Muse cells without HLA-matching tests or immunosuppressant treatment. MSCs are considered to differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic cells, whereas the range of their differentiation has long been debated. Muse cells may provide clues to the wide-ranging differentiation potential of MSCs that are observed with low frequency. Furthermore, the utilization of Muse cells may provide a novel strategy for clinical treatment.

Non-coding RNAs Function in Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells.

Non-coding RNA has many types which has rich functions and plays an important role in the study of basic molecular mechanisms. Many non-coding RNA have important implications for pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells. It has been found to affect the self-renewal and osteogenesis of many types of stem cells. They have also been found to regulate stem cell proliferation and induct bone differentiation. Periodontal ligament stem cells are essential for the regeneration of periodontal tissue. In recent years, in the field of stomatology, studies have found that many non-coding RNA also have significant regulatory effects on the proliferation and differentiation of periodontal stem cells and may become potential therapeutic targets for many common periodontal diseases such as periodontitis, bone/tooth/soft tissue loss and orthodontic treatment. Therefore, we summarized the current research status of non-coding RNA in the field of molecular mechanism of periodontal ligament stem cells and prospected its future progress.

Novel therapeutic activities of dragon blood from palm tree Daemonorops draco for the treatment of chronic diabetic wounds

BackgroundThe clinical efficacy of Jinchuang Ointment, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), in treating chronic non-healing diabetic wounds has been demonstrated over the past decades. Both in vitro and in vivo angiogenic activities have been reported for its herbal ingredients, including dragon blood from the palm tree Daemonorops draco and catechu from Uncaria gambir Roxb. Additionally, crude extracts of dragon blood have exhibited hypoglycemic effects not only in animal studies but also in cell-based in vitro assays.ResultsOur findings indicate that crude dragon blood extract promotes the differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes. Partially purified fractions of dragon blood crude extract significantly enhance the expression of muscle cell differentiation-related genes such as myoG, myoD, and myoHC. Our results also demonstrate that crude extracts of dragon blood can inhibit platelet-derived growth factor-induced PAI-1 expression in primary rat vascular smooth muscle cells, thereby favoring changes in hemostasis towards fibrinolysis. Consistent with previous reports, reduced expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) accelerates wound healing. However, further separation resulted in a significant loss of both activities, indicating the involvement of more than one compound in these processes. Stem cells play a crucial role in muscle injury repair. Neither dragon blood nor catechu alone stimulated the proliferation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)-immortalized and umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. Interestingly, the proliferation of both types of stem cells was observed when crude extracts of dragon blood and catechu were present together in the stem cell growth medium.ConclusionsDragon blood from D. draco offers multifaceted therapeutic benefits for treating chronic nonhealing diabetic wounds from various perspectives. Most drugs in Western medicine consist of small molecules with defined ingredients. However, this is not the case in TCM, as the activities of dragon blood reported in this study. Surprisingly, the activities documented here align with descriptions in ancient Chinese medical texts dating back to A.D. 1625.

Superoxide dismutase 1-modified dental pulp stem cells alleviate high-altitude pulmonary edema by inhibiting oxidative stress through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a deadly form of altitude sickness, and there is no effective treatment for HAPE. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are a type of mesenchymal stem cell isolated from dental pulp tissues and possess various functions, such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress. DPSCs have been used to treat a variety of diseases, but there are no studies on treating HAPE. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to acute low-pressure hypoxia to establish theHAPE model, and SOD1-modified DPSCs (DPSCsHiSOD1) were administered through thetail vein. Pulmonary arterial pressure, lung water content (LWC), total lung protein content of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung homogenates, oxidative stress, and inflammatory indicators were detected to evaluate the effects of DPSCsHiSOD1 on HAPE. Rat type II alveolar epithelial cells (RLE-6TN) were used to investigate the effects and mechanism of DPSCsHiSOD1 on hypoxia injury. We found that DPSCs could treat HAPE, and the effect was better than that of dexamethasone treatment. SOD1 modification could enhance the function of DPSCs in improving the structure of lung tissue, decreasing pulmonary arterial pressure and LWC, and reducing the total lung protein content of BALF and lung homogenates, through anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, we found that DPSCsHiSOD1 could protect RLE-6TN from hypoxic injury by reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Our findings confirm that SOD1 modification could enhance the anti-oxidative stress ability of DPSCs through the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway. DPSCs, especially DPSCsHiSOD1, could be a potential treatment for HAPE. Schematic diagram of the antioxidant stress mechanism of DPSCs in the treatment of high-altitude pulmonary edema. DPSCs can alleviate oxidative stress by releasing superoxide dismutase 1, thereby reducing ROS production and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway to ameliorate lung cell injury in HAPE.

Comparative Evaluation of the Differentiation and Proliferation Potential of Dental Pulp Stem Cells on Hydroxyapatite/Beta-Tricalcium Bone Graft and Bovine Bone Graft: An In Vitro Study.

Stem cells of mesenchymal origin have good proliferative capacity when compared to other stem cell types. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are a variety of mesenchymal cells obtained from the pulpal tissue of teeth and are abundantly available and easy to obtain. DPSCs facilitate and improve the formation of new bone using different bone graft scaffolds. This present study aims to evaluate and compare the osteogenic potential of DPSCs on alloplastic and xenogeneic bone grafts. Hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium bone graft and bovine bone graft were used in a triplicate manner in the laboratory. DPSCs were obtained from the pulpal tissue of extracted third molars in the laboratory. The cytotoxicity, osteogenic potential, and difference in the rate of proliferation of mesenchymal cells on the biomaterials were assessed. Darker purple staining was seen in the case of hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium bone graft on MTT colorimetric assay stating that there was an increase in cell viability in hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium bone graft as compared to the bovine bone graft. Hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium bone graft showed more osteogenic potential as compared to the bovine bone graft as a higher degree of red staining was seen in Alizarin staining. Higher cell viability and higher osteogenic proliferation and differentiation were seen on the hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium bone graft compared to the bovine bone scaffold.

Azoxymethane-induced carcinogenesis-like model of mouse intestine and mouse embryonic stem cell-derived intestinal organoids.

Tumor modeling using organoids holds potential in studies of cancer development, enlightening both the intracellular and extracellular molecular mechanisms behind different cancer types, biobanking, and drug screening. Intestinal organoids can be generated in vitro using a unique type of adult stem cells which are found at the base of crypts and are characterized by their high Lgr5 expression levels. In this study, we successfully established intestinal cancer organoid models by using both the BALB/c derived and mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs)-derived intestinal organoids. In both cases, carcinogenesis-like model was developed by using azoxymethane (AOM) treatment. Carcinogenesis-like model was verified by H&E staining, immunostaining, relative mRNA expression analysis, and LC/MS analysis. The morphologic analysis demonstrated that the number of generated organoids, the number of crypts, and the intensity of the organoids were significantly augmented in AOM-treated intestinal organoids compared to non-AOM-treated ones. Relative mRNA expression data revealed that there was a significant increase in both Wnt signaling pathway-related genes and pluripotency transcription factors in the AOM-induced intestinal organoids. We successfully developed simple carcinogenesis-like models using mESC-based and Lgr5 + stem cell-based intestinal organoids. Intestinal organoid based carcinogenesi models might be used for personalized cancer therapy in the future.

Biocompatible 3D-Printed Devices With Adipose Stem Cells in the Regenerative Process of Sciatic Nerve Lesions in Rodent Models: An Experimental Study.

Peripheral nerve injuries are a significant clinical challenge. The rat sciatic nerve serves as an ideal model for studying nerve regeneration. Extensive research has been conducted to unravel the intricate mechanisms involved in peripheral nerve regeneration, aiming to develop effective therapeutic strategies for nerve injury patients. Research including different types of materials that can be used as nerve guides like synthetic polymershave been investigated for their biocompatibility and molding properties. Among multiple stem cell types, adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have shown neuroprotective and regenerative important properties. The purposes of our study were to develop a protocol for rat sciatic nerve injury treated with 3D-printed guide and adipose stem cells to investigate nerve regeneration through histologic examination and biomechanical characteristics of muscular tissue. We use 20 (100%) male Wistar rats, measuring between 350 g ± 35 g, whounderwent complete transection of the right sciatic nerve, resulting in a 1 cm defect. The group was separated into three subgroups: the first subgroup (n = 8) was treated with a 3D-printed guide with adiposestem cells, the second subgroup (n = 8) was treated with a 3D-printed guide without adiposestem cells, and the third subgroup (n = 4) was the control group. At four, eight, and 12 weeks, we measured with ultrasonography the grade of muscular atrophy. At 12 weeks, we harvested the sciatic nerve and performed a histological examination and mechanical investigation of the tibialis anterior muscle. On the examined specimen of the first subgroup, cross-sectioned nerve structures were present, surrounded by a mature fibro-adipose connective tissue, with blood vessels. In the second subgroup, no nerve structure was observed on the examined sections, but in the polymorphic inflammatory infiltrate and control group, no signs of regeneration were found. The present study shows a promising potential when utilizing adipose stem cell-based therapies for promoting peripheral nerve regeneration following large (>1 cm) nerve defects knowing that at this size, regeneration is impossible with known treatments.

Technique for Isolation and Culture of Rat Jaw Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are a type of stem cell with multi-directional differentiation potential. Compared with BMMSCs derived from appendicular bones, BMMSCs derived from the jaw have greater proliferative and osteogenic differentiation ability, gradually becoming important seed cells for jaw defect repair. However, the mandible has a complex bony structure and less cancellous content than appendicular bones. It is difficult to acquire a large number of high-quality jaw-derived marrow mesenchymal stem cells using traditional methods. This study presents a 'niche-based approach on stemness' for isolating and culturing rat jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (JBMMSCs). Primary rat JBMMSCs were isolated and cultured using the whole bone marrow adherent method combined with the bone slice digestion method. The isolated cells were identified as JBMMSCs through cell morphology observation, detection of cell surface markers, and multi-directional differentiation induction. The cells extracted by this method exhibit a 'fibroblast-like' spindle shape. The cells are long, spindle-shaped and fibroblast-like. The flow cytometry analysis shows these cells are positive for CD29, CD44, and CD90 but negative for CD11b/c, CD34, and CD45, which is congruent with BMMSCs characteristics. The cells show strong proliferation capacity and can undergo osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation. This study provides an effective and stable method for obtaining enough high-quality JBMMSCs with strong differentiation ability in a short time, which could facilitate further studies of the exploration of biological function, regenerative medicine, and related clinical applications.

Stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration: key points

Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of disability and mortality among the working population, necessitating the development and implementation of new, more effective treatment and rehabilitation methods for such patients, including the use of modern cellular and tissue technologies. In this review, an analysis and summary of research results over the past decades regarding the effectiveness of various types of stem cells in heart pathology were conducted. Priority directions include the search for more accessible and safe sources of stem cells, the development of new effective methods for their cultivation, and the use of scaffolds for transplantation. Given the pathogenetic mechanisms of cardiovascular pathology and myocardial regeneration, particular interest for clinical application is drawn to tissue-specific progenitors from the myocardium for replacing injured cardiomyocytes, endothelial progenitors for correcting accompanying endothelial dysfunction, and multipotent mesenchymal cells of various origins with low immunogenicity that exhibit trophic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Questions regarding the optimal method, dose, and frequency of stem cell administration, as well as the standardization of criteria for their quality and effectiveness, remain open. Additionally, the combined use of different types of stem cells may serve as a new priority strategy in assessing the effectiveness and safety of cell therapy, especially considering the paradigm of repeated transplantation. The successful translation of obtained preclinical results into further large, well-planned, placebo-controlled clinical trials will enhance the safety and effectiveness of cell therapy for cardiovascular diseases, which is one of the current challenges of modern regenerative medicine.

Exploring extramedullary hematopoiesis: unraveling the hematopoietic microenvironments

Hematopoiesis is a process by which all blood cells are formed. The mechanisms controlling it have been studied for decades. Surprisingly, while hematopoietic stem cells are among the most extensively studied stem cell types, the complete understanding of how they are regulated during development, adulthood, or in non-homeostatic conditions remains elusive. In this review, our primary focus is on research findings that explore where hematopoietic precursors are found in adults outside their primary niches in the bone marrow. This phenomenon is termed extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH). Early in development hematopoietic stem cells migrate through different regions within and outside the embryo and later the fetus. Although, the primary home for hematopoietic progenitors is the adult bone marrow, it is now recognized that other adult organs may act as hematopoietic progenitor reservoirs both in mice and humans. The first reports about this topic were principally originated from clinical observations, in cases where the bone marrow was malfunctioning, leading to an aberrant hematopoiesis outside the bone marrow. It is worth highlighting that those extramedullary organs, like the small intestine or fat tissue, contain subsets of fully functioning hematopoietic progenitors demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo studies. Nonetheless, there are still some unanswered questions regarding the source of these cells, how they differ in function compared to their counterparts in the bone marrow, and the specific roles they play within the tissues where they are located.

Therapeutic potential of urine-derived stem cells in renal regeneration following acute kidney injury: A comparative analysis with mesenchymal stem cells.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical syndrome with high morbidity and mortality rates. The use of pluripotent stem cells holds great promise for the treatment of AKI. Urine-derived stem cells (USCs) are a novel and versatile cell source in cell-based therapy and regenerative medicine that provide advantages of a noninvasive, simple, and low-cost approach and are induced with high multidifferentiation potential. Whether these cells could serve as a potential stem cell source for the treatment of AKI has not been determined. To investigate whether USCs can serve as a potential stem cell source to improve renal function and histological structure after experimental AKI. Stem cell markers with multidifferentiation potential were isolated from human amniotic fluid. AKI severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice models were induced by means of an intramuscular injection with glycerol. USCs isolated from human-voided urine were administered via tail veins. The functional changes in the kidney were assessed by the levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. The histologic changes were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining and transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining. Meanwhile, we compared the regenerative potential of USCs with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Treatment with USCs significantly alleviated histological destruction and functional decline. The renal function was rapidly restored after intravenous injection of 5 × 105 human USCs into SCID mice with glycerol-induced AKI compared with injection of saline. Results from secretion assays conducted in vitro demonstrated that both stem cell varieties released a wide array of cytokines and growth factors. This suggests that a mixture of various mediators closely interacts with their biochemical functions. Two types of stem cells showed enhanced tubular cell proliferation and decreased tubular cell apoptosis, although USC treatment was not more effective than MSC treatment. We found that USC therapy significantly improved renal function and histological damage, inhibited inflammation and apoptosis processes in the kidney, and promoted tubular epithelial proliferation. Our study demonstrated the potential of USCs for the treatment of AKI, representing a new clinical therapeutic strategy.

The Role of Stem Cell Therapies in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Cellular replacement therapy and genetic transfer in injured brains provide new pathways for treating human neurological illnesses. Current progress in the field focuses on the production of neurons and glial cells from many types of stem cells, such as embryonic, induced pluripotent, mesenchymal, and neural stem cells. This has led to a significant increase in research on brain transplantation treatments. Extended neurodegeneration results in the progressive decline of certain neuronal subtypes or whole neuronal cells. An analysis of the progress made in induced pluripotent and mesenchymal stem cells reveals their significant promise in disease modeling, regeneration, and medication screening. The requirement for stem cells in neurodegenerative disease studies has been crucial in recent years. Stem cells provide the potential for replacing impaired neurons, comprehending disease needs modeling, and creating efficient treatments, but they have many challenges in culturing and acceptability to the host immune cells. The need to use their potential in discovering novel therapies for diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis leads to promising therapy. This review examines the function of stem cells in the pathogenesis and treatment of Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. This review further examines hurdles such as immunological reactions and delivery systems intending to overcome these problems. This article offers a detailed viewpoint on the use of stem cell-based nanotherapies as revolutionary treatments for various neurological illnesses.

The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Secretome in Regeneration of Thyroid Tissue Damage after Thyroid Lobectomy: A Literature Review

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) are a type of stem cell that is multipotent and originates from the mesoderm and ectoderm at an early stage of development and can differentiate into: 1. Ectodermal derivatives such as: neurons, keratocytes and keratinocytes; 2. Endodermal derivatives such as: hepatocytes and pancreatic β cells. MSCs were first discovered in the bone marrow, but in recent research they have been found in many other body tissues, such as the lungs, pancreas, liver, adipose tissue, synovial tissue, muscles, bones, amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood. MSCs vary in content, accessibility, proliferation ability, immunomodulatory capacity, and the cytokines they secrete, and have different therapeutic potential based on different sources. Recent evidences showed that even the secreted factor including secretome, microvesicles, or exosomes alone without the cell may repair damaged tissue in various conditions. In this review, we summarize the latest research which aims to provide an overview of the influence of the mesenchymal stem cells secretome in regenerating damaged follicular thyroid tissue after thyroid lobectomy, so that in the future research can be carried out on this matter to minimize complications after thyroid lobectomy, can even regenerate follicular thyroid tissue, and can be an option treatment to help overcome the current challenges of hormone replacement therapy.

Autoimmune CD8+ T cells in type 1 diabetes: from single-cell RNA sequencing to T-cell receptor redirection.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease caused by pancreatic β cell destruction and mediated primarily by autoreactive CD8+ T cells. It has been shown that only a small number of stem cell-like β cell-specific CD8+ T cells are needed to convert normal mice into T1D mice; thus, it is likely that T1D can be cured or significantly improved by modulating or altering self-reactive CD8+ T cells. However, stem cell-type, effector and exhausted CD8+ T cells play intricate and important roles in T1D. The highly diverse T-cell receptors (TCRs) also make precise and stable targeted therapy more difficult. Therefore, this review will investigate the mechanisms of autoimmune CD8+ T cells and TCRs in T1D, as well as the related single-cell RNA sequencing (ScRNA-Seq), CRISPR/Cas9, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) and T-cell receptor-gene engineered T cells (TCR-T), for a detailed and clear overview. This review highlights that targeting CD8+ T cells and their TCRs may be a potential strategy for predicting or treating T1D.