Basal Stem Diameter Research Articles

<b>Optimizing row spacing and plant population arrangement for a new short-height castor genotype in fall-winter

Plant population and arrangement should be properly designed to maximize the seed yield of short-height genotypes of castor ( Ricinus communis L.) in each cropping season. Experiments were performed in the in the fall-winter cropping season of 2008 and 2009 in Botucatu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, to evaluate the effects of row spacing (0.45, 0.60, 0.75, and 0.90 m) and plant population (25,000, 40,000, 55,000, and 70,000 plants ha -1 ) on agronomical traits, yield components, seed yield, and oil yield of the genotype FCA-PB. A high plant density caused a reduction in plant survival and increased the first raceme insertion height, particularly in the year with the higher rainfall. The basal stem diameter, number of racemes per plant, and seeds per raceme were reduced by increasing the plant density. However, the seed and oil yields were minimally influenced by plant population density and row spacing because the castor plant compensated for a low plant population with a high number of racemes and seeds. The maximum seed yield was achieved with an estimated 0.64 m of row spacing and 50,107 plants ha -1 (i.e., 3.2 plants m -1 ).

Corn production for silage intercropped with forage in the farming-cattle breeding integration

Corn cropping for silage, due to the plant material exportation, intercropping with forage provides greater ground cover and straw formation for the Direct Planting System (DPS) continuity. The objective of this study was to evaluate corn production for silage in DPS intercropped with four forages (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, U. ruziziensis cv. Ruziziensis, Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia and P. maximum cv. Áries). We applied three sowing methods (in row together with corn fertilizer; by no-till sowing simultaneously to corn sowing and at V4 corn stage) and corn without intercropping. The experiment was conducted in autumn/ winter of 2010, in Selvíria - MS, in a randomized block design in factorial arrangement (4 x 3 + 1) and 4 replications. For corn, we evaluated plant height, basal stem diameter, initial and final stand and silage production and for forage dry matter production. Morphological characteristics and corn yield were not affected by intercropping when compared to sole corn crop. Forage dry matter production sown in corn row with fertilizer is a highlight, which in addition to providing greater productivity, harnesses the operation during sowing.

Tree architecture varies with forest succession in evergreen broad-leaved forests in Eastern China

Vertical and temporal patterns of tree architecture and their relationship with woody plant crown exposure index varied with succession in evergreen broad-leaved forests in eastern China. Linking temporal pattern of tree architecture with changing light conditions through forest succession is important for understanding plant adaptive strategies. We determined vertical (canopy, sub-canopy, and understory species) and temporal (pioneer, mid-successional, and climax species) patterns of tree height, stem basal area, crown area and depth, leaf coverage, leaf convergence (clumped vs. dispersed leaves) and stretch direction of branches (vertical, leaned and horizontal branches) and their relationship with crown exposure index (CEI) for woody plants among three successional series in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in eastern China. The series included three stages: secondary shrub (early-), young (mid-) and climax forests (late-successional stage). Tree height, crown area and depth, stem basal diameter and leaf coverage were the greatest in canopy trees, intermediate in sub-canopy trees, and the smallest in understory plants among the three successional stages; the above parameters and the proportions of dispersed leaves and leaned branches were climax > mid-successional > pioneer species. In contrast, the proportions of clumped leaves and vertical branches were pioneer > mid-successional > climax species. Between canopy and understory species, the patterns of branch stretch direction and leaf convergence were not consistent among the three successional stages. Tree height, crown area and depth, leaf coverage, and stem basal diameter were positively correlated with CEI for both vertically different species and successional species. Tree architectural traits were interactively affected by forest age and CEI (p < 0.01). In conclusion, tree architecture varies with changes in both forest vertical structure and successional status. The large variability of tree architectural traits in relation to CEI and forest age reflects a strong control of light availability that affects biomass allocation strategies of trees. Our study demonstrated that light induced shift in tree architecture may result in species coexistence through divergence of vertical space, as well as species replacement through forest succession.

English

Nine improved varieties of groundnut developed at the Institute of Agricultural Research, Samaru and one locally cultivated variety were evaluated for their breeding potentials in the Guinea Savannah agro-ecological zone. Considerable variability was observed for basal stem diameter, biological yield, days to first and 50% flowering, plant height, number of leaves/plant, branches/plant and100-seed weight, showing a wide scope for improvement through selection. Coefficient of variation at phenotypic and genotypic levels were close in magnitude for number of branches/plant, plant height, days to first flowering and grain yield suggesting the presence of additive gene effects. High heritability estimates coupled with genetic advance were noted for number of branches/plant, plant height, days to first flowering and grain yield. Correlation studies revealed that grain yield correlated positively with all except the phenological traits. The path analysis implicated biological yield, failed pegs/plant, number of leaves/plant, and basal stem diameter as having substantial influence on grain yield in groundnut. Thus, selection of breeding lines based on the biological yield, failed pegs, number of leaves/plant and basal stem diameter could give a better scope for maximum grain yield in groundnut. Considering the grain yield, four of the varieties, ICIAR, SAM NUT 22, SAM NUT 23, SAM NUT 21 and SAM NUT 11 were identified as promising in Makurdi environment. &nbsp; Key words: Grain yield, Arachis hypogaea L., morphological traits, genetic advance.

Allometric relationships in coppice biomass production for two North American willows (Salix spp.) across three different sites

Biomass yield and component coppice growth traits were assessed for two native North American willow species, Salix discolor (DIS) and Salix eriocephala (ERI), established together in clonally replicated common garden field tests on three sites of differing quality but similar climates. These willows are widely distributed across eastern and central Canada and were selected for use in biomass production plantations. There was no species effect on the average stem length–diameter relationship, but there was a strong site effect. Increased number of stems within a plant decreases average stem diameter but not average stem length. Yield is positively related to site quality and number of stems per plant but also to the interaction between species and number of stems per plant. Allometric relationships between stem basal diameter, stem length, number of stems per plant, and biomass yield (tha−1) clearly reflected site quality differences and could be used in the same way that stem height at a specific age has been used for single stemmed trees to define site quality (site index) in forest timber production. Plant stem length and basal stem diameter measurements on up to 20 stems per plant indicated that measurements based on the average of the three longest stems per plant had the strongest relationship to biomass yield (R2=0.813) and that the average stem diameter of the three largest stems had the strongest relationship to biomass yield (R2=0.781).

Influência da cobertura do solo e doses de nitrogênio na cultura do milho safrinha

The use of cover crops along with the nitrogen application in no-tillage system, besides being essential for the conservation of soil, can also assist in nutrient availability to succeeding crops. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three different ground cover plants and four levels of nitrogen fertilization on winter maize under no-tillage system. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Center of Agricultural Sciences of the Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados-MS. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks in a 3x4 factorial design, with three ground covers (velvet bean, an area under fallow with ‘camalote’ grass and another with sunn hemp) and four levels of nitrogen (0. 40. 80 and 120 kg ha-1), with four replications. The plant height and ear height, stem diameter, the diameter and length of ears, weight of hundred grains and productivity of winter corn were evaluated. Soil cover influenced the basal stem diameter and grain yield of maize. The increment of nitrogen favored the vast majority of yield components of corn. The use of hedges such as velvet bean and grass camelote and nitrogen increased the grain yield of maize.

Diferentes Substratos para a Produção de Mudas de Sesbania virgata

The native seedlings production aims to attend plantings, mainly for environmental purposes, such as the recovery of degraded areas. To enhance the knowledge about species with potential for recovery of degraded areas, this study aimed to evaluate the use of different substrates on the growth of seedlings of Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. The treatments were formulated using sewage sludge, coconut fiber, vermiculite and rice husk in natura, besides the commercial substrate. The seedlings were grown in plastic tubes with a capacity of 120 cm3. The study consisted of fourteen treatments, with five replicates of five seedlings each, in a total of 25 plants per treatment. After 150 days of sowing, the following characteristics were evaluated in seedling: height, stem base diameter, the relation between height and the stem base diameter, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total dry matter, the relation between the shoot dry matter and root dry matter and Dickson quality index. The treatments containing sewage sludge and vermiculite in its composition, particularly the treatment T6 (60% sewage sludge + 40% vermiculite), provided the best growth of morphological characteristics of seedlings of Sesbania virgata.

Structural attributes, tree-ring growth and climate sensitivity of Pinus nigra Arn. at high altitude: common patterns of a possible treeline shift in the central Apennines (Italy)

European black pine (Pinus nigra ssp. nigra Arnold) encroachment at increasing elevation has been analyzed at four treeline ecotones of the central Apennines (Italy). The study sites are located along a North-South gradient of 170km across Marche and Abruzzo regions in Central Italy. The aims of this study were: (i) to detect possible common patterns of structural attributes of black pine regeneration at the treeline ecotone; (ii) to date the seedlings germination and (iii) to assess the climate influence on the pine upward encroachment process also using intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs) in tree-rings. We sampled 658 encroached black pine trees above the current treeline to the mountain top. All individuals were mapped and their basal stem diameter, total height, annual height increments and other structural attributes measured. One increment core was extracted from stem base of most samples for cambial age determination and detection of intra-annual density fluctuations (IADF). At two sites we also extracted cores at DBH from forest trees to assess climate–growth relationships of black pine. We used multivariate analysis (PCA) to explore the correlation structure of the main tree attributes, regression analysis to relate radial and height increment and dendroclimatic analysis to assess the influence of climate on tree growth and IADF formation.Most black pine trees were located at high altitude and their structural attributes were similar at the four sites where the pine encroachment process started between 30 and 40 years ago featuring similar germination peaks and growth patterns. Black pine is particularly sensitive to maximum temperatures and IADF occurred in mid-late summer with highest frequency peaks between 2003 and 2004. The pine encroachment process, besides the differences of environmental features and land use histories of the four study sites, appears synchronic and spatially diffused. Consistent tree-growth dynamics and the species adaptation to a warming climate are signals envisaging a possible treeline upward shift.

Responses of soybean lodging and lodging-related traits to potassium under shading by maize in relay strip intercropping system

The relay strip intercropping system of maize-soybean is dominant in southwest China. Compared to monoculture, the productivity of soybean is unstable in this system, since soybean seedling grow under shading by maize, which beget elongated plants and prone to lodging. Therefore, a 3-year study was conducted to determine the influence of K on lodging and lodging-related traits of soybean, and to identify the key traits associated with lodging resistance in relay strip intercropping system in Sichuan Province, China during 2008-2010. The results showed that K application significantly affected basal stem diameter, stem breaking strength, total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration, concentration of K and lignin, while differences in plant height and weight of basal internode were not significantly. The K-fertilized treatments had higher seed yield and seed ratio than treatment without K application. The lodging had significantly negative correlation with grain yield, seed ratio, basal stem diameter, weight of basal internode, stem breaking strength, concentration of lignin and K, but no correlation was observed between lodging and TNC in both pot and field trial. The plant height was positively correlated with lodging only in field trial. Thus, these results suggested that K application could alter the lodging-related traits in soybean for greater lodging resistance, and it may be worthwhile to focus on basal stem diameter, stem breaking strength, and lignin concentration.

Evaluation of Copper Bioaccumulation and Translocation in Jatropha curcas Grown in a Contaminated Soil

Contamination of soils with copper (Cu) has become a serious problem in the environment. Phytoremediation is an emerging green technology that uses green plants to remediate heavy metal contaminated areas. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of Jatropha curcas for remediation of soils contaminated with Cu. Seedlings were planted in soils spiked with Cu in amount of 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg kg–1 (Cu0, Cu50,Cu100,Cu200,Cu300, and Cu400) for a period of five months. The maximum height and number of leaves were recorded in control (Cu0) whereas the highest basal stem diameter was found in seedlings exposed to Cu50. Copper concentrations among plant parts were in the following trend: roots > stems > leaves. The highest total Cu concentration (665 ± 1 mg kg−1) and total Cu removal (1.2 ± 0.2%) based on total plant dry biomass were found in Cu400 and Cu50 treatments, respectively. J. curcas exhibited high root concentration factor (RCF > 1) and low translocation factor (TF < 1). Although Cu accumulation by the plant didn't reach the criteria of Cu hyperaccumulators, this species showed a potential to be used in phytostabilization of mildly Cu contaminated areas. However, the plant cannot be used for phytoextraction of Cu-contaminated soils.

Using carbon economics of tree height to estimate evolutionary timing of cold tolerance in conifers

Modern conifer species express many cold tolerant traits that allow for their persistence and dominance in ecosystems at high latitudes. The evolution of these traits is believed to have occurred at some point after the Cretaceous, but there exist no studies that support this hypothesis. Understanding when frost tolerance evolved within the conifer lineage is imperative as the presence of this flora is often used as a palaeoclimatic indicator under the nearest living relative (NLR) method. A trade-off relationship between tree height and cold stress tolerance is indicated for modern-day conifer species, providing clues as to what would have occurred physiologically and structurally to conifers upon the evolution of these traits. To approximate the evolutionary timing of frost tolerance, conifer basal stem diameters were obtained, from the Triassic to present day, and used to predict tree height measures using allometric equations. The plotting of tree height through time and statistical analyses suggest a significant decline of 11.31m between the Cenozoic and Mesozoic, and height similarities within the Cenozoic and Mesozoic. This decline suggests carbon resource reallocation from tree height to frost tolerance which is further supported using genetic data, during the Cenozoic Mesozoic boundary. However, since there is only minimal research on the phylogeny of frost tolerance in conifers, we are unable to refine our estimate any further. Our overall goal was to incite collaborative research to address this critical evolutionary step in modern-day conifers.

Adubação nitrogenada associada à inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense e Herbaspirillum seropedicae na cultura do milho

Bactérias dos gêneros Azospirillum e Herbaspirillum são fixadoras de nitrogênio (N) atmosférico e consideradas promotoras do crescimento vegetal. Desta forma, desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento e a produtividade do milho em resposta à inoculação de A. brasilense e H. seropedicae associada à adubação nitrogenada. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4 x 5, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da inoculação de sementes (testemunha, estirpe de A. brasilense - Ab-V5, estirpe de H. seropedicae - SmR1 e combinação Ab-V5 + SmR1) e doses de N (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1 de N). Foram avaliados: diâmetro basal do colmo, altura de planta, matéria seca de parte aérea e área foliar, nas fases vegetativa e reprodutiva, e produtividade. A adubação nitrogenada favoreceu o desenvolvimento da cultura até a máxima dose estudada. A inoculação combinada das estirpes proporcionou incrementos de 12% na matéria seca de parte aérea e 7% na produtividade em relação à testemunha indicando benefícios da combinação de bactérias diazotróficas que interagem de forma diferenciada com a planta.

Ramie [Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.] as a potential new fibre crop for the Mediterranean region: Growth, crop yield and fibre quality in a long-term field experiment in Central Italy

Ramie [Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.] is a perennial herbaceous plant, of the Urticaceae family, native to China, Japan and Malay Peninsula, where it has been used as a textile fibre for many centuries. This species was introduced successfully in the Mediterranean region at the beginning of 1900, even though few researches have been carried out to assess the long-term productivity and stand duration in this area. For this reason, a 13-year field experiment was conducted, under the temperate climatic conditions of Central Italy, to evaluate the effects on ramie growth and yield of two different plant densities (50,000 and 33,300plantsha−1), two harvest times (June and October) and crop stand duration. The chemical composition (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content) of bast and core was evaluated too. Ramie showed a good adaptability to the pedo-climatic conditions of the study site, with a growing period that goes from the beginning of March to the beginning of October. The obtained results showed that the harvest time significantly affected all the analysed parameters, while the plant density had no significant effect on stem development and stem basal diameter, and on crop and bast fibre yield. Furthermore, no significant interaction was observed between the plant density and the harvest time on total plant or stem and bast fibre dry yield, and on the main biometric characteristics. In spite of its tropical origin, ramie appears to be suited to temperate conditions giving 8.70Mg/ha/year of stem dry yield and 2.46Mg/ha/year of dry bast fibre from the 2nd to the 13th year of growth. The dry ramie plant was composed by weight of 62% stems and 38% leaves and cymes. The results pointed out that the crop can persists for many years (up to 13) giving a stable off-take of stems and bast fibre.

Early responses of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. to intertidal elevation and light level

Combined effects of intertidal elevation and light level on two-month-old seedlings of Avicennia marina were studied at Zengying, Xiamen of China. Leaf number, area and thickness were promoted by decreasing elevation or elevating light level. Stem height differed little between light levels but was significantly stimulated by moderate waterlogging. Expansion of stem basal diameter was promoted by high light level but not affected by elevation. Total biomass showed highest at the middle elevation and was promoted by high light level. Seedlings in the gaps generally had higher root weight ratio (RWR) and stem weight ratio (SWR) but lower leaf weight ratio (LWR) than those under the canopy. Leaf pigment contents in the gaps were significantly stimulated by low elevations, while a reverse tendency occurred under the canopy. Both roots and leaves increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities to defend prolonged waterlogging. High light level resulted in high SOD and POD activities in roots but not in leaves. Malonaldehyde (MDA) contents changed little between light levels but were significantly promoted by prolonged waterlogging. These growth and physiological responses suggested that A. marina seedlings had strong tolerance to prolonged waterlogging but not to canopy shade.

Crescimento de mudas de pau-ferro sob diferentes níveis de sombreamento

A obtenção de mudas nativas requer informações sobre a época de coleta das sementes, condições de armazenamento e luminosidade, germinação e tipos de substrato, dentre outras. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar as exigências de luminosidade no crescimento inicial de mudas de pau-ferro [Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex. Tul. var. leiostachya Benth (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae)] submetidas a diferentes níveis de sombreamento, aos 60 dias após o transplante (DAT). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x5 (três níveis de sombreamento: 0%, 50% e 70%; e cinco épocas de avaliação: 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 DAT), com quatro repetições de 10 mudas por unidade experimental. Plantas cultivadas sob 70% de sombreamento apresentaram maiores teores de clorofila total (38,79 µg cm-2), razão de área foliar (51,54 g cm-2), taxa de crescimento relativo (0,0322 g g-1 dia-1) e razão de peso foliar (0,2708 g g-1). Os maiores valores para altura (110,34 cm), diâmetro (9,3 mm) e massa seca da raiz (11,13 g), da folha (5,59 g) e da parte aérea (16,05 g), bem como para área foliar (705,25 cm²), foram observados nas plantas cultivadas sob 50% de sombreamento. Não foram observadas diferenças quanto ao crescimento da raiz, peso específico foliar, taxa assimilatória líquida e área foliar específica, em relação aos diferentes níveis de luminosidade testados (médias de 9,3 cm; 0,0082 g cm-2; 0,0006 g cm-2 dia-1; e 186,24 g cm-2, respectivamente). As mudas de pau-ferro apresentaram melhor desempenho de crescimento quando cultivadas sob 50% de sombreamento.

Xylem cell length under drought and its value for predicting radial growth of SRF poplar cultivars (Populus spp.)

Xylem cell length of juvenile tree rings was investigated in poplars in order to check the hypotheses that fiber length or vessel element length are indicative of drought tolerance and have predictive value for final stem base diameter at the end of rotation. The radial increment in the drought year 2003 served as the reference indicator for quantifying drought tolerance. All nine investigated cultivars suffered severely. In terms of their moderately decreased radial increment in 2003, the two aspen cultivars were clearly less drought susceptible than the seven hybrid poplar cultivars. The variance components of xylem cell length data explained by the two genetic factors ‘cultivar’ and ‘botanic section’ as well as the ‘tree ring’ (of the years 2002 and 2003) were compared by means of ANOVAs. The cultivar effects were superior to the effects of the critical precipitation status in 2003 and the botanic section. Fiber and vessel element length were found to be less sensitive to the drought compared with radial increment. They did neither correlate with radial increment in the drought year 2003 nor in 2002. Therefore, higher xylem cell length cannot indicate drought tolerance in poplars. However, a linear relationship between fiber length of both juvenile tree rings and the stem base diameter proved to be highly significant to a linear mixed effect model. Higher fiber length of a juvenile tree ring was considered to be predictive of larger stem base diameter at the end of rotation.

The relationship between castor bean stem diameter and extrafloral nectary gland size

Abstract. This project sought to characterize plant defense investment in the castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), an exotic myrmecophyte in southern California, with respect to life history strategies. Experimental evidence suggests that exotic myrmecophytes can form mutually beneficial associations with exotic ants regardless of the differences in shared evolutionary histories. Castor bean plant investment in defense was evaluated by measuring the area on extra-floral nectary (EFN) glands. Life history strategies may change with respect to plant size and was therefore evaluated in terms of basal stem diameter (<50mm). We hypothesized that smaller and younger castor bean plants would have bigger EFN glands than larger and older plants. We found that EFN gland size was not correlated to castor bean class size. This suggests that in southern California, biotic plant defense is not optimized in castor bean plants. As an r-selected species, the castor bean plant compromises investment in plant defense favoring...

Vertical and lateral uprooting resistance of Salix matsudana Koidz in a riparian area

Root morphological characteristics of Salix matsudana Koidz were studied using a complete excavation method. In-situ vertical and lateral uprooting tests were carried out on plants in a riparian zone to evaluate the soil-reinforcing ability of plant roots and flow resistance. Results show that the maximum uprooting force was positively correlated with stem basal diameter in both vertical and lateral uprooting tests. Resistance to uprooting was also significantly positively correlated with plant height, total number of roots, cross-sectional areas (CSA) of all roots at base and root mass. Unlike vertical uprooting, taproots made a larger contribution to lateral uprooting, which was positively correlated with the uprooting resistance.

Short-time response in growth and sediment properties of Zizania latifolia to water depth

Field experiments were conducted to study the short-time response in growth and sediment properties of Zizania latifolia to four levels of water depth: 10, 50, 90, and 130 cm. The results showed that Z. latifolia was sensitive to high water depth stress in terms of the significantly decreased basal stem diameter, leaf width, root length, total biomass, and root to shoot ratio with increasing water depth. It was found suitable to grow in shallow water less than 50 cm in depth. The growth of Z. latifolia significantly increased sediment moisture content and porosity, while reduced wet bulk density in sediment and NH4–N concentration in interstitial water. Along the water depth gradient, the growth of Z. latifolia significantly impacted sediment wet bulk weight and loss on ignition, both NH4–N and PO4–P concentrations in interstitial water. However, no obvious regularities were observed in the sediment vertical profiles. NH4–N and PO4–P concentrations in interstitial water were much higher than in overlying water, indicating that they could diffuse from sediment to overlying water. NH4–N concentration was also higher in deep sediment. Growth properties of Z. latifolia (except for leaf length) are significantly correlated to wet bulk density, loss on ignition, NH4–N concentration in sediment and NH4–N, PO4–P concentrations in interstitial water. The results indicate that water depth less than 50 cm is favorable for the growth of Z. latifolia, where it can exert its ecological function effectively. This research suggests a possibility to promote the growth of Z. latifolia and exert its ecological function by rational water depth management.

Determination of morphological variation in subspecies of Isatis glauca Aucher ex Boiss. from Central Anatolia

Isatis glauca Aucher ex Boiss. has four subspecies: glauca, galatica Yildirimli, sivasica (Davis) Yildirimli and iconia (Boiss.) Davis, naturally growing in Turkey. In this study, 77 accessions from nine I. glauca ssp. populations were characterised in terms of variation in morphological characters, including the number of branches per plant, plant height, diameter of stem base, diameter of middle stem, diameter of apical stem, width and length of fruit, length of fruit stalk, fruit shape, fruit base shape, fruit apices shape, loculus, ondulation, apical process of fruit, fruit weight, basal length of fruit, apical length of fruit, wing width of fruit, loculus length, loculus width, length of seed, dorsal width of seed, lateral width of seed and seed weight. The number of branches had the highest value of coefficient of variation (CV), 0.21–0.86, while the fruit width had the lowest value of CV 0.08–0.20. According to Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analyses, eco-geographical factors had a substantial effect on morphological variation. A principal component analysis explained 90.61 % of morphological variation through the study of five extracted components. A dendrogram, which was constructed according to the between-group linkages method, based on squared Euclidean distances, represented a hierarchical cluster analysis of 77 accessions. The results of the principal coordinate analysis, which showed differentiation according to morphological characters between nine populations, were consistent with the dendrogram. Consequently, morphological variation of I. glauca ssp. and the significant effects of eco-geographical factors on its morphological variation were discussed.