Stem Bark Extract Research Articles

The dichloromethane fraction from Calotropis gigantea (L.) dryand. Stem bark extract prevents liver cancer in SDT rats with insulin-independent diabetes mellitus

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCalotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. (C. gigantea) is a traditional medicinal plant, recognized for its effectiveness in managing diabetes, along with its notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronic metabolic disorders associated with an elevated risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to hyperglycemia and impaired insulin response. The scientific validation of C. gigantea's ethnopharmacological efficacy offers advantages in alleviating cancer progression in T2DM complications, enriching existing knowledge and potentially aiding future clinical cancer treatments. AimThis study aimed to investigate the preventive potential of the dichloromethane fraction of C. gigantea stem bark extract (CGDCM) against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC in T2DM rats, aiming to reduce cancer incidence associated with diabetes while validating C. gigantea's ethnopharmacological efficacy. Materials and methodsSpontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats were administered DEN to induce HCC (SDT-DEN-VEH), followed by treatment with CGDCM. Metformin was used as a positive control (SDT-DEN-MET). All the treatments were administered for 10 weeks after the initial DEN injection. Diabetes-related parameters, including serum levels of glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), as well as liver function enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase), were quantified. Serum inflammation biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were evaluated. Liver tissue samples were analyzed for inflammation protein expression (IL-6, TNF-α, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)). Histopathological evaluation was performed to assess hepatic necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Liver cell proliferation was determined using immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 expression. ResultsRats with SDT-DEN-induced HCC treated with CGDCM exhibited reduced serum glucose levels, elevated insulin levels, and decreased HbA1c levels. CGDCM treatment also reduced elevated hepatic IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β1, and α-SMA levels in SDT-DEN-VEH rats. Additionally, CGDCM treatment prevented hepatocyte damage, fibrosis, and cell proliferation. No adverse effects on normal organs were observed with CGDCM treatment, suggesting its safety for the treatment of HCC complications associated with diabetes. Additionally, the absence of adverse effects in SD rats treated with CGDCM at 2.5 mg/kg further supports the notion of its safe usage. ConclusionsThese findings suggest that C. gigantea stem bark extract exerts preventive effects against the development of HCC complications in patients with T2DM, expanding the potential benefits of its ethnopharmacological advantages.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Alcoholic Stem Bark Extracts of Kaya Senegalensis (Desv) A. Juss., in Human Urinary Infections

Urinary infections constitute a public health problem today and the responsible germs increasingly express their strong resistance to common antimicrobials. The use of plants or plant products in fight against these pathologies are considered to be a goood alternative. The objective of this study is to determine in vitro antioxidant power and antibacterial activity of aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts 70% of stem bark of Kaya senegalensis (Meliaceae) on clinical strains of E.coli and Staphylococcus spp. urinary infections and on two reference strains. The antioxidant activity was demonstrated by the ABTS radical cation trapping method using trolox as a reference. Sensitivity of strains to the two extracts and antibacterial parameters which are minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined respectively by punch well method in Mueller Hinton agar and liquid dilution method. Both extracts expressed a strong antioxidant power around 50 μmol TE/L of extract. The MICs varied from 6.25 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL for aqueous extract and from 6.25 mg/mL to 25 mg/mL for hydro-ethanolic extract. For all the strains MBC was identical to the MIC indicating that the two extracts have bactericidal power on the strains excluding the reference strain of S.aureus. These results suggest that K. senegalensis could be an alternative in the fight against urinary infections.

Methanol fraction of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark reduces oxidative stress in STZ-induced diabetic rat pancreas

Methanol fraction of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense stem bark reduces oxidative stress in STZ-induced diabetic rat pancreas

In vitro Anti-trypanosomal Activity of Ethanolic and n-Hexane Extracts of Hymenocardia acida Stem Bark against Trypanosoma bruceibrucei and Trypanosoma congolense

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt The potential of Hymenocardia acida stem bark extracts as an anti-trypanosomal agent was assessed. The results indicate significant in vitro activity of both ethanolic and n-hexane extracts against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense. Hence, H. acida could be a valuable source for developing new, broad-spectrum trypanocidal drugs. Full Abstract The development of resistance by trypanosomes to existing trypanocidal drugs necessitates the need to search for safer and more effective alternative drugs with a broad spectrum of activity. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of Hymenocardia acida stem bark against Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The stem bark of H. acida was collected, identified, dried and then ground into fine powder. The powdered H. acida stem bark was extracted successively using n-hexane and ethanol to obtain n-hexane and ethanolic extracts, respectively. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out using standard procedure. In vitro, anti-trypanosomal activity of different concentrations of the stem bark extracts (2.5 mg/mL to 40.0 mg/mL) were determined using motility assay with diminazeneaceturate (100 µg/mL) and phosphate buffered saline used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Results of the phytochemical screening revealed that flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins were present in the ethanolic and n-hexane extracts. In vitro, the anti-trypanosomal activity of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts was observed against T. brucei brucei and T. congolense. Cessation of trypanosome motility was observed after 30 and 50 minutes of exposure to 2.5 mg/mL of ethanolic extract and n-hexane extract, respectively, for both T. brucei brucei and T. congolense. In conclusion, ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of H. acida exhibited anti-trypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense. Hence, the plant could serve as a source of new trypanocidal drugs.

Xanthone Inhibitors of Unfolded Protein Response Isolated from Calophyllum caledonicum.

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a key component of fungal virulence. The prenylated xanthone γ-mangostin isolated from Garcinia mangostana (Clusiaceae) fruit pericarp, has recently been described to inhibit this fungal adaptative pathway. Considering that Calophyllum caledonicum (Calophyllaceae) is known for its high prenylated xanthone content, its stem bark extract was fractionated using a bioassay-guided procedure based on the cell-based anti-UPR assay. Four previously undescribed xanthone derivatives were isolated, caledonixanthones N-Q (3, 4, 8, and 12), among which compounds 3 and 8 showed promising anti-UPR activities with IC50 values of 11.7 ± 0.9 and 7.9 ± 0.3 μM, respectively.

Investigation of the uterine modulating activities and mechanisms of Brachystegia eurycoma Harms (Leguminosae) methanol stem bark extract and fractions

Dysfunctional labour (DL) is a major cause of maternal and neonatal deaths worldwide. The only clinically available drug is oxytocin which is about 50% effective. Therefore, the development of new effective drugs for DL is a necessity. The medicinal plant Brachystegia eurycoma Harms (synonym B. spiceaformis) is used for labour management in ethnomedicine. In the search for new lead compounds for DL therapy, the stem bark of B. eurycoma was subjected to bioactivity-guided fractionation procedures to elucidate its uterine-modulating activities and active compounds. B. eurycoma stem bark extract (BE) was fractionated via vacuum liquid chromatographic techniques. The fractionation process was guided by ex vivo uterine contractility assays on the mouse uterus, performed using spontaneous, oxytocin, and high KCl-induced contractility assays. Furthermore, the characterization of the chemical constituents was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). BE produced dual effects on uterine contractility which was dependent on the reconstitution period. The freshly prepared crude extract (BEF) inhibited uterine contractility (IC50 amplitude = 0.8 ± 0.1 mg/ml; IC50 frequency = 1.4 ± 0.2 mg/ml). However, contractility was augmented when the reconstituted extract was stored for 24 h and beyond (BES) (EC50 amplitude = 0.2 ± 1.2 mg/ml; EC50 frequency = 0.91 ± 1.2 mg/ml). In addition, the compounds caffeine, genistein, and prunetin were identified from the potent BE fractions via the different spectroscopic and spectrometric tools. This study demonstrated a storage-dependent dual effect of BE where BEF induced inhibition and BES augmented uterine contractility. Findings from this study also suggest that caffeine and phytoestrogens contributed to the uterine-modulating activities of BE. Thus, further investigation of these compounds in combination and as separate lead compounds is required for DL therapeutic management.

HPLC phytochemical profiling, antioxidant activity and in vitro evaluation of inhibitory effects of Terminalia catappa stem bark extract on enzymes linked to diabetes, hypertensive vasoconstriction and erectile dysfunction

BackgroundTerminalia catappa is a traditional medicinal plant used for several ailments among the local folks. Among the locals, the stem bark is an important constituent of polyherbal remedies for the treatment of cancer and metabolic diseases; however, there is a paucity of scientific reports on it. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antidiabetic, antihypertensive and antierectile dysfunction effects of Terminalia catappa stem bark extract (TSBE). MethodsThe HPLC phytochemical profiling, total phenol content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity of the extract were delineated. The inhibitory effects of TSBE on activities of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), arginase, phosphodiesterase-5′ (PDE-5′), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ecto-5 nucleotidase (Ecto-5-NTD) were estimated following standard procedures. ResultsHPLC of TSBE profiled ferulic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, rutin, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, apiginin and quercetin. TSBE had IC50 values of 49.19 µg/mL and 55.42 µg/mL in terms of scavenging DPPH and NO radicals, respectively. The TSBE inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities with IC50 values of 71.53 µg/mL and 105.11 µg/mL, respectively. The inhibitory effects of TSBE on AChE, arginase, PDE-5′, and ACE revealed IC50 values higher than that of standards. TSBE demonstrated a stimulatory effect on ecto-5-NTD activity. ConclusionTSBE revealed promising antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive and antierectile dysfunction (anti-ED) properties which may be associated with the bioactive compounds present in the extract.

Assessment of Hyperglycemic Potentials of Khaya Anthotheca Stem-Bark Extracts on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Assessment of Hyperglycemic Potentials of Khaya Anthotheca Stem-Bark Extracts on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Phytochemical Profiling, and Antifungal Potentials of Stem-Bark Extracts of East African (Khaya Anthotheca)

Phytochemical Profiling, and Antifungal Potentials of Stem-Bark Extracts of East African (Khaya Anthotheca)

Antidiarrheal and Antinociceptive Effects of different inclusion of Methanol Stem Bark Extracts of Acanthospermum hispidum and Gmelina arborea in Castor oil Induced Wistar Albino Rats

Antidiarrheal and Antinociceptive Effects of different inclusion of Methanol Stem Bark Extracts of Acanthospermum hispidum and Gmelina arborea in Castor oil Induced Wistar Albino Rats

Anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory activities of Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw) extracts: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vivo studies.

Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC. (Rubiaceae) is traditionally used by Amazonian indigenous groups to treat inflammatory diseases. To date, there are no systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the use of U. tomentosa for inflammation control in animals supporting the traditional knowledge about this species. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of U. tomentosa extracts in modulating inflammatory mediators and to determine which types of inflammatory diseases can be treated by this species. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies published before 26 July 2023, identified in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Four independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the risks of bias. The effects of U. tomentosa on inflammatory diseases and the inflammatory mediators involved were extracted from the studies. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of the outcomes were estimated. The meta-analyses were conducted using RevMan 5.4 (Cochrane Collaboration). This protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023450869). Twenty-four of 523 studies were included. U. tomentosa extracts decreased the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 (SMD: -0.72, 95%CI: -1.15, -0.29, p = 0.001) and transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) (SMD: -1.19, 95%CI: -1.89, -0.48, p = 0.001). However, the extracts did not significantly alter IL-1 (SMD: -0.16, 95%CI: -0.87, +0.56, p = 0.67), IL-10 (SMD: -0.05, 95%CI:-0.35, 0.45, p = 0.80), or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels (SMD: 0.18, 95%CI: -0.25, 0.62, p = 0.41). Many extracts of stem bark, roots, and leaves of U. tomentosa, mostly aqueous and hydroethanolic, exhibited anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory activities and low toxicity. The extracts decreased NF-κB and IL-6. These findings suggest that this species has the potential to treat inflammatory diseases in which these markers are increased, according to the ethnopharmacological use. These activities are not related to a specific class of compounds.

Anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory protective mechanisms of Gmelina arborea stem bark extract on ischemic reperfusion injury in albino Wistar rats

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Gemlina arborea Roxb. ex.’s entire plant is utilized in medicine to treat several diseases. Objective and design Cerebral infarction occurs through multiple mechanisms, and herbs are natural multi-component with numerous protective mechanisms. This research investigates the neuroprotective effect of Gemlina arborea stem bark extract in preventing cerebral infarction. Methodology Male albino Wistar rats were inducted with ischemic injury using the bilateral common carotid artery occlusion method. Neurological effects were examined by motor defects, locomotor activity, and forced swim test, while biochemical activities of the brain oxidative stress biomarkers studied include; (lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase levels, glutathione levels, total calcium levels, and sodium-potassium-ATPase) and histopathological examination. Western blotting analysis was used to study the anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Results The elevated oxidative stress biomarkers in the treated group showed extract-inhibited cerebral infarction. Histological examination shows inhibited neutrophil migration and cell damage. The western blot assay depicts reductions in the inflammatory indicators (p38 MAPK, TNF- α) and attenuation of apoptotic mediators (Bcl2/Bax ratio), down-regulation of caspase-3 expression, and a significantly raised anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10 and actin) in a dose-dependent manner, suggested potential mechanisms by which the extract prevented ischemic reperfusion injury. Conclusion Overall, the estimation of inflammatory and apoptotic mediators revealed the involvement of the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Gmelina arborea stem bark extract in preventing cerebral infarction.

Effect of ethanolic stem bark extract of Annona muricata (soursop) on reproductive hormones and ovary in female Wistar rats

The effect of ethanol extract of stem bark of Annona muricata (soursop) on reproductive hormones and ovaries of Wistar rats was studied. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, flavones, flavonols, xanthones, flavanonols, flavonones, and condensed tannins. Twenty (20) experimental animals were randomly grouped into five groups of 4 rats per group and were allowed to acclimatize for 2 weeks. Rats in group A served as the control and were fed with rat feed and water, rats in group B severed as positive control and received low dose clomiphene citrate (20 mg/kg) daily for 21 days, rat feed and water, rats in groups C to E were fed with normal rat feed, water and received different doses of fresh stem bark of Annona muricata extract at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg respectively for 21 days. The animals were sacrificed under anesthesia after the experiment and the ovaries were surgically extracted, weighed and sent for histology. Blood samples were collected for analysis (hormonal assay of luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone and prolactin. This was carried out using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The results showed that there were significant changes in the hormone level of the test groups when compared with the control rats. Significant increase was recorded in progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone p< 0.05. Hence Annona muricata improves fertility in female Wistar rats. There were no histological changes in the ovaries and hence, it was concluded that Annona Muricata does not cause organ damage with increasing dose.

Effect of methanol stem bark extract of Ochna schweinfurthiana (Ezeata) on liver enzymes in Wistar rats

1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital, Amaku, Awka. Anambra State. Nigeria. 2 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli campus. Anambra State. Nigeria. 3 Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Royal Bournemouth Hospital (University Hospital Dorset NHS Foundation Trust) Bournemouth, England, BH7 7DW United Kingdom. 4 Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Royal Bournemouth Hospital (University Hospital Dorset NHS Foundation Trust) Bournemouth, England, BH7 7DW United Kingdom. 5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Abia StateUniversity Teaching Hospital, Aba. Abia State. Nigeria.

Antimicrobial Activities of Stem Bark and Fruit Extracts of Rhamnus prinoidesL’Herit against Selected Multiple Drug Resistance Human Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens

Antimicrobial Activities of Stem Bark and Fruit Extracts of Rhamnus prinoidesL’Herit against Selected Multiple Drug Resistance Human Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens

Hypoglyceamic and Hepatoprotective Potentials of Dichloromethane (DCM) Fraction of Gongronema Latifolium Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats

Diabetes is a chronic health issue with devastating but preventable consequences. The increasing proportion of the aging population, intake of calorie-dense diets, weight problems and sedentary lifestyles have been directly implicated in the increased number of diabetics globally. Furthermore, diabetes confers a huge economic burden due to its management costs, especially in low income countries. This study investigated the hypoglyceamic and hepatoprotective potentials of the dichloromethane (DCM) fraction of G. latifolium stem bark extract on some biochemical parameters in streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats. A total of thirty (30) Wistar rats were randomly assigned into five (5) groups with six (06) animals per group. Type 2 diabetes was induced with intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin in Groups 2 – 4, with animals in Groups 1 and 2 acting as normal and untreated diabetic controls, respectively. Group 3 rats were treated with the standard drug, metformin, while groups 4 and 5 were orally administered 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of DCM fraction of G. latifolium stem bark extract. Changes in the body weight, biochemical assays (ALT, AST, total protein, albumin and urea), and expression levels of selected genetic markers, as well as the changes in liver histology, were determined and compared. Data obtained from this study show that the fasting blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic rats were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced, and the body weight steadily increased in rats treated with both doses of the DCM fraction of G. latifolium stem bark extract compared to the untreated diabetic rats. Total protein, AST and ALT levels, but not albumin levels, were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in rats treated with both doses of the extract. In addition, administration of the extracts significantly (p < 0.05) reversed the streptozotocin-induced repression of NRF2 and CAT expression in diabetic rats. Furthermore, histology results show an improvement in the liver architecture in the rats treated with the extract. The results from this study show that the DCM fraction of g. Latifolium stem bark extract possesses hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and anti-diabetic activities and could be used in the management of diabetes.

Pericopsis laxiflora (Baker) stem bark extract is protective against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage by modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation

The present study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of the hydroethanolic (HSE) and methanolic extracts (MSE) of Pericopsis laxiflora stem bark on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The stem bark of P. laxiflora was extracted with 50% ethanol and methanol. Hepatoprotective activities were assessed using the CCl4 model and tested against extracts at 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg bwt. Biochemical, antioxidant enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines in liver homogenate were assayed. Treatment with HSE and MSE resulted in a significant increase in SOD, CAT, and GSH levels and a significant decrease in MDA and MPO levels in livers of CCl4 treated rats. There was also restoration of liver biomarkers and pro-inflammatory cytokines to near-normal levels. The present investigation suggests P. laxiflora extracts possess good hepatoprotective properties. This could be attributed in part to the inhibitory effect of the extracts on oxidative stress and the suppression of proinflammatory cytokines.

Identification of Compounds from Hexane Extract of Virginia Tobacco Bark in Lombok and Its Potential as Botanical Pesticides

This research aims to identify the class of terpenoid compounds contained in hexane extract of tobacco stems (Nicotiana tabacum). The extraction method uses hexane solvent to obtain terpenoid compounds contained in tobacco bark. Gas chromatography-mass (GC-MS) techniques were used to analyze and identify these compounds. The compound contained in the hexane extract of Virginia tobacco stem bark is only one terpenoid derivative, namely 4,8,13-Cyclotetradecatriene-1,3-diol. Analysis of the structure of this compound shows its potential as an antimicrobial and can be applied in the agricultural industry, namely as a botanical pesticide. Its unique chemical structure enables various mechanisms of action against microbes, which can be further explored for the development of agricultural applications. Further research is needed to fully understand the potential and mechanism of action of this compound in an antimicrobial context.

Molecular Networking-Based Metabolome, In Vitro Antidiabetic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper & J.R.I. Wood.

Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper & J.R.I. Wood is widely distributed throughout Africa. It is used ethnobotanically to treat various diseases. However, the metabolic profile of the Breonadia species is not well characterized and the metabolites that are responsible for the bioactivity of this plant remain unknown. Therefore, there is a need to determine the phytochemical and bioactivity profile to identify metabolites that contribute to the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferation activity, including the genotoxicity and cytotoxic effects, of Breonadia salicina. The study is aimed at exploring the metabolomic profile antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferation activity, as well as the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity effects, of constituents of B. salicina. The compounds in the B. salicina extract were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS), and the resultant data were further analyzed using a molecular networking approach. The crude stem bark and root extracts showed the highest antidiabetic activity against α-amylase at the lowest test concentration of 62.5 µg/mL, with 74.53 ± 0.74% and 79.1 ± 1.5% inhibition, respectively. However, the crude stem bark and root extracts showed the highest antidiabetic activity against α-glucosidase at the lowest test concentration of 31.3 µg/mL, with 98.20 ± 0.15% and 97.98 ± 0.22% inhibition, respectively. The crude methanol leaf extract showed a decrease in the nitrite concentration at the highest concentration of 200 µg/mL, with cell viability of 90.34 ± 2.21%, thus showing anti-inflammatory activity. No samples showed significant cytotoxic effects at a concentration of 10 µg/mL against HeLa cells. Furthermore, a molecular network of Breonadia species using UPLC-QTOF-MS with negative mode electrospray ionization showed the presence of organic oxygen compounds, lipids, benzenoids, phenylpropanoids and polyketides. These compound classes were differentially distributed in the three different plant parts, indicating the chemical differences between the stem bark, root and leaf extracts of B. salicina. Therefore, the identified compounds may contribute to the antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activity of Breonadia salicina. The stem bark, root and leaf extracts of B. salicina yielded thirteen compounds identified for the first time in this plant, offering a promising avenue for the discovery of new lead drugs for the treatment of diabetes and inflammation. The use of molecular networking produced a detailed phytochemical overview of this Breonadia species. The results reported in this study show the importance of searching for bioactive compounds from Breonadia salicina and provide new insights into the phytochemical characterization and bioactivity of different plant parts of Breonadia salicina.

Anti-diabetic, anti-pancreatic lipase, and anti-protein glycation potential of Irvingia gabonensis stem bark extracts: in vitro and in silico studies.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. Targeting these metabolic derangements can optimize the therapeutic strategies for this disease. Utilizing in vitro and in silico models, this study investigated the ability of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Irvingia gabonensis to inhibit α-amylase, α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase, and protein glycation. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify the compounds found in the stem bark of I. gabonensis. In silico analysis determined the binding mode and mechanism of interactions between the enzymes and phytochemicals. With an IC50 value of 11.47µg/ml, the aqueous extract demonstrated higher inhibitory efficacy against α-amylase compared to the ethanol extract (IC50 19.88µg/ml). However, the ethanol extract had stronger inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase, and protein glycation compared to the aqueous extract (IC50 values of 3.05, 32.85, 0.0014 versus 25.72, 332.42, 0.018µg/ml respectively). Quercetin ranked highest in binding energy with α-amylase (-6.6kcal/mol), α-glucosidase (-6.6kcal/mol), and pancreatic lipase (-5.6kcal/mol). This was followed by rhamnetin (6.5, 6.5, and 6.1kcal/mol respectively). Hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and pi-pi stacking are forces responsible for the binding of quercetin and rhamnetin to these enzymes. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that the lead phytochemicals formed stable and energetically stabilized complexes with the target proteins. This study showed that the extracts of I. gabonensis stem bark had significant in vitro anti-diabetic, anti-pancreatic lipase, and anti-protein glycation activities. The strong binding affinities of some of the identified compounds could be responsible for the inhibitory potential of the extracts. I. gabonensis stem bark could be further explored as a natural remedy for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications.