Stem Bark Of Oroxylum Indicum Research Articles

Phenolic glycosides from Oroxylum indicum

Two new phenolic glycosides, oroxylumosides A (1) and B (2), along with four known compounds darendoside A (3), leucosceptoside A (4), acteoside (5) and decaffeoylacteoside (6) were isolated from the stem bark of Oroxylum indicum. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of the 1 D and 2 D NMR as well as HR-ESI-QTOF-MS. In addition, compounds 1 − 4 exhibited inhibitory effects on NO production in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cell line with IC50 values of 58.2 ± 2.9, 70.6 ± 3.5, 56.8 ± 2.8 and 61.1 ± 3.1 µM, respectively.

Oroxindols A and B, two novel secoabietane diterpenoids from Oroxylum indicum

Abstract Two novel secoabietane diterpenoids, oroxindols A (1) and B (2), along with two known flavones oroxylin A (3) and hispidulin (4) were isolated from the stem bark of Oroxylum indicum. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of the 1D and 2D NMR as well as HR-ESI-QTOF mass spectra. Noteworthily, the isolation of compounds 1 and 2 represents the first case of 11β,13;12,13-diepoxy-12,13-secoabietane-type diterpene obtaining reported to date. In addition, compound 3 exhibited significant inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cell line, with an IC50 value of 21.5 ± 1.1 μM.

Ethnopharmacological Inspections of Organic Extract of Oroxylum indicum in Rat Models: A Promising Natural Gift.

The stem bark of Oroxylum indicum (O. indicum) was aimed at testing for anti-inflammatory, antiulcerative, antihyperglycemic, and antidyslipidemic activities. Liver enzyme concentration (SGPT, SGOT) had also been assessed. After being extracted in organic solvent, 3 distinct doses, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b.w. (p.o.), were used. For edema formation 0.1 ml carrageenan at a dose of 1% w/v was injected into paw of left hind. It showed a fall of edemas 37.50%, 48.34%, and 55.83% while used doses were 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b.w. (p.o.) individually. The EtOH extract of O. indicum (50%) and its fractions PET, CLF, EtOAc, and nBUT were studied against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage. Only PET and n-BuOH exhibited the highest percentage of protection and were 96% and 99%, respectively, persuaded by ethanol. In OGTT glibenclamide revealed reduction of glucose level to 7.55 ± 0.22 mmol/L from 10.57 ± 0.32 mmol/L after 30 minutes. Antihyperglycemic activities were assessed for 8- and 12-week duration in diabetic rats. Glibenclamide reduced glucose level from 33.50±0.31 to 7.90±0.19 mmol/L in 12 weeks. In 12 and 8 weeks, combination therapy lowered blood glucose level to a normal extent by 79% and 61% individually. In antidyslipidemic activities after 12-week treatment, it revealed simvastatin; MEOI (400 mg/kg b.w.) and combination of both reduced TC level by 44%, 28%, and 48% consequently followed by TG and LDL. In 8-week treatment, HDL levels were increased by 34%, 13%, and 36%, and in 12 weeks increased by 36%, 8%, and 38% consequently. Liver enzyme concentration after 12 weeks of treatment with glibenclamide, 400 mg/kg b.w. (p.o.) of MEOI and combination of both, exhibited the fact that concentration of SGPT showed downturn by 43.23%, 8.01%, and 54.86% and SGOT by 42.40%, 5.31%, and 44.85%. This study remarked that O. indicum has anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antidiabetic, and antidyslipidemic potentials but has no ameliorative effect on liver enzyme.

Topical application of stem bark ethanol extract of Sonapatha, Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz accelerates healing of deep dermal excision wound in Swiss albino mice

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe Oroxylum indicum is used traditionally to treat fever, colic, stomach ulcers, constipation, indigestion, intestinal worms, strangury, asthma, cough, hiccough, diarrhea, dysentery and wounds by the herbal healers of Mizoram and it is also part of Ayurvedic formulations. Aims of the studyThe wound healing activity of Oroxylum indicum has not been investigated. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the ability of different concentrations of ethanol extract of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum in the deep dermal excision wounds of mice. Materials and methodsThe deep dermal excision wound was created on the shaved dorsum of Swiss albino mice. Each excision wound was topically applied with 5%, 10%, 20% or 30% gel of stem bark ethanol extract of Oroxylum indicum (OIE) and wound contraction, mean wound healing time (MHT), collagen and DNA syntheses were studied. The expression of NF-κB and COX-II were evaluated in the regenerating wound granulation tissues of mice. ResultsTopical application of different concentrations of OIE resulted in a concentration dependent rise in wound contraction and MHT and the highest wound contraction was recorded for 10% OIE. Similarly, topical application of different concentrations of OIE increased the DNA and neocollagen syntheses in a dose dependent manner at all post wounding days and the greatest acceleration in DNA and neocollagen formation was observed for 10% OIE. The evaluation of lipid peroxidation (LOO) showed a dose dependent decline in LOO, which was lowest for 10% OIE. The study of molecular mechanisms revealed the suppression of NF-κB and COX-II in a dose dependent manner in the regenerating wound of mice with a maximum inhibition at 10% OIE. ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates that OIE accelerated the wound contraction and reduced mean wound healing time in mice, which may be due to increased collagen and DNA syntheses, reduced lipid peroxidation coupled by NF-κB and COX-II suppression by OIE in the regenerating wounds of mice.

Ethnomedicinal Use and Phytochemical Analysis of Selected Medicinal Plants of Mizoram, India

Mizoram is hot spot of plant biodiversity and treasure for several medicinal plants. The elders of Mizoram use several plants for medicinal purposes and treatment of many human diseases. The present study was undertaken to document the ethnomedicinal uses of twenty plants and analyse their phytochemical constituents. The leaves of Ageratum conyzoides Linn. (Family: Compositae), Ananas cosmosus (L) Merr), Blumea balsamifera DC, Blumea lanceolaria Roxb., Cannabis sativa Linn., Carica papaya Linn., Clerodendrum colebookianum Walp., Dillenia pentagyna Roxb., Dysoxylum gobara Buch.-Ham, Eryngium foetidium Linn., Hedyotes scandens Roxb., Helicia excelsa Roxb., Mikania micranta Kunth. Mimosa pudica Linn, Polygonum chinanse Linn, Smilax ovalifolia Roxb., stem bark of Oroxylum indicum Vent., Schima wallichii (DC) Korth. and the whole plant of Callicarpa arborea Roxb., and Centella asiatica Linn., were dried and powdered. The alkaloid, flavonoid, cardiac glycoside, saponin, tannin, triterpenoid and phlobatannin contents in all these plants were estimated using standard methods. It was observed that all twenty plants contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. The cardiac glycosides were present in all plants except B. lanceolaria, C. sativa, and C. bookenium.

Phytochemical and TLC Profiling of Oroxylum indicum and Milletia pachycarpa

The humans have used medicinal plants for healthcare since the time immemorial. The systematic phytochemical analysis of traditionally used medicinal plants is needed to establish their use as medicine. Oroxylum indicum and Milletia pachycarpa have been used in India and China to treat various health related disorders. Therefore it was decided to undertake phytochemical and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) profiling of different extracts of Oroxylum indicum and Milletia pachycarpa using standard procedures. The dried powder of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum and root bark of Milletia pachycarpa was sequentially extracted in chloroform, ethanol and water. The dried extract of each plant was phytochemically analyzed for the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, phytosterols, saponins, tannins steroids and phlobatannins. Each extract from both plants was processed for TLC profiling on silica gel using various solvent combinations as mobile phase. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids in chloroform and ethanol extracts, whereas alkaloids were absent in aqueous extract of both Oroxylum indicum and Milletia pachycarpa. The flavonoids were observed in all extracts of both plants. However, cardiac glycosides were absent in the aqueous extract of Milletia pachycarpa. The saponins were detected in all the extracts of both plants except the chloroform extract of Oroxylum indicum. The tannins could not be detected in the aqueous extract of M. pachycarpa. The phlobatannins were absent in all extracts of both plants. Steroids were present in the ethanol extract of both plants. The TLC profiling confirmed the presence of different phytochemicals as evidenced by different Rf values. The present study indicates that the properties of both O. indicum and M. pachycarpa may be due to presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins and phytosterols.

Screening of Vietnamese medicinal plants for NF-κB signaling inhibitors: Assessing the activity of flavonoids from the stem bark of Oroxylum indicum

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSeventeen plants used in Vietnamese traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders were screened for NF-κB inhibitory activity. Oroxylum indicum, which exhibited activity, was investigated in detail. Materials and methodsForty plant extracts from 17 species were prepared by maceration using dichloromethane and methanol and were tested (10µg/mL) to evaluate their ability to inhibit NF-κB activation using TNF-α-stimulated HEK-293 cells stably transfected with a NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter. The active extract of Oroxylum indicum was subsequently fractionated by different chromatographic techniques. After isolation, all single compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods and assessed for NF-κB inhibitory effects. ResultsThe dichloromethane extracts obtained from Chromolaena odorata leaves and the stem bark of Oroxylum indicum showed distinct inhibitory effects on NF-κB activation at a concentration of 10µg/mL. The active extract of Oroxylum indicum was subjected to further phytochemical studies resulting in identification of four flavonoid aglyca and six flavonoid glycosides. Pharmacological evaluation of the obtained compounds identified oroxylin A as the most active substance (IC50=3.9µM, 95% CI: 3.5–4.4µM), while chrysin and hispidulin showed lower activity with IC50=7.2µM (95% CI: 6.0–8.8µM) and 9.0µM (95% CI: 7.9–10.2µM), respectively. Interestingly, in this study the activity of baicalein (IC50=28.1µM, 95% CI: 24.6–32.0µM) was weak. The isolated glycosides showed no inhibitory activity when tested at a concentration of 30µM. Quantification of the four active flavonoids in extracts and plant materials suggested that oroxylin A contributes to the NF-κB inhibitory activity of the stem barks of Oroxylum indicum to a greater extent than baicalein which was thought to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of this plant. ConclusionsThe screening presented in this study identified the dichloromethane extracts of Chromolaena odorata and Oroxylum indicum as promising sources for NF-κB inhibitors. Hispidulin, baicalein, chrysin and oroxylin A, isolated from Oroxylum indicum, were identified as inhibitors of NF- κB activation.

Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangered Ethnomedicinal Forest Tree

The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O. indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential source of antimicrobial agent. Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Oroxylum indicum, Stem bark extract, Zone of inhibition

Differential effects of Oroxylum indicum bark extracts: antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and apoptotic study

Stem bark of Oroxylum indicum (L) (SBOI) is used by ethnic communities of North East India as health tonic and in treating diseases of humans and animals. The objective of this research was to carry out a detailed investigation including total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of different solvent extracts of SBOI and to establish correlation between some parameters. Among petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane and methanol (MeOH) extract of SBOI, MeOH extract contained the highest amount of total phenolic (320.7±34.6mg Gallic acid equivalent/g extract) and flavonoid (346.6±15.2mg Quercetin equivalent/g extract) content. In vitro antioxidant activity (IC(50) 22.7μg/ml) was highest in MeOH extract (p>0.05) and also a significant inverse correlation was observed between phenolic (r=0.886)/flavonoid (r=0.764) content and corresponding DPPH IC(50). Only MeOH extract inhibited both bacteria and fungi. Although, individual extract showed cytotoxicity on HeLa cells with characteristic features of apoptosis, PE extract caused maximum cytotoxicity (IC(50) of 112.3μg/ml, p<0.05) and apoptotic activity (33.2% sub-G0/G1 population) on HeLa cells. But, there was a significant non-inverse correlation of the MTT IC(50) with total phenolic (r=0.812, p<0.05)/flavonoid (r=0.998, p<0.05) content in the three solvent extracts. TLC analysis showed three unique compounds in PE extract which may have a role in apoptosis mediated cytotoxicity. These results called for futher chemical characterisation of MeOH and PE extract of SBOI for specific bioactivity.

Gastroprotective flavonoid constituents from Oroxylum indicum Vent.

Chemical investigation of the stem bark of Oroxylum indicum resulted in the isolation and characterization of two new flavonoid glycosides ( 1, 2), along with seven known compounds ( 3–9). Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic (IR, MS, 2D NMR) data analysis and by the comparison with spectroscopic data reported in the literature. In addition, all the compounds were tested for their ulcer protective effects against various gastric ulceritis inducing models in rats.

An evaluation of the activity related to inflammation of four plants used in Thailand to treat arthritis

The leaves of Acanthus ebracteatus, stembark of Oroxylum indicum and the stems of Cryptolepis buchanani and Derris scandens are used as traditional remedies in Thailand for arthritis. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts were tested using three different in vitro systems for effects relevant to anti-inflammatory activity. The aqueous extracts of O. indicum and D. scandens significantly reduced myeloperoxide release. Eicosanoid production was reduced only by the aqueous extracts of A. ebracteatus and D. scandens. D. scandens extract showed potent inhibitory activity against generation of leukotriene B 4 and also displayed antioxidant activity. In the rat hind paw edema test, D. scandens extract showed significant activity when given intraperitoneally but did not produce a significant reduction when given orally. The results therefore supported to some extent the traditional use of D. scandens for arthritic conditions and provided slight indication of activity which could explain the use of O. indicum and A. ebracteatus. No relevant activity was demonstrated in any of the tests for C. buchanani extracts.

Chemical constituents from &lt;i&gt;Oroxylum indicum&lt;/i&gt; (L.) Kurz of Nepalese Origin

From the stem bark of Oroxylum indicum, three flavones namely baicalein (1), oroxylin (2) and pinostrobin (3) along with one sterol, Stigmast-7-en-3-ol (4) were isolated and their structures were established by the use of spectroscopic techniques. Baicalein (1) and oroxylin (2) were found to be active against brine shrimp with LC50 value 10.0 μg/ml and 36.0 μg/ ml and also exhibited the antimicrobial activity on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with MIC value 4.0 mg/ml and 8.0 mg/ml respectively. Key words: Oroxylum indicum; Flavones; Baicalein; Brine-shrimp bioassay. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v8i8.3852 Scientific World Vol.8(8) 2010 pp.66-68