Stem Bark Of Azadirachta Indica Research Articles

Pharmacognostic and physico chemical study of stem bark of Azadirachta Indica

Pharmacognostic and physico chemical study of stem bark of Azadirachta Indica

COMPARATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL, PROXIMATE, AND in vitro ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC ANALYSES OF THE ROOT BARK EXTRACTS OF Nauclea latifolia Smith AND THE STEM BARK EXTRACTS OF Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Diabetes Mellitus is a systemic metabolic disorder caused by relative or absolute insulin secretion deficiency or resistance, characterized by hyperglycemia. It has affected 5% of the world’s population and accounts for about 10 % of total health care expenditure in many countries. The present investigation was carried out to explore the proximate, phytochemical compositions and antihyperglycemic potentials of Nauclea latifolia Smith and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. The selected plant parts were subjected to solvent extraction using three solvents of varying polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol), followed by phytochemical screening. Some of the extracts were analyzed for their antihyperglycemic activity using in vitro assays such as α-amylase inhibition assay and glucose uptake by yeast cells. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, and glycosides in various amounts. The proximate composition revealed the following: moisture content (9.00 %); ash content (5.33 – 8.00 %), crude fiber (23.75 – 33.75 %); oil content (12.50 – 12.86 %) and carbohydrate (6.00 – 31.49 %). The results of the assays suggest that the methanol extract of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica A. Juss showed the highest value of inhibition (87.61 %) at 0.1 mg/ml concentration when compared to acarbose (56.0 %) used as the control/standard drug. It is noteworthy that various levels of inhibition are not concentration-dependent. The percent glucose uptake of methanol extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss was recorded highest (49.49 %) at 1.0 mg/ml. This study’s finding favors the use of these medicinal plants for the management of diabetes which might be due to the presence of bioactive phytoconstituents inherent in them.

TLC-Based Metabolite Profiling and Bioactivity-Based Scientific Validation for Use of Water Extracts in AYUSH Formulations.

We aimed to develop a chromatographic method for scientific validation of water extract of some important Indian traditional plants used in AYUSH-based formulation as immunomodulator and to evaluate their bioactive potential. Fruits of Phyllanthus emblica L. and Piper nigrum L., stem of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, rhizome of Curcuma longa L., leaves of Ocimum sanctum L. and Achillea millefolium L., roots of Withania somnifera L., and stem bark of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. were coarsely powdered and extracted in three different solvents (water, ethanol, and hydroethanol). The antioxidant potential was determined through 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing capacity methods. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out for the comparative metabolite profiling of the extracts using toluene, ethyl acetate, and formic acid (5 : 4 : 1, v/v/v) as a solvent system. In vitro immunomodulatory activity of the extracts has been tested on splenocyte proliferation and pinocytic assay. Hydroethanolic extract (HEE) of most of the plant materials has the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents, followed by water extract (WE) and ethanolic extract (EE), whereas the water extracts of most of the plant material showed better antioxidant activity. Almost all extract exhibited splenocyte proliferation and pinocytic activity in a dose-dependent manner. But water extract showed significantly higher splenocyte proliferation and pinocytic activity as compared to the other two extracts. TLC analysis resulted in detection of totally 63 and 56 metabolites at 254 nm and 366 nm, respectively. Through principal component analysis (PCA), it was observed that metabolite pattern of different extracts from same plant materials may be different or similar. This preliminary result can be used for quality evaluation and to develop a synergy-based polyherbal combination of water extracts of selected plant materials.

Assessment of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Aqueous Ethanol Extract and Fractions of Azadirachta indica Stem Bark

In this study, the aqueous ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica stem bark was obtained by Soxhlet extraction and partitioned into different solvents. The extract and fractions were then assessed for their phytochemical contents, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. The results showed that saponins, flavonoids, phenol, and tannins were present in all the samples. Also, the ethanol extract had the highest flavonoid (281.15 mgQE/g), phenolic (714.82 mgGAE/g), and tannin (156.54 mgTAE/g) contents, as well as the highest DPPH scavenging activity (95.71%) and total reducing power (1.27). However, among the fractions, butanol fraction showed the highest contents of flavonoids (235.20 mgQE/g), phenolics (413.42 mgGAE/g) and the highest DPPH scavenging activity (93.87 %) while the highest tannin content (86.90 mgTAE/g) and total reducing power (1.06) was observed in the ethyl acetate fraction. The lowest concentration of flavonoid (34.60 mgQE/g) and lowest antioxidant activity was obtained for the hexane fraction while lowest contents of phenolics (102.32 mgGAE/g) and tannins (41.21 mgTAE/g) were both observed in the water-soluble fraction. The most active fraction against both Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter cloacae was ethyl acetate. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract, hexane fraction, and water-soluble fractions showed the highest activity against Candida albicans, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli, respectively. This research reveals that the stem bark of Azadirachta indica contains notable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, making it a promising source for developing potent therapeutic drugs and functional foods.

Efficient and easily retrievable green modified carboxymethyl cellulose coated A. indica stem bark encapsulated metal nanoparticles towards the reduction of o-nitrophenol and azo dyes

A new type of economically feasible and environmental-friendly Azadirachta indica stem bark (AIB)/sulfated carboxymethyl cellulose (AIB/S-CMC) based bio-composite catalysts decorated with efficient zero-valent metal nanoparticles were fabricated through an easy and fast chemical approach. First of all, sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was modified into sulfated-CMC (S-CMC) by a non-toxic sulfating agent followed by dip coating on AIB pellets. The AIB/S-CMC bio-composites decorated with M0 = Ag, Co, Cu, Ni, Ag-Co, and Cu-Co(M0-AIB/S-CMC) were analyzed by different techniques such as FE-SEM, EDAX, UV–Vis, XRD, and FTIR, which confirmed that the metal nanoprticles were successfully synthesized and well dispersed on the surface of fabricated bio-composite catalysts. The M0-AIB/S-CMC bio-composites were then subjected to extensive evaluation and investigation of its potential ability as efficient catalyst for reduction of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) and toxic dyes. The results demonstrated that Co-AIB/S-CMC bio-composite catalyst exhibits good stabilities and catalytic activities for the reduction of 2-NP and azo dyes (acid red and methyl orange). Despite of having a good catalytic ability, Co-AIB/S-CMC bio-composite catalysts could be easily recoverable from aqueous media after completion of the reaction simply by pulling the pellets from the reaction matrix.

HPLC analysis of Pathyashadangam kwath, a classical Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation

Ayurveda is a traditional Indian system of medicine based on the healing potential of plants. The formulation of drugs in Ayurveda is generally based on the use of more than one drug. Polyherbal Ayurveda formulations are effective at low dose, harmless at high dose and have less side effects. Pathyashadangam kwath is a classical Ayurveda polyherbal formulation prepared from the fruit pericarps of Terminalia chebula Retz., Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. and Phyllanthus emblica L., aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees., rhizome of Curcuma longa L., stem bark of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and stem of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. as per kwatha vidhi of Sarngadhara Samhita. The formulation finds therapeutic application in the treatment of diseases of eye, ear and tooth, migraine, cluster head ache and upper respiratory diseases. It is also prescribed by Ayurveda physicians for diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. The present study was designed to analyze the phytoconstituents of Pathyashadangam kwath by HPLC. Methanol extracts of three batches of the kwath, PS 15, PS 23 and PS 25 were employed for the analysis. HPLC fingerprinting of Pathyashadangam kwath was carried out by gradient elution using mobile phase consisting of solvent A, H2O with 1% orthophosphoric acid and solvent B: 90% acetonitrile and 10% A. Gradient elution using mobile phase consisting of Acetonitrile and 0.1% Phosphoric acid in water as per standard procedure was used for quantifying Gallic acid in the formulation. From the analysis it was revealed that the fingerprint pattern was similar for the three batches of Pathyashadangam kwath, indicating similarity in phytoconstituents. Comparison of absorption spectra of peaks revealed that peak with RT 3.129 of PS 15, 3.771 of PS 23 and 3.887 of PS 25 had similar spectra indicating that they are identical compounds. The absorption spectra of peak with RT 14.162 of PS 15, 13.975 of PS 23 and 15.081 of PS 25 were also similar. The peaks with retention time 21.912 of PS 15, 21.599 of PS 23 and 23.251 of PS 25 also had similar absorption spectra suggesting identical compound. HPLC analysis of methanol extract of the kwath along with standard confirmed the presence of Gallic acid in the formulation. The concentration of Gallic acid in three batches was found to be 16.14 mg/ml, 23.22 mg/ml and 19.29 mg/ml of kwath respectively for PS 15, PS 23 and PS 25.

Studies on antibacterial spectrum of extracts of stem bark of Azadirachta indica A. Juss on some clinical isolates associated with urinary tract infection

This investigation was aimed at determining the antibacterial activity of extracts of stem bark of Azadirachta indica A. Juss on some clinical isolates. Results of preliminary analysis showed that the stem bark of A. indica possesses alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, phlobotannins and phenols. The ethanol extract produced higher antibacterial activity against all test microorganisms compare to the acetone extract, the highest Proteus vulgaris (15 mm) with ethanol extract at 500 mg/ml, and Staphylococcus aureus (13.5 mm) with acetone extract at 500 mg/ml respectively. Both the extracts produced definite strong antibacterial activity against test organisms at 50 to 1000 mg/ml concentration. Statistical analysis (t cal.-0.42) revealed that there was no significant difference among the antibacterial activities of ethanol and acetone extracts of A. indica against the test organisms. At pH value 2.0, the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract at 500 mg/ml was increased significantly against P. mirabilis (diameter of zone 20.0 mm) compared to the untreated one at pH 4.2 (diameter of zone 9.0 mm). In the case of S. aureus at pH 8.0 there was an increase in antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract (diameter of zone 29.0 mm) when compared to untreated extract at pH 4.2 (diameter of zone 14.0 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for acetone extract ranged from 100 to 500 mg/ml for the test organisms, and for ethanol extract the value was 200 mg/ml for all the test organisms. In case of test organisms, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was 500 mg/ml for both extracts. So, the use of A. indica for treatment of urinary tract infection may be justified. Key words: Phytochemicals, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), Azadirachta indica, Proteus mirabilis.

Wound Healing Activity of Azadirachta indica A. Juss Stem Bark in Mice.

Background:The paste of stem bark of Azadirachta indica (AI) has been traditionally used on wound and scar for rapid healing in Bundelkhand region of India.Objective:In the present investigation, wound healing potential of different extracts of stem bark of AI was explored in mice model.Materials and Methods:To study the wound healing properties in small animal model, the excision and incision wound models were used and water, ethanol-water (1:1, v/v) and ethanol extracts were applied topically (15% w/w in ointment base). In the excision wound model, wound contraction, hydroxyproline content, DNA content, protein content, and nitric oxide levels were estimated after 14 days of topical treatment along with histopathological examinations. In the incision wound model, wound breaking strength was determined after 10 days of topical application of different extracts of AI.Results:The animals treated with water extract of AI exhibited significant increment in rate of wound contraction (93.39%, P < 0.01), hydroxyproline content (13.31 ± 6.65 mg/g of dry tissue, P < 0.001), DNA content (20.99 ± 0.68 μg/100 mg of tissue, P < 0.01), protein content (100.53 ± 7.88 mg/g of wet tissue, P < 0.01) and nitric oxide level (3.05 ± 0.03 mMol/g of tissue, P < 0.001) as well as in wound breaking strength (289.40 ± 29.45 g, P < 0.01) when compared with vehicle control group which was also supported by histopathological studies.Conclusion:The water extract of stem bark of AI possesses significant wound healing property, validating its traditional use.

Antioxidant activity of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in some medicinal plants of India

In this study, total phenolics, flavonoids and vitamin C content vis-a-vis antioxidant activities were assayed in leaves and stem bark of Azadirachta indica, Butea monosperma, Cassia fistula, Mangifera indica, Syzygium cumini and Tamarindus indica using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radical scavenging method. The DPPH radical scavenging activity positively correlated with the total phenolic content in both stem bark and leaf. Superoxide radical scavenging activity increased with increasing flavonoid contents. However, the vitamin C content could not be correlated with DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging capacity.

Three New Diterpenoids from the Stem Bark of Azadirachta indica

Three New Diterpenoids from the Stem Bark of Azadirachta indica

Tricyclic Diterpenes from the Stem Bark ofAzadirachta indica

Two new diterpenoids, margosone and margosolone, have been isolated from the stem bark of AZADIRACHTA INDICA A. Juss (neem) and their structures established as 12,13-dihydroxy-14-isoporpylpodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-7-one and 13-hydroxy-12-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-7-one, respectively, through chemical and spectroscopic studies.

Diterpenoids from the stem bark of Azadirachta indica

Two new isomeric diterpenoids named nimbonone and nimbonolone have been isolated from the neutral fraction of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica along with methyl grevillate which has not been reported earlier as a natural product. The structures of nimbonone and nimbonolone have been determined as 12-ethyl-13-methoxy podocarpa-8,11,13-trien-7-one and 12-ethyl-13-methoxy podocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one, respectively, by spectroscopic methods and chemical transformations.

Structurally novel diterpenoid constituents from the stem bark of Azadirachta indica(meliaceae)

Studies in the neutral fraction of stem bark of Azadirachta indica(neem) have resulted in the isolation and structure elucidation of three new diterpenoids, margolone (1a), margolonone (2a), and isomargolonone (3a). The structure of these compounds has been established as 12-methyl-7-oxopodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-13-carboxylic acid, 12-methyl-3,7-dioxopodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-13-carboxylic acid, and 13-methyl-3,7-dioxopodocarpa-8,11,13-triene-12-carboxylic acid respectively, through chemical transformations and spectral studies. These diterpenoids showed antibacterial activity against various gram-positive and gram-negative organisms and represent the first isolation of podocarpane derivatives with carbon substituents at both C-12 and C-13.

Tricyclic Diterpenoids from the Stem Bark of Azadirachta indica

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTricyclic Diterpenoids from the Stem Bark of Azadirachta indicaIffat Ara, Bina S. Siddiqui, Shaheen Faizi, and Salimuzzaman SiddiquiCite this: J. Nat. Prod. 1988, 51, 6, 1054–1061Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 July 2004Published inissue 1 November 1988https://doi.org/10.1021/np50060a002RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views279Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (444 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Terpenoids from the stem bark of Azadirachta indica

Two new isomeric diterpenoids nimbinone and nimbinone and a new ring C- seco-tetranortriterpenoid isonimbinolide have been isolated from the stem ba

Immunomodulatory activity of an aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica stem bark

The interference of an aqueous extract of the stem bark of Azadirachta indica with different parts of the human immune system was investigated. The extract showed strong anticomplementary effects which were dose and time-dependent and most pronounced in the classical complement pathway assay. Moreover, a dose-dependent decrease in the chemiluminescence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was observed and a dose-dependent increase in the production of migration inhibition factor by lymphocytes.

Immunomodulatory Activity of an Aqueous Extract of the Stem Bark of Azadirachta indica

Immunomodulatory Activity of an Aqueous Extract of the Stem Bark of Azadirachta indica