Steel Wire Research Articles

Influence of high-carbon wire drawing method on its production efficiency

The issue of improving the production efficiency and competitiveness of high-carbon steel wire, determined by a rational ratio of quality and costs of its production, is an urgent task. The main way to solve it is the development and implementation of an effective technical process, the main elements of which are the technological process and equipment for its realization. Since the middle of the last century, domestic steel wire production has been operating on imported equipment, which significantly hampers the use of modern technological processes. This unfavorable situation has been aggravated at present by the imposition of severe economic sanctions by “unfriendly states”. The way out of this situation in the current production is the improvement of existing and introduction of new methods of wire drawing. According to the original methodology the analysis of the existing at one of the domestic enterprises route of drawing of high-carbon wire rope wire with a diameter of 1.70 mm from wire rod of 5.50 mm with the use of standard single monolithic fibers, twin monolithic fibers, roller fibers, as well as modules including roller and monolithic fibers (combined drawing) was carried out. The obtained results have shown that when using standard fibers, the drawing route should be designed with the minimum possible multiplicity, which will provide on the existing equipment to improve the quality of wire and reduce the cost of its production. The greatest efficiency is provided by the application of combined drawing: twofold reduction of drawing multiplicity, energy saving up to 30%, improvement of wire quality by creating a favorable stress-strain state when deforming the wire first in roller and then in monolithic drawing. In addition, in comparison with the roller fibers, the equipment is simplified and the costs of its purchase and operation are reduced. Recommendations on the directions of increasing the efficiency of production in the conditions of existing production, purchase of new imported and designing of domestic drawing equipment are given

Environmental prospects for galvanizing steel technologies

The article discusses the main technologies for applying zinc coatings, which make it possible to protect steel products from corrosion and thereby reduce the harmful impact on the environment. The technological features of hot, galvanic, thermal diffusion, cold and gas-thermal galvanizing are described. A comparative analysis of the considered galvanizing technologies was carried out from the point of view of their harmful effects on the environment and human health. The analysis made it possible to establish that hot-dip galvanizing is applicable to protect steel strips and wires, which has minimal impact on the environment, but the surface preparation processes for it cause significant harm to the environment and human health. Electroplating production is one of the most dangerous sources of environmental pollution, due to the fact that both in the surface preparation process and during the coating itself, reagents and electrolytes are used that have a harmful effect on both the environment and human health. Thermal diffusion, cold and gas-thermal galvanizing during surface preparation allows mechanical cleaning using abrasive materials, which significantly increases the environmental friendliness of these methods. Thermal diffusion and gas-thermal galvanizing are by far the most environmentally friendly processes and allow the application of corrosion-resistant coatings to products of complex shapes. The use of wire in gas-thermal galvanizing makes it possible to increase the economic efficiency of the process compared to powder technologies. The equipment used for thermal spraying is universal and can be used to apply various protective coatings, as well as restore worn parts. The impact of this galvanizing method on the environment is minimal and is today one of the most effective and promising methods of protecting steel products from corrosion.

Pull-out behavior of twin-twisted steel fibers from various strength cement-based matrices

This research explores a novel steel fiber made by twisting together two straight steel wires. The pull-out behavior of the twin-twisted steel fiber was investigated, proving its slip-hardening ability in cement-based matrices. The number of twists per unit length, fiber embedment length, matrix compressive strength, and fiber equivalent diameter were the experimental variables. Hooked-end fibers were also investigated for comparison. Pull-out test results of twin-twisted steel fibers quantified the mechanisms of frictional bonding and mechanical untwisting and their effects on the pull-out response and slip hardening of steel fibers. The maximum pull-out load increased with the increase of fiber twists per unit length, which increased the likelihood of damage to the matrix tunnel and had a negative effect on the energy absorption capacity. Defects at interfaces and scratches on fiber surfaces were examined using SEM imaging. Twin-twisted steel fibers reached an enhanced hardening response and energy absorption capacity compared to hooked fibers yet showed lower maximum bond strength. New bond strength and energy dissipation indexes were introduced and could effectively be used for fiber optimization.

Influence of aloe-vera powder addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of wire + arc additively manufactured ER70S-6 steel

ER70S-6 steel Wire Arc Additive Manufactured deposit was fabricated using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) under two conditions: without and with aloe-vera powder. Aloe-vera is added at the interlayer during deposition. The effect on microstructure evolution, hardness and tensile properties due to addition of aloe-vera were investigated. Without aloe-vera deposits recorded non-uniform microstructure from lower to upper zone, resulting in wide variation in hardness. On the other hand, presence of aloe-vera minimized the microstructural inhomogeneities. The presence of aloe-vera also suppressed the formation of bainite phase and stabilize the hardness throughout the deposit. The tensile strength of the aloe-vera added deposit also increases compared to without powder particle deposit.

Stress-Strain Analysis of the Fretting and Non-Fretting Steel Wire: An Experimental and Simulation Study

Stress-Strain Analysis of the Fretting and Non-Fretting Steel Wire: An Experimental and Simulation Study

Effect of Self-Filtering Layer on Tailings–Steel Wire Mesh Interfacial Shearing Properties and Bearing Behavior of Drain Pipes

Effect of Self-Filtering Layer on Tailings–Steel Wire Mesh Interfacial Shearing Properties and Bearing Behavior of Drain Pipes

TROCHANTERIC OSTEOTOMY AND TRANSFER DURING TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY IN PATIENTS WITH DISLOCATED DYSPLASTIC HIPS: UNION RATE USING MONOFILAMENT TRANSVERSE WIRE CERCLAGE

Securing the osteotomized greater trochanter (GT) during total hip arthroplasty (THA) for dislocated dysplastic hips (DDH) poses a significant challenge. This study evaluates the union rate and effectiveness of a 2-strand transverse wiring technique utilizing the lesser trochanter for wire anchorage and tensioning.A digastric anterior slide trochanteric osteotomy was performed in 106 patients (118 hips) undergoing THA for DDH. Following uncemented stem insertion, the GT was transferred and fixed to the lateral cortex of the proximal femur using monofilament stainless steel wires. In 72 out of 106 patients (80 hips), the GT was fixed with 2 transverse wire cerclages threaded through 2 drill holes in the base of the lesser trochanter, spaced vertically 5–10 millimeters apart. The wires were wrapped transversely over the GT and tightened, avoiding contact with its tendinous attachments. Patients were regularly monitored, and GT union was assessed clinically and radiographically.Patient ages ranged from 20 to 57 years (mean 35.5), with a follow-up period ranging from 1.5 to 12 years (mean 6.2). The mean union time was 3.3 months (range 2–7). Among all hips, two developed stable nonunion and single wire breakage, but no fragment displacement (2.5%). Two hips exhibited delayed union, eventually healing at 6 and 7 months after surgery.Reattachment of the greater trochanter utilizing a 2-strand transverse wire cerclage anchored at the base of the lesser trochanter demonstrated a high rate of union (97.5%) following THA in dislocated DDH cases.

The individualized treatment for minimally invasive repair of pectus carinatum in adolescent: a single center’ s retrospective study

BackgroundPectus carinatum (PC) mainly present at the growth spurt time of the early teenage years or the puberty. Poor outer appearance is a major reason for seeking help for surgeons to increase self-confidence and self-esteem. At present, minimally invasive repair (MIR) is one of effective ways to correct the chest wall deformity. Therefore, there is great practical significance to conduct clinical research on MIR about the adolescent PC.MethodsWe applied Abramson procedure in PC group or we applied Abramson procedure and Nuss procedure in PC/PE group. We retrospectively reviewed the results of 41 cases who underwent the surgical correction at our department from January 2020 to April 2023.ResultsAll the procedures were successfully done without severe complications. The median operation Time was 80 min in PC group while was 130 min in PC/PE group. The median LOS were 4 days in PC group while 5 days in PC/PE group. The median compression depth was 32 mm in PC group while 12 mm in PC/PE group. Postoperatively, there are some complications. All Pneumothorax patients being treated conservatively were found in 9 patients in two groups. One patient suffered overcorrection after operation. There were 3 patients suffered steel wires breakage in two groups. One patient reoperation postoperatively for the dislocation of the bar secondary to steel wires breakage.ConclusionsThe Abramson procedure or Abramson procedure and Nuss procedure have good short-term results in repair PC and PC/PE. Select one or two procedures should be done individually based on whether the lower plane over depressed after Abramson procedure.

Shaking table test for near-valley underground station: Influence of diaphragm walls

Diaphragm walls are commonly employed as a permanent support for the building of metro stations near urban valley, and in conjunction with the interior sidewalls of the station structure to withstand the pressure from surrounding soils. Despite their prevalent use, the effect of underground diaphragm walls on the seismic response of stations is not yet fully understood. In this paper, a series of 1-g shaking table tests is designed to investigate the seismic response of a near-valley station with underground diaphragm walls within the elastic range. Modeling the stratum-structure-diaphragm walls system is accomplished by employing granular concrete reinforced with galvanized steel wires and synthetic model soils, and a station without diaphragm walls is included, serving as a benchmark for comparative analysis to understand the influence of diaphragm walls on the seismic behavior of the station. The experiment was designed for three depth-to-width ratios (DWRs), i.e. 1/3, 1/4, and 1/8, of arc-shaped valley topography, as well as the seismic excitations for the test include actual seismic records with the amplitude of 0.2 g, 0.4 g, and 0.8 g, respectively. Results show that the underground diaphragm walls enhance the lateral stiffness of the near-valley station compared to structures without diaphragm walls, and thus significantly reducing the racking deformation of structure during earthquakes. The presence of diaphragm wall would decrease the amplification of dynamic earth pressure caused by valley effect at the structural sidewalls, and significantly reduce the lateral vibration and shear effect of the station near a valley with a larger DWR. Notably, bending moment response at the connection between the diaphragm walls and structural sidewalls are dramatically amplified under strong seismic loading, and such adverse effects gradually increase with the DWR of the valley.

Comparison of various modes of acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement- A clinical study

The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effects of Micro-osteoperforations (MOPs), Corticision, Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Randomly10 patients were selected in each study group. All the studies had a split-mouth study design. All the patients were bonded with MBT 0.022 X 0.028 inch brackets and maxillary canine retraction was performed on 0.019 X 0.025 stainless steel wires with different methods of accelerating tooth movement. Data was collected from the orthodontic study models prepared from alginate impression taken at each appointment interval. The results of the study revealed that the amount of maxillary canine retraction was rapid in all the groups as compared to conventional method of orthodontic tooth movement and the results conclude thatmicro-osteoperfortaions showed better rate of accelerated orthodontic tooth movement as compared to other methods.

Quantitative Detection of Local Flaw Under the Lift-Off Effect for Steel Wire Ropes

Quantitative Detection of Local Flaw Under the Lift-Off Effect for Steel Wire Ropes

Formation mechanism of cracks formed during drilling of a cold drawn prestressing 1215 free-cutting steel

1215 steel is a low-carbon free-cutting steel with the largest production, and its quality issues are complex and diverse. The formation mechanism of cracks formed during drilling of a cold drawn prestressing 1215 free-cutting steel was investigated by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high-temperature laser scanning confocal microscopy, and Thermo-Calc software. The failure was caused by abnormally wide pearlite with large amounts of sulfide nearby. We speculate the abnormal microstructure was related to C and S segregation in columnar-to-equiaxed transition zone during continuous casting process. However, element segregation was an inherent property in the continuous casting process. Reheating was an important process for homogenization to eliminate segregation, but the reheating temperature was lowered to reduce production costs. The lower reheating temperature resulted in incomplete elimination of columnar-to-equiaxed transition zone segregation, ultimately leading to the formation of abnormal microstructure. This batch of 1215 steel wire was not suitable for producing component required transverse plasticity during machining, but could be used to produce circular shaft components. In the future, it is suggested to increase the reheating and hot-rolling temperature, or take effective measures to reduce segregation during continuous casting.

Transition in Tensile Deformation Behavior of Fe-Cr-C/Low-Carbon Steel Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Joint Before and After Solid Solution Heat Treatment

Transition in Tensile Deformation Behavior of Fe-Cr-C/Low-Carbon Steel Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Joint Before and After Solid Solution Heat Treatment

Unveiling the mechanisms behind texture formation and its impact on the torsional performance of cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires

High carbon pearlitic steel wires are widely used in the industry, such as for producing tyre cords and steel cables due to its excellent mechanical properties. Cold drawing is a crucial step in steel wire production. Due to the loading state during the cold drawing process, pearlitic wires tend to exhibit a <110> fiber texture. The non-uniform texture distribution on the cross-section of steel wires has been observed experimentally. The mechanisms yielding this non-uniformly distributed texture are carefully investigated in this study using a multi-scale computational approach. Firstly, a macroscale finite element model is established to simulate the deformation behaviour of pearlitic steel wires during cold drawing, with the aim of thoroughly investigating the inhomogeneous elastic-plastic deformation behaviours. Secondly, the macro mechanical responses are incorporated into the mesoscale representative volume element model as boundary conditions to comprehensively study the effect of inhomogeneous deformation characteristics on texture formation. The results present a significant advancement by revealing that the non-uniform texture distribution in a steel wire can primarily be attributed to the multiaxial stress state on the cross-section. Notably, at the center of the steel wire, the maximum principal stress aligns with the drawing axis, resulting in a dominant <110> fiber texture. Conversely, at the subsurface, the maximum principal stress progressively shifts towards the circumferential direction, yielding an evolving texture characterized by a {110}<110> circumferential texture. Furthermore, the research uncovers a crucial finding that it is the {110}<110> circumferential texture that significantly weakens the torsion ability of the wires. This is due to the limited activation of slip systems, marking a key advancement in understanding the mechanical properties of steel wires.

Wire rope isolator identification and dynamic modeling for small amplitude vibrations

Wire rope isolators are used in variety of applications to protect sensitive equipment from vibration. The nonlinear hysteretic behavior of steel wires provides advantages when compared to linear vibration isolators. This study proposes an amplitude dependent stiffness and damping model for low amplitude vibrations under axial loading, where the parameters can be determined with an experimental procedure. Comprehensive experimental results of forced vibration tests with varying loading, frequency and preload were considered in the model identification. Amplitude dependent stiffness and loss energy models were determined from the test data, and the effect of the preload and loading frequency on the model parameters were studied. It is shown, that the effect of preload and frequency is not evidently clear, while the effect of vibration amplitude is more significant. The mathematical model was further verified against measurements from base excitation loading. The proposed model can be used to study the effectiveness of the selected wire rope isolator configurations in chosen application, and to effectively perform dynamic design studies.

Synergistic effects of graphene oxide, steel wire mesh and fibers on the impact resistance of preplaced aggregate concrete

Graphene Oxide (GO) has become a focal point of interest in civil engineering due to its exceptional mechanical and functional properties, making it a novel and promising carbon-based nanomaterial. However, the improvement in impact resistance of fibrous concrete by incorporating GO has not been explored until now. The novelty of this research is rooted in its pioneering analysis of the impact resistance of preplaced aggregate fibrous concrete, achieved through the combined incorporation of GO and steel wire mesh (SWM). This study uniquely investigates the effects of three different dosages of GO (0.1 %, 0.15 %, and 0.2 %) and three variations in the diameter of the steel wire mesh (50 mm, 100 mm, and 150 mm), alongside a fixed dosage of 3 % for steel fibers. Thirty-two distinct mixtures were prepared, with the steel wire mesh strategically placed at the midpoint of the specimen depth in each case. The specimens underwent drop-weight impact testing, with investigations conducted into their compressive strength, impact numbers related to cracking and failure, ductility index, and failure mode. The specimens incorporating a 0.2 % GO dosage with a 150 mm diameter of SWM displayed the highest observed cracking and failure impact numbers compared to those with 50 mm and 100 mm diameters of SWM. The observed increments ranged from 1.07 to 1.18 times for cracking and from 1.38 to 2.45 times for failure, compared to specimens containing 0.2 % GO without SWM. The identical specimens demonstrated the highest ductility values, ranging from 9.34 to 10.61. It is crucial to emphasize that adding GO does not induce an evolution from brittle to ductile failure of the specimen under impact loading, unlike the effect observed with steel wire mesh and steel fibre.

Mechanical Properties and Microanalytical Study of Concrete Reinforced with Blended Corn Straw and Scrap Steel Fibers.

Fiber concrete exhibits superior performance in various aspects compared to plain concrete and has been widely researched and applied worldwide. However, many industrially made fibers are expensive, and their cost has to be considered before use; thus, it would be economically valuable to find inexpensive fibers with excellent properties to make fiber concrete. Rural areas have many rich straw resources to be disposed of; at the same time, the rapid development of the automobile industry has introduced a large number of used tires containing steel wire with a very low reuse rate. These two low-cost materials can be processed to make fibers, making the study of mechanical properties regarding their incorporation into concrete practically significant for reducing the cost of fiber concrete. Based on this, a three-factor, three-level orthogonal test was conducted to investigate the effects of different dosages of corn straw fibers and scrap steel fibers, as well as the water-cement ratio, on the mechanical properties of concrete. The optimum level of each factor for blended straw-waste-steel-fiber concrete with different mechanical properties was obtained using the polar and ANOVA methods. It was found that the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact resistance of the specimens after fiber dosing were better than those of plain concrete specimens with the same water-cement ratio. The maximum improvement was 14.96% in cubic compressive strength, 42.90% in tensile strength, and 16.30% in flexural strength, while the maximum improvement in impact energy consumption at the final crack was 228.03%. Combined with SEM microanalysis, the two fibers formed a stronger whole with the C-S-H gel. When the specimen was subjected to load, the two fibers were able to withstand part of the load, thus enhancing the load-bearing capacity. Finally, the optimal mix ratio of blended straw-scrap-steel-fiber concrete was determined to be 0.8% corn straw fibers by volume, 0.6% scrap steel fibers by volume, and a 0.45 water-cement ratio by combining the weights of the levels of each factor under its four different mechanical properties through hierarchical analysis. This analysis of mechanical properties provides a reference for practical applications in future projects.

Research on new technology of resource-saving ultra-thin stone curtain wall

Ultra thin stone curtain wall technology is a resource-saving innovation. This article explores the application of ultra-thin stone in building exterior wall decoration, including pasted curtain walls, self insulated walls, AAC walls, and decorative insulation composite board exterior wall insulation systems. This technology has advantages such as thin thickness, light weight, low cost, convenient construction, and excellent self insulation performance. The key construction points include waterproofing, rust prevention treatment, use of high standard adhesives, embedding of steel wire mesh in the plaster layer, and small mortar joint technology. The future development direction should focus on innovation in the production technology of ultra-thin stone panels and new directions for stone products.

Narrow gap multi-pass laser welding with 52M/308L double wires filler addition for SA508/316L dissimilar metals

Recently, considerable effort has been directed at the development of laser welding with wire filler addition as an alternative manufacture technique for the substantial productivity gains it would offer to the nuclear pressure vessels fabrication. However, single wire filler such as 52M and 308 L addition is difficult to take into account many properties such as the strength, toughness and resistance to stress corrosion cracking at the same time. In this work we evaluate the feasibility of applying 52 M/308 L dissimilar double wires filler addition for the multi-pass narrow gap laser welding (NGLW) of SA508/316 L dissimilar metals. The objectives of this paper is to regulate the microstructure of the welded joint by adjusting the ratio of the 52 M/308 L double wires filler. The results showed that welded joints without crack and lack-of-fusion were acquired. An excellent comprehensive property welded joint with relative high hardness and low residual stresses is acquired when the 52 M/308 L double wires proportion was 75 %:25 %. The results also indicated that a certain proportion of 308 L stainless steel wire filler addition was conducive to reducing the microhardness of the welded joint. However, when that ratio of the 308 L wire was up to 75 %, harmful element S was obtained in the precipitation zone, which might reduce the mechanical properties of the welded joints.

Design and Investigation of a low-cost elbow rehabilitation tool

Electronic medical development focuses on creating an efficient rehabilitation device that will strengthen all surrounding muscles and enhance elbow performance. The elbow rehabilitation tool (ERT) provides sophisticated methods like exercise and motion analysis. The initiative is notable for its advanced assessment methods and adaptable training curricula, which offer users a thorough and successful therapeutic experience. The ERT includes elements like a stepper motor, variable resistor, steel wire, microcontroller, motor driver, and components created using a 3D printer. The experiment results show that the average systematic error percentage is about 82.857%, where seven healthy people have tested the ERT aged between 22 and 55 (five males and two females). The ERT also has achievement evaluation, which improves motivation and dedication to the recovery methods through an effective rehabilitation experience for users.