Steel Wire Research Articles

Covalent organic framework in situ grown on the metal-organic framework as fiber coating for solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea.

A novel MIL-88-NH2@COF composite was produced by in situ growth of covalent organic framework (COF) on the metal-organic framework (MOF) surface. To obtain a coating fiber for solid-phase microextraction (SPME), the MIL-88-NH2@COF composite physically adhered to the stainless steel wire. Combined with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), various analytes such as chlorophenols (CPs), phthalates (PAEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were extracted and determined to evaluate the extraction performance of MIL-88-NH2@COF coated fibers and explore their extraction mechanism. This composite exhibit excellent extraction performance and adsorption capacity for various analytes, especially for PAHs with enrichment factor up to 9858. The SPME-GC-FID method based on MIL-88-NH2@COF fiber was established for the determination of five PAHs after the main extraction conditions were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the proposed technique showed a wide linear range (1-150ngmL-1) with a low limit of detection (0.019ngmL-1) and a high coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.99). The developed SPME-GC-FID method was used to determine PAHs in green tea and black tea samples, with good recoveries of 51.70-103.64% and 68.56-103.64%, respectively. It is worth mentioning that this is the first time MIL-88-NH2@COF composites have been prepared and applied to SPME. The preparation method of the composite provides a new idea in adsorbent preparation, which will contribute to the field of SPME.

Pearlite Interlamellar Spacing and Vickers Micro-Hardness in the Necking Region of Cold-Drawn Pearlitic Steel Wires

The final aim of this paper is to study the microstructural changes in the necking region of progressively cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires by means of a thorough and detailed analysis of pearlite interlamellar spacing and Vickers micro-hardness in this special region. To this end, a set of progressively cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires belonging to a real manufacturing chain were subjected to standard tension tests, in such a manner that the tests were interrupted before the final fracture, i.e., the test development was aborted just at the necking instant. The microstructural changes during necking were evaluated by measuring the pearlite interlamellar spacing in the necking region, as well as the Vickers micro-hardness in the different points of it. The study of the afore-said microstructural changes preceding the final fracture was the final aim of the research, intending to determine the local areas in the necking region of the specimens in which microstructural changes are most evident, thereby affecting the local mechanical response of a specific cold-drawn steel at the moment of instability under load control during the standard tension test.

Abstract P1170: Changes In Endothelin Signaling In A Long-term Rat Coronary Culture Resembles Chronic Coronary Syndrome

Background: Coronary artery disease generates changes in the structure and function of the blood vessels. 48hrs organ culture (mimicking the acute loss of blood flow) of coronary arteries induces the upregulation of contractile endothelin type B (ETB) receptors, resembling the pattern seen in ischemic heart disease. MEK inhibitors (U0126 and Trametinib), can acutely inhibit the upregulation of these receptors, illustrating the importance of this pathway. The 48hrs organ culture model has been proven successful for translation in acute ischemic disease, but arterial changes have not been studied in a long-term chronic model which could be important for chronic coronary syndrome. Purpose: 1) Investigate the changes of ETB receptors after incubation in a long-term optimized medium for organ culture, mimicking the reduction of blood flow in chronic coronary syndrome and 2) determine whether Trametinib, would have treatment effect on the upregulation of ETB receptors in both long term and short term culture. Methods: Rat coronary arteries were incubated in organ culture for 48hrs in DMEM ± trametinib (“acute”) or in a long-term optimized medium for organ culture for 14 days (“chronic”). After the incubation, arteries were mounted stainless steel wires (40 μm) on a Mulvany-Halpern arterial wire myograph and cumulative concentration response curves were made to measure arterial contractility to the ETB receptor specific agonist Sarafotoxin (S6c). Trametinib was added at time 0 (for both the acute and chronic organ culture) or 7 days delayed. Results: For the “acute” culture, we observed a high contractile effect in response to S6c (Emax=136.5±18%). The presence of Trametinib greatly reduced this contractile effect (Emax=10±1.9%) and arteries were comparable to fresh (Emax=0.8±0.7%). The rat coronary arteries in the “chronic” culture maintained their ability to contract in response to potassium, and S6c had a strong contractile effect (Emax=74.64±17%). Interestingly, neither trametinib addition at time 0 nor at day 7 could inhibit the functional upregulation of ETB in the chronic model. Conclusion: Chronic coronary syndrome may require new inhibitors of ETB receptor upregulation. This could be investigated with our new long-term rat coronary artery model.

Review of Technological Advances in High Temperature Overhead Line Composite Conductors

ACSR (Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced) conductors consisting of pure aluminum wires helically stranded around a core of high strength galvanized steel core wires are widely used in overhead transmission line applications. While the steel wires provides the required strength, the outer aluminium serves as electricity conducting member. The thermal rating or ampacity of conductors is the maximum current that a circuit can carry within the temperature limits as dictated by the allowable conductor sag or by the annealing onset temperature of the conductor, whichever is lower. On a continuous basis, ACSR may be operated at temperatures up to 100°C without any significant change in the conductor’s physical properties. Above 100°C, aluminum wires loses tensile strength over time and becomes "fully annealed" giving rise to increased thermal expansion of the conductor; this causes excessive sagging reducing the clearance between the ground and the energized conductors.
 While, the electric utilities are posed with increased challenges of production of additional capacities and building new transmission circuits to meet the ever growing demand and the high cost and environmental restrictions of constructing new lines, methods are being explored to increase their capacity with minimum changes in the existing towers. Replacement of the existing conductor with a advanced high temperature composite (HTC) conductors operating upto temperatures of 200°C with reduced sagging characteristics have been attempted and an increase in capacity of 30-80%, can be achieved through application of these composite conductors.
 The advanced HTC conductors with varied combinations of core material and outer conducting wires are being tried so as to achieve wide ranging properties. In general, HTC conductors features the combinations of either soft aluminum wires with ultra high strength steel or temperature resistant aluminium with or fiber reinforced metal/polymer matrix composites as the core. Both the alumina fiber reinforced temperature resistant aluminium metal matrix composite and the carbon fiber reinforced high temperature polymer resin composite wires as the core material appears to have favorable applications. The comparative performance of the HTC depends on the degree to which both outer aluminum strand and reinforcing core’s physical properties are stable at high temperature and on the elastic, plastic, and thermal elongation of the combined HTC.
 The summary of various developments realized in the area of composite conductors and their relative merits and demerits have been discussed in detail.

Flexural Experiment and Design Method of Steel-Wire-Enhanced Insulation Panels

A new type of non-dismantling composite insulation panel, namely a steel-wire-enhanced insulation panel, was proposed. Compared to traditional organic insulation panels, the construction procedure is reduced, and the fire resistance is improved. The flexural performance was explored experimentally and numerically to evaluate its ability to withstand lateral pressure when it was used as the formwork of a cast-in-place concrete wall. First, 6 groups of 12 specimens of steel-wire-enhanced insulation panels were conducted under 2 loading modes: 3-point bending loading and 4-point bending loading. The failure modes of these specimens included a straight crack at the bottom of the panel and the yielding of steel wire. The test results showed that the maximum bending moment of the specimens with an 80 mm thickness could reach 2.415 kN·m. Second, finite element (FE) models were developed for the steel-wire-enhanced insulation panels by ABAQUS, which were validated by the experimental results. Third, a parametric study with parameters, including the thermal insulation cover, the square gird spacing of the steel wire mesh, and the diameter of the steel wire, was performed. It was observed that the insulation cover had a significant effect on the flexural capacity in the simulated range. Finally, theoretical formulas for panel stiffness and flexural capacity were presented, which can predict the bending performance more conservatively compared to the experimental results. The research and analysis of this study could offer a valuable reference for designing this panel in practical applications.

Variable density points pressure sensor with wide sensing range and spatial pressure mapping

Wearable flexible pressure sensors are a novel class of human activity detection device. However, the preparation of pressure sensors with high sensitivity and wide sensing range still faces great challenges. This study reveals an flexible heat-resistant variable density point pressure sensing array (PSA) with ultra-wide sensing range based on Ti3C2Tx-MXene. MXene containing polar oxygen-containing functional groups coated polyester fiber fabricated the pressure sensing layer while a stainless steel wire core is used as a flexible electrode for signal collection. The signal processing device rapidly converts the mechanical signal into electrical signal output to increase the transmission speed and range. Experimental results show that the PSA can effectively sense dynamic and static pressures with high sensitivity (0.14–0.87 kPa−1 over a pressure range of 7.2 Pa–2000 kPa), a wide sensing range (0–15000 kPa), fast response time (80 ms), 10,000 cycles (2000 kPa) stability and maintains a 81.25% current response. The noval fully woven structural flexible PSA exhibited larger area, of which the weave density is varied to control resolution and the pressure mapping is referenced to each pixel point to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze shape and pressure distribution. Variable density points pressure sensor with wide sensing range and spatial pressure mappinghas promising applications in healthcare.

Study of explosive welding of Al 5052 and Al 1100 with stainless steel wire mesh interlayer

Explosive welding is a solid-state welding process that uses a controlled explosive detonation to force two metals together at high pressure. The process has been fully developed for large-scale applications in the manufacturing industry. The explosive bonding technique can bond various similar and dissimilar materials and be applied to fabricate composites such as multi-layered and wire-reinforced materials. In this study, aluminium (Al-5052) and aluminium (Al-1100) plates were explosively welded with and without a stainless steel wire mesh interlayer. The microstructural studies illustrated the interface morphology of the interlayered wire mesh weld, which shows the formation of thin melted layers. However, wire mesh interlayered weld interfaces exhibit no molten layer formation. The maximum microhardness was observed at the interface due to wire mesh and plastic deformation.

Study of the behaviour of FRP materials and epoxy adhesives under elevated temperature

Strengthening using externally bonded FRP is widely adopted to enhance load carrying capacity of structural elements and overall safety of the structures. However, the performance of FRP materials and epoxy adhesives under elevated temperature needs to be addressed. This study mainly focuses on evaluation of tensile performance of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strips as well as behaviour of two different types of epoxy adhesives i.e. Sikadur 30 LP and Sikadur 330 under elevated temperatures. The performance of FRP materials is compared with Stainless Steel Wire Mesh (SSWM), which is a cost-effective alternative for strengthening. A total of 54 number of coupon specimens (strips of size 300 mm × 25 mm) of GFRP, CFRP and SSWM are prepared and tested under uniaxial tension as per ASTM standard. Coupon specimens are exposed to different elevated temperatures i.e. 100℃, 200℃, 300℃, 400℃ and 500℃ for 2 h. For epoxy material, 50 mm long strips of 25 mm width and 5 mm thickness are prepared. From the results, superior performance of SSWM is observed as compared to GFRP and CFRP material at elevated temperature. A complete disintegration of fibers is observed beyond 200℃ for FRP specimens. However, SSWM maintains both the integrity and strength even up to 500℃. Further, from the comparison of integrity and weight loss, it is observed that Sikadur 30 LP performs better as compared to Sikadur 330 at elevated temperature. From the results, it is concluded that SSWM along with Sikadur 30 LP epoxy can be used for the strengthening of concrete structures exposed to elevated temperature. Based on study, it is suggested to further create diverse hybrid composites by combining CFRP, GFRP, and SSWM with appropriate bonding materials for applications in various industries and environmental conditions having exposure to high temperatures.

Effect of Coating on Stress Corrosion Performance of Bridge Cable Steel Wire

Hot galvanization on steel surfaces can isolate the steel from corrosive environments and alleviate the stress corrosion cracking caused by the anodic dissolution mechanism. However, the cathodic protection potential of the coating is excessively negative, which may aggravate the hydrogen embrittlement problem. The effect of a coating on the stress corrosion performance of bridge cable wire was studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), a thermal desorption analysis (TDA), an electrochemical workstation, and an FIP test. The results show that hot-dip ZnAl and ZnAlMg alloy coatings can significantly prolong the stress corrosion fracture time of steel wire substrates. From a macroscopic perspective, the stress corrosion cracking fracture is a brittle fracture caused by hydrogen embrittlement. Moreover, the coating type has little effect on the fracture morphology of bridge cable wire. In NH4SCN solution (50 °C, 20 wt.%), a corrosion product layer composed of ZnS and Al2O3 was formed on the surface of the coated steel wire. The electrochemical analysis showed that the corrosion resistance of the ZnAlMg coating was better than that of the ZnAl coating, which was the main reason for the improvement of the stress corrosion performance.

Correlation between corrosion level and fatigue strength of high-strength galvanized steel wires used for suspension bridge cables

This study investigated the relationship between “rust color distribution ratio,” “corrosion surface shape,” and “fatigue strength” of high-strength galvanized steel wires used in cable supported bridges. The study utilized a digital image color analysis system to classify the rust color distribution rate and categorize corrosion levels based on the distribution ratio. The relationship between cross-sectional loss rate and corrosion depth tendency was visually and quantitatively comprehended from the categorized corrosion levels. The study found that fatigue and tensile strengths of the specimens from the corrosion levels set in this study were equivalent to or higher than those of new wires. However, the possibility of variations due to the small number of specimens or insufficient corrosion progress cannot be ruled out.

Effect of thermomechanical processing of building stainless wire to increase its durability

A traditional use of high cumulative reduction ratios is not effective for manufacturing wire with high performance and mechanical properties, since cold plastic deformation reduces the wire diameter, while hot deformation has its own limitations. Thus, thermomechanical treatment of rolled steel has a huge potential to reduce costs and improve product quality when used in the construction industry. Such processing allows metalworking industries to increase the economic effect due to a more complete satisfaction of the requirements for the mechanical properties of finished rolled products. The article developed a new technology for thermomechanical processing of stainless steel wire, consisting of preliminary heat treatment to obtain an austenitic structure and traditional drawing followed by cryogenic cooling. As a result of such treatment, an ultrafine-grained structure was obtained, consisting of a mixture of austenite and α-martensite, with high strength and plastic properties. To analyze the features of the obtained microstructures, modern methods of metallographic analysis were used, such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and analysis of backscattered electron diffraction patterns. The microstructure is obtained after deformation at both temperatures and consists of a mixture of α-martensite and austenite. A structure with an average grain size of 0.5 µm was obtained by drawing using cryogenic cooling, and a microstructure of 1 µm was obtained at room temperature. The results obtained allow us to expect an increase in the performance and durability of stainless steel wire, which can be used for various purposes.

Slag valorization from electric arc furnaces in concrete paver formulation

Slag is produced in enormous amounts by steelworks, which are scrap metal recycling industries that produce steel wire rods and steel reinforcing bars. In the absence of a sustainable recovery route, the latter pose a possible environmental risk. This work is concerned with the valorization of this by-product in the production of concrete pavers. To accomplish so, the slag was previously evaluated using X-ray fluorescence, particle size analysis, density, absorption coefficient, and other criteria that are recommended for usage in this field. The pavers were then manufactured using the Dreux Gorisse recipe, with slag substituting the gravel. The results demonstrate that the slag is rich in iron, which is characterized by lime, silica, and magnesia rates of 31.73%, 16.33%, and 16.33%, respectively, low percentages of manganese and alumina. The water absorption rate is between 2.6% and 2.8%, and their density is similar to 3.6 kg/l. Los Angeles has a 20-coefficient. As a result of their inclusion in the design of the pavers, they were able to split in line with the NF EN 1338 standard and retained a reasonable degree of tensile strength.

Characteristic Parameters of Magnetostrictive Guided Wave Testing for Fatigue Damage of Steel Strands.

Steel strands are widely used in structures such as bridge cables, and their integrity is critical to keeping these structures safe. A steel strand is under the working condition of an alternating load for a long time, and fatigue damage is unavoidable. It is necessary to find characteristic parameters for evaluating fatigue damage. In this study, nonlinear coefficients and attenuation coefficients were employed to evaluate fatigue damage based on magnetostrictive guided wave testing. Unlike pipe and steel wire structures, there is a phenomenon of a notch frequency when guided waves propagate in steel strands. The influence of the notch frequency on the nonlinear coefficient and attenuation coefficient is discussed. The relationship between the nonlinear coefficient, attenuation coefficient, and cyclic loading times was obtained through experiments. The amplitudes of the nonlinear coefficient and attenuation coefficient both increased with the increase in cyclic loading times. The experiments also showed the effectiveness of using these two characteristic parameters to evaluate fatigue damage.

Flexural Behavior of RC Beams with NSM Prestressed Helical Rib Steel Wire

The reinforcement technique of near-surface mounted?NSM?prestressed helical rib steel wire (PHRSW) with wide raw material sources, lower in price and high application value can significantly enhance the flexural behavior of reinforced-concrete (RC) structures. Based on 8 flexural RC beams reinforced with NSM PHRSW, performance of test beams under different groove widths (10 mm, 15 mm and 20 mm) and concrete strengths (C30 and C40) was analyzed, including load-deflection, ductility, flexural capacity, strain of longitudinal steel bar and HRSW, failure mode and crack propagation. The results show that the overall flexural behavior RC beams reinforced with NSM PHRSW was significantly improved. There is a good entirety bearing capacity between the longitudinal reinforcement and PHRSW of reinforced beam with suitable groove size. The comprehensive performance of reinforced beams increases first then decreases, with the increase of groove size. The higher the strength of concrete, the more significant the influence of groove size. There is an optimal match between groove width and concrete strength for RC beams reinforced with NSM PHRSW. Considering comprehensive property of reinforced beams, groove width with 15mmwas best in this research. The results can make the research of RC beams reinforced with NSM PHRSW more comprehensive and in-depth, and provide design basis for its engineering application.

Residual magnetic field for identification of damage in steel wire rope

Residual magnetic field for identification of damage in steel wire rope

Influence of the Straining Path during Cold Drawing on the Hydrogen Embrittlement of Prestressing Steel Wires

Cold drawing is a commonly used technique for manufacturing the prestressing steel wires used as structural elements in prestressed concrete structures. As a result of this manufacturing process, a non-uniform plastic strain and residual stress states are generated in the wire. These stress and strain fields play a relevant role as the main cause of the in-service failure of prestressing steel wires in the presence of an aggressive environment, hydrogen embrittlement (HE). In this paper, hydrogen susceptibility to HE is compared in two different commercial cold-drawn wires with the same dimensions at the beginning and at the end of manufacturing that follow different straining paths. To achieve this goal, numerical simulation with the finite element (FE) method is carried out for two different industrial cold-drawing chains. Later, the HE susceptibility of both prestressing steel wires was estimated in terms of the hydrogen accumulation given by FE numerical simulations of hydrogen diffusion assisted by stress and strain states, considering the previously obtained residual stress and plastic strain fields generated after each wire-drawing process. According to the obtained results, the hardening history modifies the residual stress and strain states in the wires, affecting their behavior in hydrogen environments.

Application of low drying shrinkage ECC in the protection layer of thermal insulation wall

An innovative application of the fiber reinforced engineered cementitious composite (ECC) in thermal insulation wall is presented in this paper. Special focuses are paid for the purpose of eliminating bond failure between the structural layer, thermal insulation layer and surface protective layer, and enhancing cracking resistance of the surface protective layer. ECC with characteristics of low drying shrinkage (LSECC), strain-hardening and multiple cracking was used as surface protective material in the wall. The test results show that uniformly distributed steel wires crossing the thermal insulation layer at an inclination angle to the direction of horizontal direction of the wall and embedded in the structural concrete layer with certain length can provide sufficient bond strength of structural layer, thermal insulation layer and surface protective layer. Tensile test results on LSECC used in the surface protective layer of the wall show that LSECC can provide sufficient tensile strain capacity to adsorb the deformation induced by temperature change, material shrinkage and mechanical loads. Meanwhile, high crack opening control ability and fine crack opening is expected as well during service.

A novel integrated sleeve-wedge anchorage system for multi-tendon CFRP cable utilized in cable roof structures: Concept and numerical investigation

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) cables demonstrate exceptional mechanical properties and offer significant potential for utilization in large-span cable roof structures. However, the implementation of efficient CFRP cable anchorage systems specifically designed for cable roofs remains an urgent necessity. In this paper, a novel integrated sleeve-wedge anchorage system (NISWAS) consisting of two components, a multi-channel integrated sleeve-wedge (MCISW) and a barrel, has been proposed to achieve the anchorage of CFRP cable with multiple tendons. Compared to the traditional wedge-type anchorage system (WTAS), which can only clamp a single CFRP tendon, the use of the novel integrated steel wire anchorage system (NISWAS) reduces both the volume and self-weight of the cable anchorage end, significantly improving construction efficiency. The design concept of NISWAS was validated through finite element method (FEM) as an example of a 6-Φ5 CFRP cable, and its anchor performance was systematically evaluated. Three key factors affecting the anchor performance were analyzed: the slope angle of MCISW, the anchor length and the differential angle between barrel and MCISW. The results show that the NISWAS is an effective way of anchoring multiple CFRP tendons, and the design of the MCISW can prevent excessive transverse stress on the CFRP cable at the loaded end of the anchorage. The slope angle of the MCISW exerts the most significant impact on the anchor performance. The optimal choice of angle is 3°, beyond which the effect of the anchorage system on the sliding of CFRP cable becomes less significant, while excessive transverse stress may cause premature failure of the cable. The differential angle between barrel and MCISW has a secondary influence on the anchor performance. A moderate angle difference value (0.1° to 0.2°) can alleviate the transverse stress on the CFRP cable, but a too large value (more than 0.3°) will reduce the force transmission between the MCISW and barrel, resulting in premature cable pullout. Increasing the anchor length can reduce transverse stress and cable slip, but the reduction effect is not significant. After analysis, the anchor length of 90 mm can satisfy the anchoring requirement. According to the influence law of the above three factors, the parameter design scheme of the NISWAS was finally proposed.

Fatigue life prediction of stay cables under vehicle load considering corrosion variability

The combined effect of environmental corrosion and fatigue loads can accelerate the failure of stay cables. To ensure the safe operation of stay cables, this paper proposed a method for evaluating the fatigue life of stay cables, considering the variability of steel wire corrosion within the cable. Firstly, the relationship between the mean value and the standard deviation of uniform corrosion depth was established based on the experimental data of the corroded steel wires under the artificial accelerated corrosion environment. Then, the model of cable time-vary corrosion under the actual service environment was substituted, and the distributions of the weight loss rate of steel wires were obtained. Subsequently, a method for calculating the fatigue life of stay cables considering the corrosion variability of steel wires in the cable was proposed based on the parallel system theory and the Miner linear cumulative damage criterion. Finally, the North Channel Bridge (NCB) of Hangzhou Bay Bridge was used as an example, and the fatigue life distribution of stay cable under the combined action of corrosion and vehicle load was predicted. The results indicate that considering the corrosion variation of steel wires in the cable leads to a reduction in the fatigue life of stay cables, and neglecting this variability in fatigue life prediction methods is unsafe and non-conservative.

Refinement and Modification of Al2O3 Inclusions in High-Carbon Hard Wire Steel via Rare Earth Lanthanum.

In this paper, an experimental protocol of adding rare earth lanthanum (La) was used to refine and modify inclusions (Al2O3) in aluminum-deoxidized steel. An optical microscope (OM), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were used to study the impact of size distribution, number density, distribution uniformity, interfacial distance, area density, and so on of rare earth La on high-carbon hard wire steel inclusions. As indicated by the findings when the addition amount of La is 0.063%, the refining and homogenizing effect of Al2O3 inclusions in steel is the best. The average diameter of the inclusions is 1.75 μm, the uniformity is 0.84, the proportion of the interfacial spacing greater than 10 μm is 48.4%, and the area density of inclusions is set at 0.014. Based on classical thermodynamics and Factsage software, the effect of La activity on inclusion formation was computed. As indicated by the findings, the addition of rare earth La mainly combines with O and S in the liquid steel, and the La-containing inclusions wrap around the Al2O3 inclusions, hindering the Al2O3 inclusions. Through the evolution of inclusions during solidification, the modification of Al2O3 inclusions via rare earth La and the types of inclusions are discussed. The experimental results and theoretical calculations verify that the optimal treatment plan is to add 0.063% La.