Steel Wire Mesh Research Articles

Structural performance of textile reinforced concrete sandwich panels under axial and transverse load

AbstractThe performance of textile reinforced concrete composite panels (TRCCPs) under the action of pseudo-static load up to collapse was evaluated. The test of TRCCPs under axial and transverse loading was conducted, and the results were compared with those for steel wire mesh reinforced-concrete composite panels (SMRCCPs). Ceram-site concrete was utilized as the panel matrix owing to its lightweight and insulation characteristics. The ultimate load bearing capacity, load-deformation and load-strain relationships, and failure modes were discussed and investigated in comparison with the findings of non-linear finite-element-model (FEM) analysis and the analytic method on the basis of the reinforced concrete (RC) theory. The analysis results indicate that TRCCP is suitable for use as a potential structural member for a wall or slab system of buildings, and the typical RC theory can be applied to predict the ultimate load bearing capacity if modified suitably.

Performance Test and Stability Analysis of Jute Ecological Bag on Subgrade Slope

Ecological bags have been gradually adopted for ecological protection on the subgrade slope because of their good soil fixation effect, strong water retention performance, fast construction and other advantages. Ecological bags made of natural jute have obvious attributes in environmental protection and economic efficiency. In this study, the tensile and the tearing strength of the common-used jute cloth have been tested. The result shows that the strength meet the requirements of the standards. Compared with current frequently-used ecological bag made of non-woven cloth, the jute ecological bag has large apertures, which is suitable for the growth of dicotyledon plants. Moreover, its high friction coefficient with the soil is beneficial to the structure stability on the slope. On the other hand, a stability evaluation method has been established for the jute ecological bags on the subgrade slope under natural and heavy rainfall conditions. Then the steel wire mesh fixed by the anchor rods is used to enhance the stability of the jute ecological bags, which constitute the ecological protection system for the subgrade slope. Also, the stability of the protection system is analyzed and calculated.

Flexural behavior of RC beams strengthened with steel wire mesh and self-compacting concrete jacketing — experimental investigation and test results

Strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams with Self-compacting concrete (SCC) jacketing reinforced with galvanized welded steel wire mesh (SWM) is one of the latest retrofitting applied techniques. Eighteen small-scale RC beam specimens with all over a length of 1200 mm for each specimen are experimentally assessed to study flexural strength under static loading conditions. Experimental tests have been performed until failure mode on, eleven strengthened samples, four control beams poured monolithically, and three original control beam. The eleven specimens are strengthened using the U-jacketing technique in which a relatively thin reinforced SCC layer is applied for the bottom width and both vertical sides of the original beams. The strengthened beams are categorized into two groups A and B based on test variables, namely, the SWM properties and the bonding mechanism. In this study, the flexural capacity, ductility, stiffness, crack width and deflection are also clarified. Based on achieved test results, all strengthened beams are designed to fail in a ductile manner. The first group of strengthened beams restored on average 110% of the original control beams load capacity, whereas the second strengthened group resorted to 163% on average. Moreover, it is found that the strengthened beams acted in the same manner of the monolithic control beams and acted as a single unit. Accordingly, it is concluded that this strengthening technique can be used confidently in real-life applications, especially for low-priced constructions.

Restorability of strength and stiffness of fire damaged concrete using various composite confinement techniques

In this paper, an experimental study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of various composite confinement repairing techniques for the restoration of strength and stiffness of concrete cylinders. A total of 42 plain concrete cylinders were heated to a range of temperatures from 400 to 800 °C. They were tested under uniaxial compression. The test specimens were placed into six groups: undamaged non-repaired, fire damaged non-repaired, undamaged repaired with exclusively carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite jacket, fire damaged repaired with exclusively CFRP composite jacket, fire damaged repaired with cement slurry injection along with CFRP composite jacket and fire damaged repaired with epoxy resin mortar injected steel wire mesh jointly confined with CFRP composite wrapping system. The results indicated that the exclusively CFRP and epoxy resin mortar injected steel wire mesh jointly confined with CFRP composite wrapping systems were ineffectual to restore the stiffness, although it was noted that they were extremely useful to increase the strength, ductility, deformation capacity and energy dissipation capacity of fire damaged concrete specimens. However, it was found that the cement slurry injection along with CFRP composite wrapping system was functional in the restorability of stiffness, strength, ductility, energy dissipation capacity, and serviceability of fire damaged concrete equivalent to the undamaged concrete or even beyond that without increasing the cross-sectional size of specimens.

Mechanical and Vibrational Property Evaluation of Banana Fiber Epoxy Sandwich Composite with Steel Wire Mesh Core

ABSTRACT This work analyzed the mechanical and vibration characteristic of the banana fiber sandwich layer with core AISI 304 steel wire mesh (WM). The following specimen configurations were prepared by hand lay-up method by varying fiber orientation in the skin layer: S = 0/0/0/0, S1 = 0/0/WM/0/0, S2 = 0/90/WM/90/0, S3 = 0/45/WM/-45/0 and S4 = 0/30/WM/60/0. The primary mechanical properties of the sandwich composite specimens were obtained by conducting Tensile, Flexural, and Impact strengths as per ASTM standards, whereas secondary vibration characteristics by experimental modal analysis. The presence of core WM enhances the primary properties especially in S1 attributed to the 0° fiber orientation with high load carrying capacity, natural frequency (Mode I, II), and stiffness. Whereas the specimen with angular fiber orientation (S2, S3, S4) in the skin layer exhibits higher damping showcasing their ability to dissipate energy. Specimen ‘S3ʹ acts as a performance change over with 45/-45 fiber in the skin layer. Morphology study of a test of a specimen with ‘WM’ shows the participation of matrix, banana fiber, and WM in load transfer mechanism with varied failure pattern. Hence, this type of composite structure can be preferred to use in structural and automobile applications by properly orienting the fiber in the skin layer.

Evaluación experimental de paneles de ferrocemento cuadrados utilizando malla de polipropileno

Ferrocement panels are thin section comprised of hydraulic mortar reinforced with steel wire mesh, and are susceptible to micro cracks at service conditions. The moisture and rainwater may infiltrate through these cracks and cause the reduction in capacity due to the corrosion of steel wire mesh. In the present study, a polypropylene (PP) wire mesh has been used to overcome this problem. The main objective of the study is to investigate the punching shear and bending capacity of the ferrocement panels using PP wire mesh. Experimental tests conducted on 32 simply supported square slabs panels of 450x450 mm subjected to concentrated load for punching shear and four-point loading to investigate the bending capacity. The test variables were the number PP layers (volume fraction ratio) and slab thickness i.e., 20, 30 and 40 mm. Test results showed that punching capacity improved by increasing both the number of PP layers and panel thickness. However, bending strength the function of tension membrane action provided by exterior PP layers. Moreover, panels with 20 mm thickness are to flimsy and do not show sufficient capacity. In general, PP wire mesh provide adequate resistance against punching and bending for slab thickness 30mm and 40mm, and can be used as replacement of conventional steel wire mesh.

Mechanical properties determination for a hybrid sandwich bar reinforced with steel wire mesh

In this paper, some new original hybrid sandwich beams were built in this way: the core is made with polypropylene honeycomb and the reinforcement is made with steel wire mesh. The connection between the reinforcement and the core was made with epoxy resin. The aim of this study is to create a beam from classic materials but combined in a way to obtain a new and original structure. The static experimental conditions are characterized by bending loading of the beams and the determination of statically stiffness. The dynamic parameters were determined from the beams free vibrations. The next experimental montage was used: the beams were clamped at one end and were left free at the other end. At the free end, a Bruel&Kjaer accelerometer with 0.04 pC/ms−2 sensitivity was placed. A force was applied at the free end to bend the beams and after bending, the force was cancelled and the beams were left to freely vibrate. From the free vibrations recording, the next mechanical parameters were determined: the eigenfrequency of the first eigenmode, the damping factors per unit mass and per unit length, the loss factor, the dynamic stiffness and the dynamic Young modulus.

On the mechanical behaviour of steel wire mesh subjected to low-velocity impact

Woven wire mesh is a metallic fabric outperforming traditional metal sheets in air circulation, weight saving, impact resistance, etc. In this study, the dynamic mechanical response of steel wire mesh subjected to low-velocity impact loading was investigated using both experimental and numerical methods. An instrumented drop-weight impact facility was used for experimental impact tests, with the effects of clamping wire direction, impact energy, impactor’s mass and size being considered. The extents of damage to the wire mesh specimens under different loading conditions were evaluated after impact tests. Three types of contact force vs. displacement curves corresponding to the plastic deformation, wire breakage, and perforation of wire mesh were identified. Weft wires were found to be stronger and stiffer than warp wires because they could resist higher peak forces and experienced smaller maximum displacements under the same impact energies. The experimental results revealed that the peak contact force increased with impact energy until wire breakage occurred, after which the peak force remained almost unchanged. With the increase of impactor mass, wire mesh specimens experienced severer damage due to the inertia effect and strain rate effect. Impactor size had a significant influence on the dynamic response of wire mesh; a great increase in peak contact force was found when using a larger impactor tip. Moreover, a mesoscale finite element model was developed to analyse the propagation of stress and the evolution of dynamic failure in wire mesh during impact. The simulation results showed that more than 80% of the impactor’s kinetic energy was absorbed through the deformation and failure of wire mesh, while the frictional energy dissipation accounted for about 10% of impact energy.

Axial Compressive Performance of Corroded Concrete Columns Strengthened by Alkali-Activated Slag Ferrocement Jackets

Chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement has endangered the safety of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. It is, therefore, necessary to strengthen the corroded RC members to ensure structural safety. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of alkali-activated slag (AAS) ferrocement jackets in strengthening corroded RC columns. AAS ferrocement specimens with various layers of stainless steel wire mesh (SSWM) were subjected to direct tensile tests. Square RC columns suffered artificially accelerated corrosion and were subsequently strengthened by AAS ferrocement jackets. Axial compressive tests were conducted on the column specimens. Experimental results have shown that corroded specimens suffer severe losses in loading capacity up to 46% as compared with the control one. Volume fraction of transverse SSWM (ρv) plays primary role in loading capacity and ductility of ferrocement and its confinement on column specimens. Ferrocement with ρv of 0.266% can rehabilitate loading capacity of specimens with corrosion degrees of 8.9% and 18.3% by 37% and 46%, respectively. Corroded specimen strengthened by ferrocement with ρv of 0.532% achieves approximately two times the ductility than the one without strengthening. Ferrocement jackets provide better and uniform confinement to core concrete than new stirrups. Analytical models are proposed to predict tensile strength of AAS ferrocement and loading capacity of specimens strengthened by ferrocement jackets. The prediction is in good agreement with experimental results.

Flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor based on polyhedron C-ZIF-8/PANI composite synthesized by unipolar pulse electrodeposition method

In this work, the unipolar pulse electrodeposition (UPED) method is used to electrodeposit the conductive polyaniline (PANI) on the carbonized polyhedron zeolitic imidazole particles (C-ZIF-8). The composite film of C-ZIF-8/PANI coated on the flexible substrate stainless steel wire mesh (SSWM) offers large contact area between the electrode material and the electrolyte, which provides enough active sites for charge storage. The obtained flexible electrode exhibits efficient-specific capacity of 363 F g−1 with 300° stretching angle and excellent long-term cycling stability after 10,000 cycles at 5 mA g−1 in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. It is found that the flexible electrode shows obvious improvement in the electrochemical properties when it was bent or stretched. Asymmetrical all-solid-state supercapacitor device is fabricated by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solid gel as electrolyte and separator, which shows general gravimetric capacitance of 147, 156, and 156 F g−1 with energy densities of 8.66, 9.16, and 9.16 W kg−1 at stretching angle of 0°, 120°, and 300°, respectively, and stable power density of 162.5 W kg−1 in the different conditions. It indicates that such a composite C-ZIF-8/PANI/SSWM is a favorable material for portable and flexible energy storage.

Behaviour of hollow-core and steel wire mesh reinforced ultra-high performance concrete columns under lateral impact loading

Adopting UHPC in practical construction is very expensive due to the high steel fibre content (>2.5 vol%) and passive flexure reinforcement. Aiming at balancing the performance and cost, two UHPC column designs (2000 × 168 × 168 mm) are proposed in the present study. Hollow-core components and steel wire mesh reinforced components were cast with UHPC that contained 1.5 vol% steel fibre, and the impact resistance of both structural types was studied. The test specimens included two hollow-core UHPC columns with square and circular hollow shapes, and two steel wire mesh reinforced UHPC columns with 6 and 10 layers wire mesh reinforcement. The impact scenario was modelled with a 411 kg drop hammer falling freely from 1.25 m height to the mid-span of the test specimen. The results demonstrated that all UHPC specimens remained a flexural response with minimal damage. The developed numerical model captured the impact force, structural deformation and damage with reasonable accuracy. With the validated model, the energy evolution, dynamic shear and moment distribution, residual axial capacity and damage level of post-impact columns were evaluated. The effects of hollow section shape and ratio, axial load level, and longitudinal reinforcement ratio for hollow-core UHPC columns and the effects of layers of steel wire mesh for steel wire mesh reinforced UHPC columns were investigated. Compared with other hollow-core UHPC columns under the impact velocities between 4.95 m/s – 6.64 m/s, UHPC columns with a circular hollow section and 15% hollow ratio was the most effective in balancing the cost and impact resistance. For steel wire mesh reinforced UHPC columns, the column with steel wire mesh strengthening in the whole section had better impact resistance than its counterpart that only had wire mesh reinforcement in the tensile zone.

Investigation of high pressure squeeze casting of stainless steel wire reinforced aluminium matrix composites

High strength and less weight materials are required for industrial expectations with low cost for their working process. Nonferrous materials are less in weight but the strength of the material is less compared to ferrous materials. Ferrous materials having high strength but it have more weight when compared to nonferrous materials. To make the combination of ferrous and non-ferrous materials properties are increased by its strength. The weight of the material is to be reduced but its mechanical and metallurgical properties have to be improved. The non-ferrous material like aluminium has less weight and the ferrous material like steel has high strength. These two materials make a combination of considerable weight providing high strength. The steel wire and steel mesh are reinforced in aluminium alloy by squeeze casting and gravity die casting method. After the process has been done testing methods has been processed on the materials to check the mechanical and metallurgical properties. Were aluminium (LM6) and steel wires of 1 mm diameter were used as the reinforcement increased the mechanical strength and metallurgical properties.

Analysis of Composite Panels of Profiled Steel Sheet with Ferrocement by Using Finite Element Method

This paper concerns with the application of finite element technique to the nonlinear analysis of the behavior of profiled steel sheet ferrocement (PSSF) composite panels. The composite panels were analyzed using nonlinear three dimensional finite element models. The constitutive models of the nonlinear material behavior for ferrocement matrix, PSS, and steel wire mesh were used. ANSYS version 16.1 program code was used to analyze the three dimensional model. Ferrocement was modeled by using the 8-noded isoperimetric brick elements (SOLID65) with three degrees of freedom, while the profiled steel sheet was modeled as SHELL181 element with four-node element with six degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the x, y, and z directions, and rotations about the x, y, and z-axes. A nonlinear spring element, COMBIN14, was used to represent the mechanical connectors, while to simulate the adhesive epoxy layer solid element SOLID185 was used. It was defined by eight nodes having three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x, y, and z directions. The wire mesh reinforcement was modeled as a volume ratio distributed within the ferrocement brick elements. The analytical results of load-deflection response have been compared with available experimental works.

Effect of using different types of reinforcement on the flexural behavior of ferrocement hollow core slabs embedding PVC pipes

This paper provides an experimental investigation to study the effect of using different types of reinforcement on the flexural behavior of ferrocement thin hollow core slabs with embedded PVC pipes. Twelve slabs of 1100 × 400 × 55 mm dimensions were casted and tested till failure. The effect of four different types of reinforcement was investigated in this study including; steel wire mesh, macro and micro steel fibers or a combination of both, steel bars and CFRP bars. The results showed that the slab reinforced with only macro steel fibers provided the highest flexural strength, while that reinforced with steel bars showed the highest stiffness and lowest deflection among all tested slabs. Also, the dry design density for all the hollow core slabs was determined to be below 2000 kg/m3 which is within the requirements of light weight concrete as set by most codes of practice.

The Use of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) to Detect Bed Joint Reinforcement in AAC Masonry

Detecting non-metallic reinforcement made of FRP (Fibre Reinforced Polymers) can be problematic, particularly at the stage of work inspection and constructional evaluation. In contrast to steel reinforcement, detecting non-metallic reinforcement is difficult using NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) techniques. These difficulties mainly arise from considerably lower density, radiation resistance or electromagnetic impedance and cross-section of rebars when compared to steel reinforcement. Specific problems with the reinforcement detection are experienced in masonry structures, in which reinforcement is laid in bed joints. Measurements are made on a masonry face in the plane perpendicular to the reinforcement plane, and not the parallel one compared to reinforced concrete structures. Thus, the interpretation of results obtained from NDT can be complicated due to many physical phenomena occurring during tests, methods of presenting measurements and their accuracy. This paper compares different testing techniques used to detect non-metallic reinforcement in the masonry wall made of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). For the purpose of the tests, fibreglass and basalt meshes, traditional steel trusses and steel wire meshes were placed in bed joints of the masonry wall. An ultrasonic tomography and GPR (Ground-Penetrating Radar) scanner operating within a broad range of frequencies were used for the tests. We also used the electromagnetic device to detect metal meshes. As expected, the tests confirmed problems with detecting the non-metallic reinforcement. Only the radar method was effective in detecting the non-metallic method, whereas other methods failed. The electromagnetic method detected only the steel reinforcement in the masonry.

Preparation of 1-D Nanostructured Tungsten Oxide Thin Film on Wire Mesh by Flame Vapor Deposition Process.

Flame vapor deposition (FVD) process can be used to prepare the tungsten oxide thin film which has photocatalytic activity at visible light. The FVD process is fast and economical to prepare thin film on substrate comparing to other processes. Various nanostructured thin films could be easily prepared by controlling several process parameters in FVD. One-dimensional (1-D) nanostructures with high surface area also can be prepared reproducibly. The tungsten wire precursor was oxidized and vaporized in flame to be deposited onto the substrate. The nanostructure shapes can be adjusted by controlling nucleation and growth rates of tungsten oxide vapor on substrate. In this study, nanostructured tungsten oxide thin film was fabricated on stainless steel mesh by FVD process changing the process variables of FVD. We found that proper selection of suitable process conditions in FVD was quite important for the 1-D nanostructure growth on stainless steel wire mesh with high surface area, which is quite important for photocatalytic application.

Design and Build of a Remote Control Concrete Boat

The oldest known concrete boat using steel wire mesh covered with sand and cement plaster was a dingy built by Joseph Louis Lambot Southern France in 1848. The boat was patented and featured in the 1855 World's Fair in France. In this study, the concrete boat using fiber wire mesh covered with cement, rice husk, silica fume, steel fiber, glass fiber wire, sand, water and superplasticizer was design and built in the material laboratory at Chaoyang University of Technology. The length, width, depth and thickness of the boat are about 60, 20, 10 and 1.5 cm respectively. The rice husk can absorb water ranging from 8% to 12% of unit weights, and the unit weight of rice husk is about 105 kg/m3. The use of rice husk in concrete at proportions ranging from 15 percent to 30 percent of aggregate (sand) has been discussed and the water cement ratio is 0.5. The rice husk concrete was found to be workable with a slump value of over 100mm. The incorporation of rice husk in concrete resulted in increase water demand and increased strength. Finally, the concrete boat succeeded to pass the floating waterproof qualifications and attend the remote control tests. The buoyancy is equal to 33.52 N and her waterline, where the hull of a boat meets the surface of the water, is approximately 6 cm. The remote control tests were held in 3 consecutive items, first item for speed tests, second item for maneuver tests, and third item for 30 minute field test remote control driving.

Assimilation of Mechanical properties of reinforced aluminum, stainless steel wire mesh with glass fiber epoxy hybrid composites for aircraft application

ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to assimilate the properties of reinforced aluminium, stainless steel wire mesh with glass fibre epoxy hybrid composites. The fore mentioned entities cropped in rectangular planes, blended with epoxy resins and dried for stipulated period to harden the fabricated material. The objective to conduct experiment is to appraise mechanical properties of aircraft fuselage. Mechanical properties such as impact strength, ultimate tensile strength are measured on versatile universal testing machine in research laboratory and principle stresses are predicted for the designed modelled of CATIA through ANSYS workbench. The specimens considered for testing are stainless steel and Aluminium. The maximum energy absorbed by the stainless steel and aluminium under impact test is 6.2 J, 5.4 J respectively. Further, the designed model is tested in ANSYS workbench for principle stresses under 100 N of force each. The results shows that the fabricated model functions to certain limit of load conditions and the dynamic analysis shall be conducted to ascertain more properties which is suggested for future scope.

Sol-gel alumina coating of wire mesh packing

Wire mesh packings have seen increasing applications to multiphase processes in recent years. Despite the high surface area, open structure and thermal and chemical resistance, wire mesh packings have a complex geometry which hinders some chemical applications, including changes of surface properties through application of a uniformly adhesive coating. In this work, the sol-gel deposition method of alumina coating ceramics was investigated for the first time on stainless steel wire mesh by using Dixon rings as example. The kinetics of deposition during the hydrolysis and polycondensation was followed for a range of initial composition of the coating such as the ratios of Al2O3 to water, acid content, polyethyleneimine binder content and the number of deposition cycles. Well-adhered alumina with a thickness up to 20 μm was successfully deposited. The molar ratios of acid to alumina and alumina to water of 0.25 and 0.01, respectively, 48 h of the aging time, 96 h of the mixing time and 2.1 g/L of polyethyleneimine binder formed a free of cracks coating of controlled thickness alumina on the Dixon rings.

Combined instability assessment and rockfall hazard in volcanic rocks (Keçiören, Ankara)

Discontinuity bearing rock masses might be subjected to various mass movements due to the steep slopes, alteration, and manmade operational activities. Rockfall will take place in case several discontinuities form prismatic blocks. Special care must be taken in order to determine the rockfall potential and offer precautions. This study deals with the instabilities and rockfall hazard in an abandoned quarry, located in the residential area of Kecioren town, Ankara. This region has been declared as “Rockfall Hazardous,” threatening nearby structures. Several rockfall events have been reported, and a huge wedge-shaped block has been released from the slope in the early 2000s. The whole slope has 660 m length and with an average height of 35 m. Eocene-aged dacite is the main rock unit. The whole slope was divided into sections, concerning slope instabilities and discontinuity characterization in order to delineate the Slope Mass Rating (SMR) classes. The rockfall hazard assessment along the slope was performed including the SMR classes, topography, and 2D rockfall analyses. Based on the evaluations, a combined mapping of the slope was conducted to offer mitigation methods. The methods included the removal of blocks from the slope face, covering the slope with anchored steel wire mesh and construction of an earth wall to prevent the possible rockfall damage to residents.