Steel Trade Research Articles

Managed Steel Trade, the GATT Subsidies and Countervailing Duty Code and the 1979 United States Trade Act

Managed Steel Trade, the GATT Subsidies and Countervailing Duty Code and the 1979 United States Trade Act

STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN STEEL TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL INDUSTRIAL ADJUSTMENTS

The Developing EconomiesVolume 24, Issue 2 p. 109-130 Free Access STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN STEEL TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL INDUSTRIAL ADJUSTMENTS Hirohisa KOHAMA, Hirohisa KOHAMASearch for more papers by this authorHirokazu KAJIWARA, Hirokazu KAJIWARASearch for more papers by this author Hirohisa KOHAMA, Hirohisa KOHAMASearch for more papers by this authorHirokazu KAJIWARA, Hirokazu KAJIWARASearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1986 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.1986.tb00076.x This paper is based on the authors' contribution to a research project of the Institute of Developing Economies on Trade and Industrial Cooperation in East and Southeast Asia. The results of the project has been published in Japanese under the title, Ajia-Taiheiyo shokoku no boeki to sangyo chosei [Trade and industrial adjustment in Pacific Asia] edited by I. Yamazawa and T. Nohara (Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economies, 1985). The authors are greatly indebted to Professor I. Yamazawa of Hitotsubashi University, who is the organizer of the project, for his apt advice and suggestions on the methodology and the structure of the paper. The authors also wish to thank other members of the project for their useful comments. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume24, Issue2June 1986Pages 109-130 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Trade in Steel: Another Turn in the Protectionist Spiral

Trade in Steel: Another Turn in the Protectionist Spiral

Subsidized Production, World Steel Trade and Countervailing Duties

Subsidized Production, World Steel Trade and Countervailing Duties

US-European Trade Relations

HE most striking characteristic of what has been a marked deterioration T in transatlantic trade relations in 1982 is the coincidence of a number of serious trade disputes. The issues involved are by no means new. For years East-West trade and credit policy, steel and agricultural trade, as well as international monetary relations, have been issues on which Europe and the United States have exhibited divergent interests. Tensions on all these points at one time, however, have put a major strain on the cohesion of transatlantic trade relations. The causes for these growing tensions are diverse. A major factor has of course been the unfavourable international economic climate, but policies on either side of the Atlantic have also shown a divergent trend on the relevant issues. The Reagan administration, in particular, has shifted US policy on trade with the Soviet Union towards a more restrictive neo-containment approach. On economic policy President Reagan's firm commitment to less government intervention has also had implications for international trade and monetary relations. On the other hand European governments have persisted with their rather passive, low-key approach to the strategic relevance of East-West economic relations. On balance Europe has probably become more interventionist in its industrial policies, especially in its attempts to solve structural crises as typified by the steel industry, and has vainly, and with growing exasperation, called for US intervention to stabilise international monetary markets. The effect of all this has been to expose some underlying differences in transatlantic trade relations. Once exposed, differences on such issues are not easily resolved without raising sensitive questions about who takes the lead on any given issue in the Atlantic Alliance.' When it comes to tests of strength within the Alliance the existing channels of co-operation or consultation are clearly inadequate, as shown by the West's response to Poland, the Versailles summit and to some extent the steel dispute. With little confidence in the institutional means of resolving disputes there is a risk that disputes will escalate as one side or the other resorts to unilateral measures. If not contained

The British Tariff and Industrial Protection in the 1930s: An A Iternative Model1

I n his recent article, Dr Capie used an effective protection model to derive conclusions about the resource flows induced by industrial protection in the I 930s.2 The Building Industry, widely believed to be a major stimulus to the upswing of economic activity in the thirties, was surprisingly found to have been adversely affected by the I 932 tariff, and the Iron and Steel Trades, previously thought to have greatly benefited from protection, were shown to be among the industries least effected. The purpose of this note is to question some of Capie's revisionist conclusions by drawing attention to some omissions and inadequacies of the model used. In section I evidence is adduced to suggest an implicit assumption of Capie's method is inconsistent with historical experience. The second section proposes an alternative model of the substitution effects of the tariff, which is not open to the same objection. It is also shown that Prof. Richardson's earlier method of assessing the impact of the tariff is a special case of the analysis presented here.3 Section III supplements the substitution effects model of the tariff with an assessment of the influence of protection on aggregate income and employment.

Tbin: The Working of a Commodity Agreement and Restrictions on International Trade in Steel

Tbin: The Working of a Commodity Agreement and Restrictions on International Trade in Steel Get access Tbin: The Working of a Commodity Agreement. By William Fox. London: Mining Journal Books. 1974. 418 pp. Maps. Bibliog. Index. £9.25.Restrictions on International Trade in Steel. By Craig R. MacPhee. Lexington, Mass., Toronto, London: Heath. 1974. 196 pp. Index. £7.30. Susan Strange Susan Strange Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 51, Issue 2, April 1975, Pages 242–244, https://doi.org/10.2307/2617239 Published: 01 April 1975

Foreign Trade in Iron and Steel

Foreign Trade in Iron and Steel

"Report of the Tariff Commisson", vol 1, the Iron and Steel Trade, 1904

"Report of the Tariff Commisson", vol 1, the Iron and Steel Trade, 1904

HEPPENSTALL Gr. 5M21

Abstract Heppenstall Gr. 5M21 is a low-carbon, high-molybdenum and nickel precipitation hardening die steel developed especially for hot working of ferrous and nonferrous metals in press and upsetting machines. It is furnished to the Die Steel trade under the trade name of Prestem (in the prehardened condition) and Presneal (in the annealed condition). This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and elasticity. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: TS-187. Producer or source: Midvale-Heppenstall Company.

(1304) IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY

Parties:‐ and Steel Trades Confederation and Iron and Steel Trades Employers' Association

The Causes of Death in Iron and Steel Workers (Non-foundry)

Few studies have been made of the pathology associated with the iron and steel trades other than foundries. We review here the clinical, occupational, and pathological (post-mortem) findings in 10 grinders and 16 other non-foundry workers in iron and steel. Grinding is evidently a less dangerous trade than it was 100 or even 50 years ago, but silicosis and/or mixed dust fibrosis is still found amongst them. The risk of the onset of pneumoconiosis in other workers in these trades is small, but not absent.

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviews in this article:Clark D. Ahlberg and John C. Honey. (Syracuse University)B. Keith‐Lucas. (Blackwell)Hugh Clegg. (Blackwell)Basil Chubb. (Oxford University Press)Bosworth Monck. (Phoenix House)E. N. Gladden. (Staples)Frank A. Norman. (The Bodley Head)Sir Arthur Pugh. (Iron and Steel Trades Confederation)J. C. King. (University of California Press)E. Huzar. (Cornell University Press)

The British Iron and Steel Industry: 1929-49

r-_,H:E British iron and steel industry did not share equally in the general . economic revival following the close of the first World War. Urgent demands upon productive facilities during the conflict caused a hasty and often haphazard expansion of existing works. Accordingly, when war orders ceased and the short-lived activity came to an end, the industry found itself with much redundant plant. Many firms could not earn enough to cover the heavy capital charges incurred in construction. Largely as a result of the occupation of the Ruhr, total profits of the industry rose above the level of I9I3 during the years I920, I923, and I924. Thereafter, earnings fell considerably below prewar figures. To add to the difficulties, the expansion -of the past decade led to an increase of bond issues, resulting in heavy inroads upon reserves and a diminution of funds available for distribution to common stockholders.' Attempting to offset declining revenues, a number of large manufacturers undertook the establish-ment of vertically integrated combinations.2 Moreover, a National Federation of Iron and Steel Manufacturers was formed in I9I8. Originally organized at the suggestion of the government, the Federation published statistics relating to the industry and studied questions of transport and fuel. It did not deal with prices and wages.3 The period revealed an alteration in the ratio of costs of materials and labor to total productive outlay. Whereas wages in I9I3 had represented II.7 per cent of the cost of producing one ton of steel ingots, the same item in I924 accounted for I6.5 per cent of the total. Expenditures for materials declined from 73.5 to 71.5 per cent. The increasing importance of wages as a cost-determining factor was even more apparent in comparable figures relating to highly finished products.4 Until I9I3 there were a number of separate unions representing iron and steel workers. By I928, however, almost half the total employed were members of the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation. A significant change in industrial policy was indicated by the adoption, in I9g9, of the eight-hour shift. Wages were generally fixed, through collective-bargaining agreements, on a sliding scale based upon the selling priceof products in various sections of the industry.5 British imports of iron and steel increased markedly during the postwar decade. This rise was principally in semifinished materials used largely in the manufacture of sheets and tin plates and

The English Armament Industry and Navalism in the Nineties

British warship construction had for the most part proceeded at a leisurely pace in the ironclad era. But intensive naval building programs on the Continent coupled with Britain's growing diplomatic isolation resulted in the navy scares of 1888 and 1893 and the consequent huge Naval Defence Act of 1889 and Spencer program of 1894. British Navy Estimates doubled in the 90's. A fundamental factor in the big-navy movement and the great naval expansion in the 90o's was the armament industry. Much of the ideology, methods, and influence of the industry had its origin in the closing decade of the century, and it is the purpose of this paper to bring this out in abbreviated form.' It was, of course, not only the armament industry properly speaking, but the closely allied coal, iron and steel, and engineering trades which experienced great benefits from large naval programs. One good reason why the iron and steel trades became interested at this time in the naval defense of the country was the successful competition of German iron and steel goods

Recent Developments in Steels

IN spite of the depression from which, in common with other industries, the steel trade has been suffering during the last eighteen months, research has not ceased and a good deal of important work has been done and valuable progress made.

Sheffield Sub-Centre: Chairman's address. “Electricity in industry, with special reference to the steel trade”

Sheffield Sub-Centre: Chairman's address. “Electricity in industry, with special reference to the steel trade”

Regional Business Conditions: A Study of Bank Debits

A,NALYSIS of business conditions in the I 2 federal reserve districts, as shown by the fluctuations in the volume of check payments (bank debits) since the beginning of I9I9, supports the following conclusions: (I) Business in the individual districts usually fluctuates in sympathy with that in the United States as a whole. There are no systematic differences in either the timing or nature of the business fluctuations among the various federal reserve (listricts, after due allowance has been made for varying seasonal movements and trends. Such differences as do appear are clearly less significant than the fundamental similarity in the broader movements. This condition is indicative of the close economic interrelationship of the several areas of our country. (2) Substantial improvement has been taking place in agricultural conditions in recent years. This is clearly reflected in the figures for the primarily agricultural districts, notably the Kansas City and Dallas districts. The sharpest recent movement is to be found in the Minneapolis district, where the marketing of a large spring wheat crop in I927 has been clearly reflected in the figures for debits. The Kansas City and Dallas districts exhibit a more steady gain, and have advanced materially above their I924 levels. (3) The recurrent brief periods of expansion, recession, and renewed expansion are less marked in bank debits than in basic production. This condition is explained by the fact that fluctuations in such production, while important, do not represent the movements of general business. Bank debits, on the other hand, constitute an extremely representative measure of the complex of activities included under the term general business. Production of consumption goods, wholesale and retail trade, construction of buildings and engineering projects, and agriculture these and all other forms of economic activity have a share in making up the total of check transactions. Thus, while production indexes have moved sharply during these intermediate movements, it seems probable that the narrower movements of total debits depict more accurately the course of general business over the past few years. Except in those districts which are primarily agricultural, the several districts contain such a diversity of economic interests that the volume of check transactions is relatively insensitive to changes in any one line of activity. There are, however, some instances (notably the Cleveland district, where the iron and steel trade is of such great importance) in which sharp changes in the pace of basic industry are reflected in the figures for debits. These conclusions are based upon adjusted relatives for bank debits which appear on Charts 3 and 5 and in Table 4. Conditions in the various federal reserve districts are discussed in the following sections and a map of the I2 districts appears on page I46. A full description of the actual data and the statistical methods employed in adjusting the figures for irregularities of the calendar, trend, and seasonal variation is given in the section on data and methods,

Ancient bacteria founded modern iron and steel trade

Ancient bacteria founded modern iron and steel trade

The Iron and Steel Trades During the War

The Iron and Steel Trades During the War