Surface Modification Of Steel Research Articles

Sonoluminescence from Ultra-High-Temperature and High-Pressure Cavitation and its Effect on Surface Modification of Cr-Mo Steel

Sonoluminescence from various types of cavitation bubbles, namely those of water jet cavitation (WJC), water jet cavitation with a swirl flow nozzle (SFN-WJC), multifunction cavitation (MFC), ultrasonic cavitation (UC), and ultrahigh-temperature and highpressure cavitation (UTPC), wasinvestigated. The sonoluminescence measurements were compared with the surface modification characteristics imparted to Cr-Mo steel. The luminescence intensity of the various types of cavitation was measured using two types of photon counting head, whose detection sensitivity depends on the wavelength range. 2 UTPC had the highest light intensity, followed by MFC, UC, SFN-WJC, and WJC. The temperature inside the bubbles from the various types of cavitation could be estimated using the black-body emission method based on Planck’s law and the emission intensity, which was corrected for the sensitivity of the detector. UTPC, which had high luminosity and could treat surfaces at high temperatures, was found to increase compressive residual stress and decrease surface roughness compared to WJC and SFN-WJC, which had low luminosity and are forms of cold working. At higher cavitation temperature, more corrosion-resistant and oxidation-resistant films form on a steel surface. The magnitude of luminescence intensity for a cavitation process corresponds to the magnitude of corrosion potential (surface potential), which indicates corrosion resistance

Surface Modification of Steel by Nickel Coating in Electrochemical Process

Surface Modification of Steel by Nickel Coating in Electrochemical Process

Estimation of Photovoltaic Properties of ZnO nanoparticles and CeO2- ZnO composite and Electrochemical Determination of Adrenaline Employing Voltammetry Studies

Estimation of Photovoltaic Properties of ZnO nanoparticles and CeO2- ZnO composite and Electrochemical Determination of Adrenaline Employing Voltammetry Studies

Surface modification of 316L stainless steel by diamond-like carbon films

The diamond-like carbon (DLC) film on 316L stainless steel substrate was prepared by pulsed plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, and the performance of the films was optimized by regulating the pulse voltage. Microstructure and properties of DLC film on 316L stainless steel were characterized by atomic force microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectra, nano-indenter and electrochemical workstations. The results showed that DLC films with smooth and dense morphology have a low friction coefficient and high nano-indentation hardness, and the surface hardness of 316L stainless steel substrate was enhanced by more than 3 times. The mechanical properties of DLC films and their bond with 316L stainless steel could be further optimized by increasing pulse voltage. DLC films on 316L stainless steel substrate increased the self-corrosion potential by 0.173 V and decreased self-corrosion current by 99%, which significantly improved the anti-corrosive properties of 316L substrate.

Complex study of structural state and properties of ion-plasma functional coatings

Based on the justified methodological complex the study of the multilevel structural state of coatings and surface layers created by the ion-plasma modification was made. A comparative quantitative assessment of structural changes and the chemical composition of coatings by SEM, XPS, EDX methods and the physical and mechanical properties of coatings based on titanium nitride was carried out. It was found that for all variants of coating formation there is no titanium in the metallic state and, therefore, the formation of a droplet phase does not occur. Layer-by-layer XPS analysis has determined that coatings are heterogeneous in its composition in depth. It is shown that the modification of steel surfaces with a TiN-based composition can be used to form wear-resistant coatings on the working bodies of road milling machines that are actively used in the overhaul and maintenance of the highways.

Surface Modification of Low Carbon Steel by Using Electrophoretic Deposition Technique with Graphene Oxide Powder

In this research, low carbon steel surface was modified using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique from a graphene oxide (GO) water suspension. The electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is the technique used for manipulation and deposition of nanomaterials. The GO coating was used as a layer to increase the hardness of low carbon steel. GO was successfully synthesized using the modified Hummers method. EPD technique was performed by applying voltage at 9 volts and the deposition time of 15 mins. The working distance between the cathode and anode was fixed at 15 mm. The GO film had been deposited by EPD technique where it was carburized at 900, 950, 1000 and 1050°C, for 60 mins. The microstructure of the carbide film was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As the carburization temperature raised (1050°C), more volume carbon atoms reacted with iron atoms to form iron carbon (Fe3C) layer on to the substrate surface. The carbide films are columnar crystal growth with a particle size of approximately 50 μm. The growth rate of the carbide films at 1050°C is about 8 µm/min. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) was studied for chemical elements analysis. Fe, C and O elements were then detected. At carburization temperature of 1050°C, it showed that C element distribution is higher than others’ temperatures. Moreover, the hardness on the carbide films was investigated using a Vickers hardness tester under an applied load of 500 grams for 10 seconds. It was found that the hardness increased with the increasing carburization temperatures. The hardness of low carbon steel is 172.99 ± 2.28 HV. After the carburization processing via GO at temperature of 1050°C, the highest hardness of 821.42 ± 35.33 HV was obtained. It was observed that the mechanical properties of low carbon steel surface were found to be strongly influenced by the process of carburization temperature.

Steel Surface Modification by Cathodic Carburising and Anodic Polishing in Electrolysis Plasma

Steel Surface Modification by Cathodic Carburising and Anodic Polishing in Electrolysis Plasma

Properties of a Plasma-Nitrided Coating and a CrNx Coating on the Stainless Steel Bipolar Plate of PEMFC

PEMFC are considered to be the most promising for automotive energy because of their good working effect, low temperature, high efficiency, and zero pollution. Stainless steel as a PEMFC bipolar plate has unparalleled advantages in strength, cost, and processability, but it is easy to corrode in a PEMFC working environment. In order to improve the corrosion resistance, the surface modification of 316L stainless steel is a feasible solution for PEMFC bipolar plates. In the present study, the plasma-nitrided coating and CrNx coating were prepared by the plasma-enhanced balanced magnetron sputtering technology on the 316L stainless steel surface. The microstructures, phase compositions, and corrosion resistance behavior of the coatings were investigated. The corrosion behavior of the prepared plasma-nitrided coating and CrNx coating was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization, potentiostatic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in both cathodic and anodic environments. The experimental results show that corrosion resistance of the CrNx coating was better than the plasma-nitrided coating. It was indicated that the technology process of nitriding first and then depositing Cr was better than nitriding only.

Effect of surface modification of electrodes on charge injection and dielectric characteristics of propylene carbonate

Space charge injected into a liquid dielectric by an electrode under an impulse voltage causes the electric field to be distorted, which affects the dielectric's insulation performance. In this study, the authors study the surface modification of three-electrode materials, namely aluminium, copper, and stainless steel, by sputtering of titanium dioxide (TiO2) based on magnetron sputtering. The breakdown voltage of propylene carbonate and the surface morphology of the electrodes before and after modification were examined. Furthermore, the distribution of the space charge injected into the propylene carbonate from the different electrode materials was also measured based on the Kerr electro-optic effect. These results indicate that the breakdown voltage of propylene carbonate increased by 7, 4, and 9% after surface modification of aluminium, copper, and stainless steel, respectively. After sputtering of TiO2, micro-grooves on the surface of the three-electrode materials became smooth, and the surface roughness decreased, which changed the barrier height of the solid–liquid interface. The space charge injection mode of the three-electrode materials before and after surface modification was bipolar injection; however, the space charge injection amounts were markedly lower for the modified electrodes.

Surface modification of M2 steel by combination of cathodic cage plasma deposition and magnetron sputtered MoS2-TiN multilayer coatings

Titanium nitride (TiN) is a good choice for the improvement in surface hardness of high-speed steel. Unfortunately, it has low adhesion with substrate and exhibits high friction coefficient; as a result it does not provide sufficient protection against sliding wear in metal-to-metal contact. The adhesion problem can be removed by nitriding process, whereas friction coefficient can be reduced by solid lubrication coating. In this study, an attempt is made to synthesize TiN hard coating as well as solid lubrication coating of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) using magnetron sputtering, along with substrate pre-treatment by cathodic cage plasma deposition using titanium cathodic cage. The cathodic cage plasma nitrided sample exhibits significantly higher surface hardness, which reduced by solid lubrication coating. The nitrided sample depicts the presence of iron nitrides, TiN and nitrogen diffused martensite phases, whereas coated samples shows the presence of MoS2 and TiN phases. The friction coefficient and machining temperature are dramatically reduced by lubrication coating. This study recommends that the use of cathodic cage plasma nitriding using titanium cathodic cage is beneficial for improved surface hardness, and addition of solid lubrication coating is beneficial for reducing the coefficient of friction and machining temperature by scarifying hardness. As, both the systems are already proven to be appropriate for industrial-scale uses, thus results from this study can be applied for industrial-scale application.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ МОДИФИКАЦИИ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ИНСТРУМЕНТАЛЬНЫХ СТАЛЕЙ ЛАЗЕРНЫМ ИЗЛУЧЕНИЕМ

ОСОБЕННОСТИ МОДИФИКАЦИИ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ИНСТРУМЕНТАЛЬНЫХ СТАЛЕЙ ЛАЗЕРНЫМ ИЗЛУЧЕНИЕМ

Study on the Selective Surface Modification of Injection Mold Steels by Laser Materials Processing: Relationship Between AlN Formation and Surface Hardening During Laser Nitriding

Laser surface heat treatment and laser nitriding processes were applied using selective surface modification techniques to investigate phase transformation, microstructural evolution, and surface hardening behaviors for two types of plastic injection mold steels, AISI 1045 and P21. During laser surface heat treatment, a 245% hardness increase compared to that of the base metal (290 HV) was achieved due to martensite transformation of the AISI 1045 steel. However, for the AISI P21 steel, hardness within the heat-treated zone was largely unchanged from that of the base metal (410 HV) despite being accompanied by martensite transformation. Compared to that of the base metal, this static hardness behavior of the heat treated P21 steel was due to coarsening of Cu particles induced by the laser irradiation. To overcome the static hardness behavior of P21 steel, laser nitriding was used. The laser-nitrided specimen (at 4500 J/mm heat input) was approximately 40% (577 HV) harder than the base metal (410 HV) and was highly correlated with nitride formation. Nitrogen successfully penetrated the surface of the specimen during laser irradiation and formed a nitrided layer mainly composed of an AlN phase. Thus, the surface hardening behavior of AISI P21 steel after laser nitriding could be largely attributed to the AlN phase development. Key words: plastic injection mold steels, surface modification, laser surface heat treatment, laser nitriding, nitride

Simple and fast surface modification of nanosecond-pulse laser-textured stainless steel for robust superhydrophobic surfaces

Superhydrophobic surfaces have been extensively studied for their unique low water adhesion. However, surface robustness and manufacturing difficulties are barriers to widespread use of superhydrophobic surfaces. In this study, a simple and fast surface modification of short-pulse laser-textured surface is developed for a robust superhydrophobic surface. Normally, short-pulse laser-textured surfaces can become superhydrophobic, but require toxic chemical coating, prolonged aging in air, or heat treatment for several hours. In our method, with only 10 minutes of heat treatment with non-toxic silicone oil, the nanosecond-pulse laser-textured stainless steel surface becomes superhydrophobic and shows good robustness.

Surface modification of mild steel before acrylic resin coating by hybrid ZnO/GO nanostructures to improve the corrosion protection

The synergistic effect of ZnO and GO nanostructures on the surface modification of mild steel before the acrylic resin coating was studied. Firstly, the steel surface was pretreated in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation, and then ZnO nanostructures were synthesized by the cyclic voltammetry technique. GO nanosheets prepared by the modified hummer’s method were deposited on ZnO-containing surfaces using the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique. GO coatings with thicknesses of 2.84, 4.47 and 9.42μm were obtained by varying the EPD time, and the 4.47μm was found as the optimum value for the fabrication of hybrid ZnO/GO structures. All samples were then covered with a thin layer of acrylic resin (10μm) by the spin coating technique. The results indicated that the sample with underneath of hybrid ZnO/GO nanostructures shows significant improvement in anti-corrosion performance. In other words, Rp is increased from 150,000Ωcm2 (in the rein coated sample) to 380,000Ωcm2 (in the sample with hybrid nanostructures). The resulting surface has the potential to use as protective and glossy black coatings. The role of underneath nature, surface roughness, and molecular interactions between oxygen functional groups of ZnO, GO, resin, and the metal in the enhanced corrosion protection was illustrated.

Surface Modification of Steel by Anodic Plasma Electrolytic Boronitriding and Polishing

The paper shows the possibility of plasma electrolytic polishing of the steel surface after its chemical-thermal treatment. Positive results of the plasma electrolytic polishing are obtained for low carbon steel after its anodic plasma electrolytic boronitriding. An X-ray diffractometer and a scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the phase composition of the modified layer and its surface morphology. Surface roughness was studied with the use of a roughness tester. The hardness of the treated and untreated samples was measured using a microhardness tester. Corrosion properties of the samples treated surfaces were evaluated using potentiodynamic polarisation tests in solution of sodium chloride. The reduction of the surface roughness of 1.7 times and the corrosion current density of 1.5 times of boronitrided steel by plasma polishing using mode of current interruption for 2 min without changing the structure of the diffusion layers is shows.

Effect of Nitriding on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steels

Austenitic stainless steels are common spread in many industries. Plasma nitriding is one of the few technologies that allows surface modification of austenitic stainless steels. In this study, a plasma nitriding method to form a hard surface layer at two different austenitic steels AISI 302 and AISI 316L. The surface morphology, chemical composition and mechanical properties of the formed layers were described and the results were compared with each other. The formed nitrided layers on both steels created a uniform multi-phase layer which was characterized by high hardness and very good abrasion resistance.

Surface modification of steel 20 by the method of chemical-thermal treatment by annealing in a muffle furnace

The article is devoted to the current problem related to the hardening of the surface layers of metal materials, including steel parts. The authors of the article describe the methods of chemical and thermal treatment of surface layers of materials to effectively improve the durability of machine parts and tools operating under various conditions of wear, at high temperature and force effects. The method of saturation of samples of iron plates by means of coating them with boron-containing mixtures in different volume proportions and their subsequent annealing in a muffle furnace is considered. The results of studies of the microhardness and thickness of the diffusion layer are given.

Ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification of high-speed tool steel (AISI M4) layered via direct energy deposition

Abstract Tensile residual stress in the laser-deposited M4 fabricated by direct energy deposition (DED) may reduce the fatigue performance and tool life. Ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) can induce compressive residual stress by generating severe plastic deformation of the material surface, and improve the wear resistance through surface texture refinement. In the present study, we investigated the changes in the metallurgical and mechanical properties of DEDed M4 specimens as induced by UNSM treatment. An X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the DEDed M4 austenite was transformed into martensite after UNSM processing. The change in the full width at half maximum revealed a grain size decrease of 25.8%. Conversion of the tensile residual stress within the DEDed M4 to compressive residual stress through UNSM treatment was confirmed. These changes in the metallurgical characteristics yield a 24.1% increase in the DEDed M4 hardness. A wear test was conducted to evaluate the wear resistances of heat-treated D2, DEDed M4 on D2, and UNSM-DEDed specimens. Ball-on-disk wear tests revealed that the DEDed M4 specimen wear rate was 68.3% lower than that of the H-D2. In addition, the DEDed M4 wear rate was reduced by 85.7% through UNSM treatment. The surface roughness was reduced by up to 88.3%, while micro-dimple shapes were formed on the DED-treated M4 surface. This study has demonstrated that UNSM can be applied to a DED-treated M4 surface to enhance its metallic and mechanical properties.

Surface Modification of Austenitic Stainless Steel by Means of Low Pressure Glow-Discharge Treatments with Nitrogen

When low temperature nitriding of austenitic stainless steels is carried out, it is very important to remove the surface passive layer for obtaining homogeneous incorporation of nitrogen. In the glow-discharge nitriding technique this surface activation is performed by cathodic sputtering pre-treatment, which can heat also the samples up to nitriding temperature. This preliminary study investigates the possibility of producing modified surface layers on austenitic stainless steels by performing low pressure glow-discharge treatments with nitrogen, similar to cathodic sputtering, so that surface activation, heating and nitrogen incorporation can occur in a single step having a short duration (up to about 10 min). Depending on treatment parameters, it is possible to produce different types of modified surface layers. One type, similar to that obtained with low temperature nitriding, consists mainly of S phase and it shows improved surface hardness and corrosion resistance in 5% NaCl solution in comparison with the untreated steel. Another type has large amounts of chromium nitride precipitates, which cause a marked hardness increase but a poor corrosion resistance. These surface treatments influence also water wetting properties, so that the apparent contact angle values become >90°, indicating a hydrophobic behavior.

Surface modification of tool steel by cathodic cage TiN deposition

ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of titanium nitride coating for various treatment times (0.5–4 h) by cathodic cage plasma deposition (CCPD) on surface properties of AISI D6 tool steel. The obtained results depict micrometric-sized TiN film deposition under all processing condition with improved surface hardness and corrosion resistance. Raman and EDS analysis are used to calculate N/Ti ratios for stoichiometric calculations of samples. This study depicts that the surface properties of tool steel can be effectively improved by TiN film deposition using CCPD, with low processing time, low processing temperature and better uniformity, as compared to conventional techniques. Additionally, the problems associated with the conventional TiN films such as pores and voids are eliminated. This technique is compatible with industrial-scale applications, and thus results from this study are expected to be beneficial for the surface engineering industry.