Steel Slag Aggregate Research Articles

Exploring skid resistance over time: Steel slag as a pavement aggregate—comparative study and morphological analysis

Steel slag has been investigated as a potential aggregate for pavement-wearing courses in road engineering. The volume stability, resistance to high and low temperatures, and water stability for asphalt mixtures containing steel slag have been widely studied. As for the skid resistance, previous studies have primarily focused on the initial performance. The relationship between the steel slag's appearance morphology and skid resistance during the wearing process remains to be further explored. It is essential to undertake a comparative study on the long-term skid resistance of steel slag and conventional aggregates to address the differences. This research picked two steel slags and two types of conventional aggregates (granite and limestone) as research samples. The chosen aggregate samples underwent various degrees of wear treatment with the Los Angeles abrasion machine, and their angularity was examined utilizing an aggregate image measurement system (AIMS). Based on the polishing pre-treatment, the micro-texture of the aggregates was observed with the assistance of a laser confocal microscope, and its correlation with skid resistance was determined. British pendulum number (BPN) tests were also conducted and analyzed at various polishing durations. The results show that steel slag has a low abrasion rate and higher initial angularity and abrasion resistance compared to natural stones. The micro-texture analysis demonstrates that steel slags have a coarser roughness, more contact points, and more durable abrasion resistance. Additionally, the fluctuations in BPN further prove that steel slag has superior initial and sustained skid resistance. Overall, steel slag can be a promising alternative for pavement-wearing course aggregate due to its superior long-term skid resistance.

Robust prediction of workability properties for 3D printing with steel slag aggregate using bayesian regularization and evolution algorithm

This study addresses the growing interest in utilizing steel slag as a sustainable alternative to river sand in additive manufacturing of concrete, driven by the increasing scarcity of natural resources. The rheological properties of fresh material significantly impact the quality of 3D-printed filament, necessitating suitable workability for printability. The research focuses on evaluating the influence of steel slag aggregate and key admixtures, such as silica fume and superplasticizer, on the workability properties of fresh concrete. Through an extensive series of 90 slump tests, optimal combinations ensuring the desired workability for 3D printing applications were identified. To enhance the manufacturing of fresh concrete and develop user-friendly tools, a novel soft computing approach is introduced—Adaptive Elitist Differential Evolution coupled with Bayesian Regularization Artificial Neural Network (aeDE-BRANN). This advanced model considers five critical input parameters: silica fume to Portland cement ratio, steel slag to cement ratio, water to cement ratio, cement content, and superplasticizer dosage. The model outputs crucial workability metrics, including slump flow and slump. In a comprehensive comparative study, the aeDE-BRANN framework demonstrates superior performance in terms of both simplicity and efficiency when compared to other forecasting models. Feature analysis techniques, including Shapley values from game theory and partial dependence plots, provide valuable insights into the intricate relationships between input variables and workability properties. The findings underscore the water to cement ratio as the most influential factor on workability, followed by silica fume to Portland cement ratio and steel slag to cement ratio. This study contributes a reliable tool for predicting workability properties, aiding in the selection of suitable steel slag aggregate and admixtures. Ultimately, it facilitates the sustainable and innovative evolution of 3D concrete printing practices.

Self-healing analysis of steel slag asphalt mixture under microwave heating through laboratory fatigue-healing test and microscopic characterization method

Steel slag is an eco-friendly low-carbon building material that has been widely used for pavement construction in recent years. In this study, the steel slag aggregate (SSA) is used to replace a part of the basalt aggregate in the porous asphalt mixture to improve its microwave absorption ability. Microwave heating promotes the self-healing capability of steel-slag asphalt mixture. We designed and conducted 16 groups of fatigue-healing tests based on an orthogonal experimental design to analyze the influence of various factors, including the degree of damage, healing temperature, and rest time, on the self-healing ability of the steel slag asphalt mixture. The ratio of the number of cyclic loads after healing (N1) to the number of cyclic loads before healing (N0) is defined as the healing index. The results of the range analysis demonstrate that the healing temperature presents the greatest impact on the healing rate of fatigue damage, followed by the degree of fatigue damage; the rest time has the least impact. The fatigue damage healing rate gradually decreases with the increase in the degree of damage. It first increases and then decreases with the increase in the healing temperature. It increases with the rest time. The optimal healing state of the steel slag porous asphalt mixture involves heating to 80℃ with 60 % degree of damage followed by resting for 8 hours. CT scanning technology is used to observe the crack distribution before and after healing. The CT images and a 3D reconstruction of the asphalt mixture demonstrate that obvious healing of cracks can be observed after microwave heating, and microwave heating does not significantly affect the porosity of the asphalt mixture. The nano-indentation indicates that the Young’s modulus and hardness of the asphalt mortar in the cracking area increased by 16.8 % and 22 %, respectively, after healing due to microwave heating, which can be attributed to the ageing of the asphalt.

Evaluating the fresh and mechanical properties of steel slag aggregate concrete reinforced with steel fiber

In this study, steel slag (SS) and steel fiber (SF) were used to make environment-friendly high-strength concrete. Natural coarse aggregate (NCA) was initially substituted partially with SS at various substitution levels, i.e., 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %, respectively, for getting the optimum substitution levels of SS in concrete. Afterward, SF, having an aspect ratio of 60, was considered with volume fractions of 0.15 %, 0.3 %,0.45 %, 0.6 %, 0.75 %, 0.90 %, 1.05 %, and 1.2 % in concrete. The water-to-binder ratio was taken as 0.35 for all the concrete mixes. For the fresh property, slump and compaction factor of concrete were determined. Similarly, for the mechanical property compressive strength (CS), split-tensile strength (STS), and flexural strength (FS) have been tested after the curing age of 28 and 56 days. Additionally ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test was conducted to measure the quality of concrete. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was also performed to analyze crystalline phases and identify mineralogical composition within the concrete matrix. All the tests were compared with the standard concrete made with NCA. It has been found that the addition of steel slag aggregate (SSA) and SF enhances the mechanical properties of concrete, whereas it reduces workability. Substituting 50 % of SSA for NCA alongside 1.05 % of SF results in the highest CS, while employing 1.2 % SF achieves maximum STS, FS, and UPV.

Utilisation of Reused Steel and Slag: Analysing the Circular Economy Benefits through Three Case Studies

This research explores sustainable construction practices focusing on material reuse, specifically reclaimed structural steel and slag. In general, the building stock is not designed for deconstruction, and material recovery for reuse at the end of life of buildings is complex and challenging. The study evaluates the benefits of content reuse through a thorough analysis of three case studies—BedZED eco-friendly housing, Angus Technopôle building, and the use of steel slag aggregate in road construction. It highlights the value of reclaimed structural steel and by-products like steel slag in waste reduction, energy conservation, and resource preservation. The BedZED case study showcases recycled steel’s cost-effectiveness and economic viability in construction, while the Angus Technopôle building exemplifies the adaptive reuse of an old steel frame building. Additionally, the third case study showcases the benefits of using Electric Arc Furnace C slag in asphalt-wearing courses, highlighting the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact. The versatility of reclaimed structural steel and slag is evident in integrating material reuse in building construction and road infrastructure. These case studies illustrate the potential for reusing steel and its by-products in various construction contexts, from eco-friendly housing to road development. Therefore, the study aims to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of sustainable practices within the construction industry by showcasing the successful incorporation of reclaimed steel and slag in these projects. Considering the significant contributions of building construction to global greenhouse gas emissions, raw material extraction, and waste production, the study advocates for adopting circular economy (CE) principles within the construction industry. Finally, the analysis of case studies underscores the advantages of reclaimed structural steel and the valorisation of steel slag through the lens of CE and their contribution to sustainable development.

Analysis of Wear-Coated Asphalt Concrete (AC-WC) Modified With Addition of Steel Slag and Resin for Road Conditions Inlowed In Tide

Causes of damage to road construction, among others due to the influence of excessive vehicle traffic loads, temperature, water (puddles), and pavement construction that does not meet technical requirements. Water (puddle) is one of the causes of damage or reduces durability for road construction with asphalt pavement. This study aims to examine the effect of asphalt mixture (AC-WC) with the addition of resin and steel slag aggregate on asphalt stability (AC-WC), Obtain Job Mix Design (JMD) for road conditions that are inundated by high tide and Assess the effect of immersion rob water against asphalt resistance (AC-WC) with the addition of resin and steel slag.In this research, it can be said that we play a role and participate in building prosperity in the advancement of transportation and the development of technological civilization, through continuous research that is adjusted to continuous research. We carry out research with the aim of developing science and technology and applying the reconstruction of science and technology to provide solutions to be able to solve environmental and societal problems, where local wisdom forms the basis of research.The research method used as a mix tester is the Marshall method, where from the Marshall test the results are obtained in the form of Marshall components, namely the volume weight of the test object, the value of stability, flow, voids in the mix (VIM), voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), void filled with asphalt (VFA), the thickness value of asphalt blanket or film and then can be calculated Marshall quotient. The last test was in the form of a Marshall immersion test. In the comparison of VIM, VMA and VFA above that for aggregate slag 25%, 50% and resin addition 5%, 7%, 10%, for resin content 5% and 10% did not meet specifications, however for 7% resin content meets the 2018 Revised Highways Technical Specifications. Based on the marshal test, there was only one that met the specifications of the binamarga, namely a test object with a resin composition of 7% by soaking for 7 days. The results of this study based on the Marshall test, the strength/stability value of the AC-WC asphalt mixture using a pen 60/70 asphalt mixture with steel slag and resin mining met the specifications. The stability value of asphalt AC-WC decreased with increasing variations in the resin content used in the mixture.

Experimenting with the Utilization of Recron3S Fiber and Steel Slag in Fresh Concrete for Analysis

Abstract: Concrete is well-known for being the most frequently utilized construction material due to its affordability, longevity, and adaptability. However, traditional concrete production requires a large amount of cement and aggregate, raising concerns about its environmental impact and depletion of natural resources. In order to address these issues and promote sustainability, we have been exploring alternative materials like Recron3s polyester fiber and steel slag. Recron3s fiber can enhance the flexibility of concrete, making it a valuable addition. On the other hand, the steel industry generates a byproduct known as steel slag, which presents environmental challenges and disposal issues. Nonetheless, when incorporated into concrete, steel slag can improve the mechanical and physical properties of the material, increasing its durability. Our research focuses on replacing OPC 53 grade cement and natural aggregate with Recron3s fiber and steel slag aggregate, respectively. Different percentages of steel slag aggregate (0%, 20%, 25%, 30%) and Recron3s fiber (0%, 1.25%) were used as substitutes for traditional materials in M30 grade concrete with a water-cement ratio of 0.44. We created concrete mixes by partially replacing OPC 53 with Recron3s fiber and substituting natural aggregate with steel slag aggregate to evaluate the performance of eco-friendly concrete. We then evaluated the performance of these mixes through workability tests such as slump cone, vee-bee consistometer, and compaction factor test. Overall, incorporating Recron3s fiber and steel slag aggregate into concrete has yielded positive results in enhancing mechanical properties and reducing environmental impact.

Improving M30 Concrete Performance with Recron 3S Fiber and Steel Slag: A Systematic Review

Abstract: This literature review delves into the potential for enhancing the performance of M30-grade concrete through the incorporation of Recron 3S fiber and steel slag aggregate to address sustainability issues in the construction industry. By systematically analyzing existing research, the review assesses the mechanical properties and sustainability implications of these substitutions. Recron 3S fibres offer improvements in tensile and flexural properties, reducing crack propagation and increasing ductility. In contrast, steel slag aggregate enhances compressive strength, durability, and resistance to alkali-silica reactions, all while utilizing recycled materials.

Investigation on the temperature distribution characteristics of steel slag asphalt mixture under different microwave heating and cooling methods

The utilization of steel slag aggregate (SSA) can enhance the microwave absorption efficiency of asphalt mixture, thus increasing its temperature and self-healing capability. In this study, the temperature distribution of basalt porous asphalt concrete (PAC-B), ordinary steel slag porous asphalt concrete (PAC-US), and modified steel slag porous asphalt concrete (PAC-MS) under the influence of different microwave heating and cooling methods were investigated through laboratory tests and numerical simulations. The heating methods including continuous heating, and two intermittent heating methods were used. Using the Monte Carlo method, three-dimensional mesoscopic numerical models were developed to simulate the microwave heating and cooling processes. The temperature of both the aggregates and asphalt mortar were analyzed, considering the influence of particle size on the aggregate temperature. The results revealed that the average inner heating rate of the three specimens is higher than the average surface heating rate. The average surface and inner heating rates of PAC-MS were higher than those of PAC-US and PAC-B. The average surface temperature and inner temperature during the heating process changed linearly, while nonlinear temperature variations were observed during the subsequent cooling phase. Increasing the number of cooling intervals during heating resulted in a more uniform temperature distribution within steel slag aggregate specimens. The results of numerical simulation indicated that the maximum temperature of aggregate was greater than that of asphalt mortar. During the cooling process, the highest temperature of the aggregate continuously decreased, whereas the lowest temperature initially increased before decreasing. The highest average volume temperature for various particle sizes was observed within the range of 4.75–9.5 mm. The laboratory test results were effectively validated by the numerical simulations.

Utilization of steel slag as coarse aggregate and filler in stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixture: Engineering performance, environmental impact and economic benefits analysis

The unquantified environmental impact and economic benefits of steel slag based asphalt mixture, as well as the difficulty in directly utilizing steel slag fine aggregate (SSFA) due to solidification, limit the utilization of steel slag in asphalt mixture. This research proposed an innovative method of using steel slag coarse aggregate (SSCA) and steel slag powder (SSP) filler prepared by grinding solidified SSFA to replace ordinary natural resources to prepare stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixture. The feasibility of the proposed utilization method of steel slag was determined based on the analysis results of main engineering performance, environmental impact and economic benefits of steel slag SMA mixture (SSSM). The ordinary SMA mixture (OSM) was functioned as a control group. The investigated main engineering performance included fatigue performance, moisture stability, high-temperature deformation resistance and low-temperature crack resistance. Environmental impact was evaluated based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, and the relationship between the transportation distance of steel slag, common basalt and the emission characteristics was deeply analyzed. In addition, economic benefits were determined based on the cost calculation results. Results showed that SSSM was superior to OSM in terms of these main engineering performance. The emissions from SMA mixtures increased with the extension of transportation distance of steel slag or basalt. From the perspective of reducing emissions, choosing steel slag aggregate had advantages when the transportation distance was less than 365 km, otherwise, it was recommended to choose basalt. Under three different transportation distances (short, medium and long distance transportation), the introduction of steel slag in SMA mixture reduced the greenhouse gas emissions by 1.1%–8.6%, of which the raw material production stage contributed the most. Furthermore, SSSM exhibited higher economic benefits, with a functional unit of SSSM pavement saving the cost by 14.4%–19.8%. Therefore, using steel slag as a substitute for coarse aggregate and filler in SMA mixture can promote the reuse of solidified SSFA, reduce the environmental impact and total cost of all stages of constructing SMA pavement.

Characterising mechanical properties and failure criteria of steel slag aggregate concrete under multiaxial stress states

To advance the application of steel slag aggregate concrete (SAC) in civil engineering, this study introduces a comprehensive experimental program to explore the failure mode, strength, deformation, and failure criteria of SAC under multiaxial stress conditions. In this investigation, SAC specimens containing 50% stabilised steel slag as a coarse aggregate were examined for mechanical behaviour (e.g. stress–strain relationships) under diverse loading scenarios, including uniaxial tensile and compressive loadings, biaxial compression, and true triaxial compression loadings. Subsequently, three distinct failure criteria (i.e. the Ottosen criterion [1], William–Warnke criterion [2], and Guo criterion [3]) for SAC were formulated and authenticated based on the experimental outcomes. The results showed varied failure modes in the SAC, such as prism type, splitting tensile, sheet-like tensile, and oblique shear, which depended on the stress state of the specimen during failure. A significant elevation in the ultimate strength and deformation of SAC specimens was observed, with an increment in the first-to-third principal stress ratio (σ1/σ3). Furthermore, the failure criterion introduced by Guo was validated as adept at reproducing all geometric characteristics of the concrete failure surface and precisely forecasting SAC’s ultimate strength of the SAC. Overall, this investigation proposed a reliable failure criterion based on true triaxial test data that can not only describe the multiaxial strength characteristics of SAC but also provide design advice for the applications of SAC in engineering structures.

Performance Assessment of BOF steel slag as fine aggregate in the development of fly ash based geopolymeric mortar

ABSTRACT This study focused on the partial replacement of river sand in fly ash-based geopolymeric mortar with Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) steel slag fine aggregate. The research aimed to create eco-friendly geopolymeric mortar using fly ash, steel slag and an alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Physical testing against flowability, bulk density and water absorption has been conducted, and mechanical behaviour against compressive and flexural strength has also been investigated. However, the raw material and developed mortar have been characterised using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for morphological studies, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for mineralogical studies. Geopolymer mortar with 30% steel slag replacing river sand (30SSM) showed the highest strength, reaching 35MPa in compression and 5.6MPa in flexure. This strength can be attributed to the strong and flexible (ductile) characteristics of steel slag when combined with the geopolymeric paste. Additionally, the angular and rough surface texture of steel slag enhances the physical bonding within the matrix. This high-volume fly ash (cement-free) based steel slag aggregate geopolymeric mortar offers a sustainable option for various building components like paver blocks, bricks etc.

Research on the preparation and self-healing performance of microwave-induced functional steel slag asphalt mixture

This study explores the potential applications of steel slag and tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) in creating self-healing road construction materials, aiming to address environmental concerns related to industrial waste and to extend the service life of roadways. A novel functional steel slag asphalt mixture was developed, utilizing steel slag as the aggregate and TPO as a healing agent. This agent permeates the pores of the steel slag, with microwave induction facilitating its controlled release. The research embarked on identifying the optimal process for preparing the functional steel slag aggregate through orthogonal experiments. It puts forward the optimum parameters of microwave induction based on the results of the low-temperature bending beam test and evaluates the effectiveness of the microwave-induced asphalt mixture’s self-healing. The study revealed that the recommended process for preparing functional steel slag aggregates is vacuuming the steel slag submerged in TPO for 30 minutes, followed by a soaking period of 10 minutes under standard atmospheric pressure, and concluding with a 48-hour standing period after removal from the TPO. Under this process, the absorption rate of TPO by steel slag reaches its maximum. Employing the Marshall test design method, the optimal asphalt-aggregate ratio was determined to be 5.15%. Significantly, the microwave heating rate of the functional steel slag asphalt mixture was found to be 3.25 times that of a conventional limestone asphalt mixture. The recommended microwave induction parameters were established at 700 W of power for a duration of 80 seconds. Initially, the crack healing rate reached 64.6%, which decreased to 47.6% after five microwave cycles. Remarkably, the healing rate of the functional steel slag asphalt mixture outperformed that of the ordinary steel slag asphalt mixture without TPO by 69.5% after the same number of cycles. These findings offer valuable contributions to the development of self-healing road construction materials, presenting a promising path for enhancing the durability of road infrastructures while addressing environmental challenges posed by industrial waste.

A REVIEW OF STEEL SLAG AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR NATURAL AGGREGATE APPLIED TO CONCRETE COLUMNS

There are severe ecological imbalances from both carbon emissions and sand mining. Steel slag can be used as an aggregate in concrete to enhance the environment and conserve natural resources because of the impact of depleting resources. The paper's main aim is to investigate the appropriateness of steel slag as an aggregate substitute and determine its impact on the behavior and durability properties of columns subjected to various circumstances and loads. After discussing slag and its properties, its effects on plain concrete were reviewed, followed by its effects on concrete columns. Previous studies indicate that columns made with steel slag aggregate concrete have comparable initial stiffness, strength, and flexibility as regular concrete. For columns with fine steel slag aggregates, the conventional section design approach can be used as an option for the design method. The European standard for stub columns filled with steel slag aggregate concrete under compression is more accurate than the American standard, which is circumspect.

Ecologization of Waste from the Steel Industry in Civil Engineering Works

The massive industrialization of the last century has come with the drawback of creating large waste deposits. Over the past century, steel mills have generated significant quantities of steel slag, deposited in heaps that occupy vast land areas. The desire to recycle steel slag arises from both ecological and economic interests. To achieve this goal in the steel industry, it was necessary to recycle steel slag (waste from the technological process of steel production) by using them as aggregates in civil constructions. In this work, the optimal option will be determined based on the mathematical modelling of the main physical-mechanical characteristics of the asphalt mixtures used in wear layers made with steel slag aggregates in comparison with classic asphalt mixtures.

Uniaxial compressive behavior study of normal-strength concrete using waste steel slag aggregate through laboratory tests and numerical simulation

Steel slag aggregate concrete (SSAC) is a potentially sustainable construction material. But at present, the lack of a uniaxial compression stress-strain model of SSAC has prevented engineers from designing structural components well. Furthermore, a mesoscopic numerical model to predict the uniaxial compressive behavior of SSAC is lacking. Given the current research gaps, the present study conducted uniaxial compressive load tests on SSAC cylinder specimens of C30, C40, and C50 strength grades and 0 %, 50 %, and 100 % steel slag aggregate (SSA) replacement ratios. The SSAC cylinders have a similar failure pattern to the reference concrete specimens prepared with natural aggregate (NAC). Based on the laboratory test results, a modified uniaxial compression stress-strain model of SSAC was proposed to incorporate changes in concrete strength grades and SSA replacement ratios. The stress-strain curves of SSAC exhibited a longer ascending branch, a larger elastic modulus, and a higher peak stress than NAC. The increment in peak stress increased as the concrete strength grade increased, while the increment in elastic modulus decreased as the concrete strength grade increased. The quantitative relationships between peak stress, peak strain, elastic modulus, and SSA replacement ratio were established, which were in agreement with the experimental values. However, the stress-strain curves of SSAC showed a steeper descending branch, and the compressive toughness of C40 and C50 concrete decreased with an increase in the SSA replacement ratio. This indicates the poor ductility of SSAC. In addition, this study established the mesoscopic numerical model of SSAC based on the laboratory test results. For C30, C40, and C50 concrete, the cohesive strength (including tensile strength and fracture energy) of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) around SSA must be 125 %, 150 %, and 175 % higher than the ITZ around NA. The simulation results indicated that with the increase of the aggregate volume content and maximum particle size, SSA can improve the mechanical properties of concrete more significantly.

Effect of steel slag on the mechanical properties and self-sensing capability of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC)

This study investigates the self-sensing capability and mechanical properties of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) incorporating steel slag aggregates. The experimental findings underscore the potential of steel slag as a promising industrial by-product capable of fully replacing the natural fine aggregates within UHPC. In addition, the incorporation of steel slag is shown to reduce CO2 emissions by approximately 40 kg/m3, as determined through life cycle assessment software, while simultaneously enhancing flowability when compared to UHPC incorporating natural aggregate. Although the compressive and tensile strength of UHPC with steel slag is slightly lower than that of UHPC with natural aggregates, it still demonstrates impressive performance, with compressive and tensile strengths reaching approximately 207 MPa and 14 MPa, respectively. To assess the mechanical properties and self-sensing capacity of steel slag, this study incorporates carbon fiber and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) into the UHPC series. The self-sensing capacity results emphasize the advantage of incorporating steel slag due to its high iron content that leads to superior conductivity compared to silica sand. Furthermore, comparisons are made with UHPC series incorporating carbon fiber and MWCNT. UHPC with steel slag demonstrates superior self-sensing capabilities compared to the silica sand series with carbon fibers, and it is comparable to UHPC with MWCNT. To quantify the self-sensing capability of UHPC with steel slag, nonlinear curve fitting is employed, resulting in highly accurate simulation outcomes. These experiments collectively highlight the multifaceted benefits of utilizing steel slag aggregate in UHPC, encompassing environmental advantages, enhanced flowability, and impressive self-sensing capabilities.

Investigating the effects of ageing condition and type of aggregates on the properties of asphalt mixtures

In this study, asphalt mixtures made by steel slag (SSA), copper slag (CSA), limestone (LA) and siliceous (SA) aggregates were subjected to different aging conditions; and were evaluated using Marshall, indirect tensile strength (ITS), Cantabro abrasion loss and semi-circular bending (SCB) tests. Results reveal that the moisture damage, raveling and fracture resistance of asphalt mixture decrease with aging and the ITS and Marshall properties improve with aging. After 7-day long-term aging, the TSR of the mixtures made by LA, SA, SSA and CSA, decreases, 28.8%, 48.5%, 8.8% and 15%, respectively, while, the ITS in dry condition increases, 61.9%, 33%, 62% and 81%, respectively. The fracture properties and moisture damage resistance of asphalt concrete made by SSA and CSA are less affected by aging than those made by LA and SA. Statistical analysis revealed that the effect of aggregate type, aging condition and their interaction on the mixture properties is significant.

Impact resistance and durability of natural fibre reinforced concrete pavement and partial replacement with steel slag aggregate

Impact resistance and durability of natural fibre reinforced concrete pavement and partial replacement with steel slag aggregate

Preparation of pavement base material by using steel slag powder and steel slag aggregate

Preparation of pavement base material by using steel slag powder and steel slag aggregate