Process In Steel Industry Research Articles

TRIBOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF TUNGSTEN CARBIDE AND HARD CHROME COATINGS ON EN19 FOR COLD ROLLING APPLICATION

In the heavy sheet metal industry, rolls are generally made up of EN19. To enhance the life of the cold rolling mills it can be coated. This paper presents an experimental study to check the effect of alloy coatings such as Hard Chrome and Tungsten carbide on wear resistance and other characteristics of roller base materials EN19 which is used in rolling process of heavy metal industry. In this paper a comparative tribological study of Hard Chrome, Tungsten carbide, EN19 through hardness testing, surface roughness analysis, SEM, and EDS, XRD, sliding wear experiments and statistical study through Design of Experiment has been performed to find out the best material which can increase the life of rolls. From the experiments carried out it has been found that hardchrome has 15.19 times the longevity of the substrate EN19. Tungsten carbide has 19 times the life of EN19 and 1.25 times the life of hardchrome. Tungsten carbide coating gives more hardness and wear resistance than the Hard Chrome and EN19 base material of the roll. Thus, using Tungsten carbide coating on EN19 rolls will improve the life and enhance the longevity of the roll used in cold rolling process in heavy steel industry.

Solid-state steelmaking by scrap consolidation: A processing pathway with minimal energy and CO2 burdens

The energy demand and CO2 emissions of the steel processing industry are a global challenge. During conventional steel processing, the treatment of iron ore and steel in a molten state heavily contributes to this problem. This paper provides an in-depth investigation of the benefits and technical requirements of an alternative processing pathway with minimal energy and CO2 burdens. Our proposed method, scrap metal consolidation (SMC) by rolling, is adapted from roll bonding, a scalable metal bonding technique, commonly used for niche composite applications to achieve material properties unattainable by monolithic alloy design. SMC transforms steel scrap into hot rolled steel in solid state without melting. Based on pre-published high-fidelity industrial data, we determined that processing hot rolled steel from scrap in the solid state would consume 94% less energy compared to the primary steel processing route with 94% less CO2 burden. Compared to conventional recycling methods, the energy savings of SMC would be 86%, with an 84% decrease in CO2 emissions. The proposed method is described in detail, and the process windows for AISI 1008 mild steel and SS304 stainless steel were determined in terms of rolling temperature and reduction using a lab-scale rolling mill at a temperature range of 700–1100 °C. The formability of the consolidated mild steel is also evaluated via the hemisphere punch test, a standard industrial test for assessing the formability of sheet metals. While the fracture height of consolidated specimens is in the 9.27–10.62 mm range, the monolithic sample has a fracture height of 10.34 mm. The test results show that the consolidated sheets have comparable formability to monolithic specimens. These investigations altogether demonstrate that SMC-by-rolling is a feasible and environmentally sustainable alternative for conventional steelmaking or recycling processes.

Steel Processing Production Process At CV. ABC

The production process is a way, method and technique for creating or increasing the usefulness of a good or service using existing resources (labor, machines, materials, funds). CV. ABC is a company that focuses on the steel processing industry sector. This company's specialization includes making various products, such as fences, canopies, stairs, and building structures such as warehouses and housing. The purpose of carrying out this activity is to observe the production process of making fences and analyze the production process using a production process map (Operation Process Chart) and Bill of Materials. Based on field observations using the production process map at CV. It can be seen from Tiga Karya Persada Indonesia that making 1 fence takes a total of 795 minutes, consisting of 6 operational processes with a total time of 630 minutes and there are 8 inspection processes with a total time of 165 minutes.

Sequence effects on the life estimation of welded tubular structures made of S355J2H under uniaxial fatigue loading

The use of hollow sections to form lightweight structures is widespread in common steel processing industries such as crane, commercial vehicle, steel bridge and agricultural machinery construction. The hollow sections are mainly designed as truss or frame structures, in some cases using high-strength and higher-strength steels in order to achieve optimum utilization of the component and material. A new collection of fatigue life data covering sequence effects and the accuracy of the linear damage accumulation is presented. Effects of the shape of the applied load spectra and sequence effects of different amplitudes have been investigated. This document covers tubes of 4 to 8 mm thickness made by low-carbon or mild steel S355J2H. In general, it was found that the spectrum shape and the loading sequence have an influence on the service life. Depending on the shape of the spectrum, random tests tended to lead to shorter service lives than tests with block-loading sequences. An influence of overloads was also found for the tests with interspersed overloads. Typical maximum linear damage sums taken from recommendations and codes of 0.2 or sometimes 0.5 are exceeded for all spectra investigated and in some of the cases even significantly above 1.0. Transferability of the recommendations to component-type structures like tubular joints needs revision to lift its lightweight potential. Using stress concentration factors (SCF) from finite element analysis, typical strength values for the structural and effective notch stress concepts are checked. All joints investigated show a significantly higher strength compared to the IIW recommendations using the structural stress approach or compared to the DVS 0905 with the effective notch stress approach.

Substance-flow analysis and emission-reduction strategies for thallium in the steel industry process

Thallium, which is a highly toxic and sparsely distributed element, is often found in various mineral compounds. Its release into the environment primarily occurs through the mining of metals, metallurgical processes, and the combustion of fossil fuels. These activities release thallium from minerals, concentrating it in ash, wastewater, and exhaust gases, thus contributing to thallium pollution. With over 600 active steelworks in China continuously producing steel, the risk of thallium pollution is significant and thus presents a major challenge. This research focuses on understanding the mechanisms of the physical phase evolution, migration pathways, and emission characteristics of thallium in steelworks. For the first time, a thallium flow network in steelworks is developed using substance flow analysis. This involves examining the input, output, waste discharge characteristics, and potential for reduction of thallium. The findings reveal that iron concentrate is the primary source of thallium in steelworks, with dust being the main form of thallium output. The quantities of thallium input, output, and circulation are found to be 425.44, 365.49, and 49.66 mg/t-CS, respectively. Implementing source control, endpoint governance, or a combination of both can reduce pollutant emissions in steelworks by 41.47%, 43.35%, and 65.63%, respectively. This study enhances our understanding of thallium pollution in steelworks.

Framework for Lean Implementation Through Fuzzy AHP-COPRAS Integrated Approach

Manufacturing industries strive hard to improve their productivity to meet the highly demanding business market. Productivity can be improved by effective use of resources, elimination of wastes, process flow enhancement, and continuous improvement. There are strategies and tools to improve productivity but industries face the problem of selecting appropriate strategies. Lean manufacturing philosophy helps the manufacturing industries to enhance their productivity aspects by identifying and eliminating the wastes using specific tools/techniques. This article presents an integrated framework for the lean implementation process in the steel processing industry. The value stream mapping (VSM) tool is used to identify the wastes at each stage of the production process. Lean tools are identified from literature based on the wastes identified from the current state. For prioritizing the lean tools based on the positive correlation on one another, fuzzy integrated analytic hierarchy process and complex proportional assessment of alternatives are used. A future state value stream map is developed to illustrate the improvements achieved due to the implementation of selected lean tools. Comparison of present and future state VSM shows a great reduction of wastes, such as scale waste (50%), miss roll defects (72.7%), size variation defect (62%), corrosion defect, and improvements in talk time and cleanliness.

Utilization of By-Products and Waste GGBFS Materials from Steel Processing Industry to Produce Sustainable Green Pervious Concrete in Indonesia

Pervious concrete is a reliable solution for environmentally friendly concrete pavements, especially for densely populated urban areas. Some of the benefits of pervious concrete to the environment are mainly increasing the absorption of water into the soil, so that it can quickly purify rainwater runoff, recharge groundwater, reduce rainwater runoff, and when combined with well-designed drainage system it can minimize the potential of flooding. The uniqueness of this concrete is that it uses few or no fine aggregate at all, with the main composition consisting of coarse aggregate, binder (cementitious/pozzolanic materials), water and admixture. The development of pervious concrete with steel slag as raw material as coarse aggregate and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) as a partial replacement for cement is carried out to address environmental problems caused by impervious pavement that is commonly used in urban areas, as well as to increase the added value of material by-products of the steel processing industry. The aim of this research is to obtain a pervious concrete mixture with an optimum compressive strength and porosity utilizing locally available by-products and waste materials from steel processing industry to produce a more sustainable construction material. Evaluation based on the experimental results shows that the specimen with well graded or blended-size of steel slag coarse aggregates, with a maximum of 10% steel slag fine aggregate, and GGBFS as 32% cement substitute material (CSM) is found to be an optimized mixture in achieving high compressive strength of 20.24 MPa at which both density and porosity values complying ACI 522R-10.

Electricity and Heat Demand in Steel Industry Technological Processes in Industry 4.0 Conditions

The publication presents heat and electricity management in the Polish steel industry. The paper is based on actual data on heat and electricity consumption and intensity by processes in the steel industry in Poland in Industry 4.0 conditions. Two steel production processes are used in Poland: EAF Electric Arc Furnace and BOF Basic Oxygen Furnace. The analysis is an analysis of actual data is used to characterise the electricity and heat consumption by processes in the Polish steel industry. The analysis shows that the EAF technology is always more electricity intensive and the BOF technology more heat intensive. On the basis of conducted analysis, it can be concluded that pro-environmental innovations in the steel industry should first aim to reduce the electricity consumption of EAF technology and the heat consumption of BOF. An analysis of data for Poland for the period 2004–2020 shows that both cases occurred. The study shows that the heat consumption of BOF technologies has been steadily decreasing since 2010, and the electricity consumption of EAF technologies has been decreasing throughout the period under review. It can be concluded from this that the Polish steel industry is adapting to pro-environmental requirements and, through the introduction of technological innovations, is moving towards the concept of sustainable steel production according to green steel principles. The decrease in energy intensity (means electricity) of steel produced according to EAF technology is an important issue, as the high energy intensity of EAF processes affects the overall energy intensity of the steel production in Poland. In the future, the use of new innovative technological solutions, including solutions based on Industry 4.0 principles, should help the Polish steel industry to further reduce the level of electricity and heat consumption. The driving force behind the investment is the boom in the steel market. The authors made a short-term forecasts of steel production (2022–2025). The annual forecasts determined and analyses made were used to determine the heat and energy consumption of the Polish steel industry up to 2025.

Analysis of the Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), and Manganese (Mn) Levels from the Steel Industry Liquid Waste by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Method

Liquid waste from the steel industry processing, washing machine, and kitchenware foundry that is disposed containing copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and manganese (Mn) elements which is harmful to enviromental. The levels of elemental copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn) were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The effluent samples were destructed with the addition of concentrated HNO3. Then determining of the concentration of the element copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and manganese (Mn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with a calibration curve. The obtained results for the levels of copper (Cu) on the inlet samples were 0.9714 mg/L - 0.9719 mg/L, the outlet samples were 3.9990 mg/L - 4.0002 mg/L. Hence, the levels of the element chromium (Cr) on inlet samples were 0.0295 mg/L - 0.0297 mg/L, the outlet samples were 0.0399 mg/L - 0.0400 mg/L and the levels of manganese (Mn) in the inlet samples were 0.1269 mg/L - 0.1271 mg/L in a outlet samples were 2.9699 mg/L - 2.9701 mg/L. Then the steel industry wastewater for elemental copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) has exceeded the limits that have been instituted by the Minister of Environment Decree No. 51, 1995, about the Liquid Waste Quality Standard for Industrial Activity

Analysis of Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), and Manganese (Mn) Levels from Liquid Waste of The Steel Industry with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) Method

Liquid waste from the steel industry processing, washing machine, and kitchenware foundry contained the elements of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn). The effluent samples were destructed using concentrated HNO3. Then determined the concentration of the elements copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn) using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with a calibration curve. The results obtained for the level of copper (Cu) on the sample inlet was 0.9714 mg/L to 0.9719 mg/L, and the sample outlet was 3.9990 mg/L to 4.0002 mg/L. Levels of the element chromium (Cr) on sample inlet was 0.0295 mg/L to 0.0297 mg/L, the sample outlet was 0.0399 mg/L to 0.0400 mg/L. Meanwhile, the level of manganese (Mn) in the sample inlet was 0.1269 mg/L to 0.1271 mg/L in a sample outlet was 2.9699 mg/L to 2.9701 mg/L. Then the steel industry wastewater for elemental copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) exceeded the limits that have been instituted by the Minister of Environment Decree No. 51, 1995, regarding the Liquid Waste Quality Standard for Industrial Activity.

An Approach for an Innovative 3D Steel Strip Straightening Machine for Curvature and Saber Compensation

Due to increasing globalization and rising quality requirements, the steel and metal processing industry is facing growing cost and innovation pressure. Not least because of their high lightweight potential, high-strength steel materials are meeting the growing material requirements of steel and metal processing in areas such as aerospace and medical technology. In particular, the tight tolerance limits of applicable shape and dimensional accuracies pose a challenge in the processing of high-strength steel strip materials. Improving the processability of high-strength steel materials through the use of straighteners with set-up assistance systems significantly increases the potential for competing with other materials such as aluminum or magnesium alloys.

Different lead species deactivation on Mn-Ce activated carbon supported catalyst for low-temperature SCR of NO with NH3: Comparison of PbCl2, Pb (NO3)2 and PbSO4

Due to the accumulation of heavy metal compounds produced by the sintering process in steel industry, the catalysts used for low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 (NH3-SCR) might be seriously deactivated. In this work, the deactivation effect of PbCl2, Pb(NO3)2, and PbSO4 on Mn-Ce activated carbon supported catalyst for low-temperature NH3-SCR of NO was investigated and compared. Poisoned catalysts were provided by impregnating fresh catalysts with Pb(NO3)2, PbSO4 and PbCl2 aqueous solutions, respectively. Deactivation could be observed on the poisoned samples, and the deactivation degree was following PbCl2 > PbSO4 > Pb(NO3)2. The catalytic activities of all samples were tested, and the physicochemical properties of fresh and poisoned catalysts were assessed. PbCl2 caused the most severe deactivation of the catalyst, owing to its poor redox property and surface acidity. Cl- could also react with Mn active sites to form -O-Mn-Cl bonds, resulting in additional acid sites, although these newly generated sites were not reactive in NH3-SCR reaction process. PbSO4 exhibited moderate poisoning effect due to the addition of SO42-, which created new Brønsted acid sites, facilitating the NH3 adsorption and NO reduction. Pb(NO3)2 had the least poisoning impact on the catalyst due to the NO3–, promoting the NH3 activation. The in situ DRIFTS results revealed that NH3-SCR reaction over all samples was governed by Eley-Rideal (E-R) and Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) mechanism, and did not change due to the lead poisoning. Finally, a possible mechanistic model for different lead salts poisoning over Mn-Ce/AC catalyst was proposed.

Wear prevention & control as a preventive maintenance strategy

The engineering systems for iron and steel production in an integrated steel company are composed of multitudes of complex machineries and components for handling and transfer of large volume of aggressive raw material and intermediate products. This leads to abrasion, wear and other service induced degradation of components and machineries resulting in huge losses owing to decreased component service life, production losses, energy losses and increased maintenance cost. This inevitably requires systematic approach towards a productive maintenance strategy in order to prevent frequent failures of machineries and components adding to the operating costs and consuming more resources. Wear prevention and control through judicious selection and use of superior materials for machineries components have received greater attentions in recent times as a solution to the maintenance problems. The present paper highlights various types of wear encountered in steel processing industries, the metallurgical factors influencing wear and the strategy/ techniques to prevent it. This also includes field examples of such an attempt towards selection guidelines and their uses for wear prone components. The successful applications of some of the wear resistant materials, such as, high-Cr iron alloys, tool and alloy steels, etc.; for some of the wear prone components, such as, protective liners for material handling systems for coke and sinter, knives for shearing and chopping applications for steel strips and sheets, steel mill rolls, etc; have been enumerated.

Earliness/tardiness minimization in a no-wait flow shop with sequence-dependent setup times

The no-wait flow shop scheduling problem (NWFSP) plays a crucial role in the allocation of resources in multitudinous industries, including the steel, pharmaceutical, chemical, plastic, electronic, and food processing industries. The NWFSP consists of n jobs that must be processed in m machines in series, and no job is allowed to wait between consecutive operations. This project deals with NWFSP with sequence-dependent setup times for minimizing earliness and tardiness. From the literature review of the last five years in NWFSP, it is noticeable that only around 1.92% of the researchers have studied that multi-objective function, which could help to improve the productivity of industries where methods such as just in time are considered. Besides, there is no information about previous researchers that have solved this problem with sequence-dependent setup times. Firstly, a MILP model is proposed to solve small instances, and secondly, a genetic algorithm (GA) is developed as a solution method for medium and large instances. Compared with the mathematical model for small instances, the GA obtained the optimal solution in 100% of the cases. For medium and large instances, the GA improves in an average of 31.54%, 38.09%, 44.58%, 47.72%, and 37.33% the MDD, EDDP, ATC, SPT, and LPT dispatching rules, respectively.

Energy Technologies For Decarbonizing The Steel Processing Industry – A Numerical Study

This study analyzes approaches to decarbonize the energy supply of the secondary steel processing industry. Therefore, real data from a secondary steel production company is used in combination with state-of-the art low carbon energy supply technologies. Also, the use of waste heat from a pusher furnace for process integration is considered. The developed temporal process model allows holistic optimizing and expanding the steel making process system regarding techno-economic criteria. As we show, implementing the annual heat demand of a municipality shows that a nearly 100 % self-sufficient heat supply is possible.

Performance management within the Dutch steel processing industry

PurposeA comprehensive literature review of performance management within the Dutch steel processing industry is presented. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the motives for companies to become excellent performers in their field of expertise. These internal and external motives (refined by quantitative analysis of bibliographic data) sought to reveal the common factors that impact company performance.Design/methodology/approachInductive reasoning was adopted using an interpretivist philosophical stance to generate new theoretical insight. A mixed-methods analysis of pertinent extant literature afforded greater synthesis of the research problem domain and generated more valid and reliable findings. The software visualisation of similarities viewer was used to conduct a qualitative bibliographic analysis of extant literature to yield greater clarification on the phenomena under investigation.FindingsFour thematic groups of past research endeavours emerged from the analysis and were assigned appropriate nomenclature, namely: industry internal motives; industry external motives; excellent performer and incremental working method. To further expand upon the continuous improvement process (CIP – embodied within performance management), the paper describes the virtuous cycle of improvement, which consists of the consecutive steps of “planning”, “doing”, “checking” and ultimately of “acting” accordingly to the previous steps. It can be concluded that a high-performing company acts according to its mission, plans in line with the vision do as defined in the strategy and checks by reflection.Originality/valueThis unique study provides invaluable insight into the performance management of Dutch steel processing companies. Although the research context was narrowly defined, the findings presented are equally applicable to clients, contractors and sub-contractors active in other sectors of the construction industry. The research concludes by prescribing factors of mitigation strategies to support chief executive officers to focus on the optimum distribution of their scarce resources.

Development of a Fast Modeling Approach for the Prediction of Scrap Preheating in Continuously Charged Metallurgical Recycling Processes

Improving the overall energy efficiency of processes is necessary to reduce costs, lower the specific energy consumption and thereby reduce the direct or indirect emission of gases that contribute to climate change. In many metallurgical processes, a large amount of energy is lost with the off-gas. In metallurgical recycling processes, off-gas often can be used to preheat the to-be-recycled metal scrap, leading to significantly higher energy efficiency. However, the application of preheating has the disadvantage that it often requires more precise planning in the design and better control of the process. In this paper, a simplified look at a continuously charged scrap preheating aggregate for the widely used electric arc furnace (EAF) in the steel processing industry is used as illustration. Continuous scrap charging in EAF-type furnaces in general has much higher demands on process control and general process knowledge, which is why they are found only very rarely. General issues and basic modeling approaches to mitigate such issues allowing a better process control will be described. In particular, a fast, one-dimensional modeling approach for the determination of the temperature distribution inside a constantly moving scrap bulk, with hot air (or exhaust gases) flowing through it, will be described. Possible modeling applications, assumptions, possible enhancements and limitations are shown. The first results indicate that this approach can be used as a solid basis for the modeling of scrap bulks with thermally thin parts, consisting of materials with similar thermodynamic material properties. Therefore, as a basis, this approach may help improve the design and control of future or existing preheating devices in metal recycling processes.

DETERMINING THE SUITABLE LOCATION FOR THE METALLURGICAL AND STEEL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES IN MONGOLIA USING GIS-BASED MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS METHODS

Abstract. The metallurgical and steel processing industries are considered strategically important industries as they form the basis of a country's industrial competitiveness and sustainable economy.Recently, the value of minerals and demand for metals are increasing. Thus, it is essential to build a metallurgical and steel processing factory in Mongolia based on the needs of national consumption and neighboring countries market demand. Therefore, it is crucial to select a suitable geographical location for any industrial regional development based on scientific, spatial analysis and estimation. The main goal of our research study is to use MCDA and AHP methods based on GIS including natural conditions, resources, socio-economic factors and other related data to identify suitable locations for metallurgical and steel processing factories in Mongolia. In order to determine the suitable location for metallurgical and steel processing industries research team used multi criteria analysis method including the total of 28 factors: 7 factors based on mineral resources and natural resources; 4 infrastructure factors, 2 market factors, 8 socio-economic factors, and 7 natural constraint factors based on area where industries and activities are prohibited in accordance with the legislation of Mongolia. According to the research results, 9.8 percent of the total area is highly suitable, 22.7 percent is suitable, 22.4 percent is unsuitable, and 68.8 percent is constraint area for industrial and steel processing industries. The result of the study shows that our assessment is precisely overlaps (kappa coefficient = 0.84 ) with the location of existing metallurgical and steel industries and compatible with the regions where other projects and action program planning to build new industries in Mongolia.

Temperature measurement – the main task to ensure technological processes in steel industry. Towards the 200 years anniversary of the thermoelectric effect discovery by T.I. Zeebeck

Temperature is one of the basic parameters in the life of the mankind and particularly in steel industry. After discovery of thermoelectric effect by T.I. Zeebeck and creation of the thermoelectric thermometer, production of steel was transformed from an art into a highly qualified labor. It was shown, that thermocouples have considerable benefits comparing with other temperature sensors: radiation pyrometers and resistance thermometers. Items of temperature measurement in steel industry considered. Methods of temperature control in technological processes of steel industry qualified. Some results of studies of industrial heating furnaces of hot-rolling mills, chamber, bell-type and continuous furnaces presented. The studies were accomplished at the Department “Thermal physics and ecology of metallurgical production”, in the center “ENERGOMET”, at the enterprise “Innovations and energy saving”, in the laboratory “Heat engineering measurements in metallurgy” of NITU “MISiS”, in OJSC “Obninsk thermoelectric company”. Examples of temperature measurement in heating and thermal furnaces of rolling mills presented. Design of a thermometer for temperature measurement in a toxic or highly explosive atmosphere presented, based on a method of pulsating convection thermometry of a gas, developed at MISiS. The device ensured accurate enough gas temperature measurement in operating furnaces and enabled to organize a correct supply of a protective gas into the heating chamber, exposure and its effective motion in the working area resulting in increasing intensity of decarburization process of transformer steel in tower furnaces.

IoT based air quality measurement and alert system for steel, material and copper processing industries

Abstract The air quality of industry gets affected due to the industrial processing like heating of metals such as steel, copper. The burning and processing alters the level of NitrogenDioxide (NO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (C02), methane (CH4), and Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG). The each parameter in the air has to be maintained in safe level. If safe level is not maintained makes discomfort to the human health. The existing methods are measuring the air quality and display it at same station which may handle with less care. The proposed method consists of MQ2, MQ3, MQ6, and MQ9 sensors used to measure CO, CO2, NO2, and CH4 &LPG levels. The sensor gives the analog output. The proposed method uses the Arduino Nano - ATMEGA 168 based controlled to handle the analog sensors. The analog quantity is converted into digital value and which compared with safe limit value by the controller. The measured value is updated in cloud server- web based and Mobile application. The emergency alarm is fixed in the instrument in sound and light form to alert the workers. The device is tested in air polluted industry. The device showed the CO level as 525 PPM, NO2 level as 56 PBP, CO2 level as 164PPM, and mixed gas as 154PSI. The device notified CO level is high. The output is observed in cloud and mobile application.