Steel Plate Concrete Research Articles

강제진동을 받는 강판 콘크리트 (SC) 벽체에서 스터드의 성능평가를 위한 해석적 연구

강제진동을 받는 강판 콘크리트 (SC) 벽체에서 스터드의 성능평가를 위한 해석적 연구

Comparative assessment of impact resistance of SC and RC panels using finite element analysis

In this paper, the impact resistance of steel-plate concrete (SC) and reinforced concrete (RC) panels is evaluated using the commercial software LS-DYNA. The structural components and their contacts are fully modeled in the analysis, and the material nonlinearity and strain rate effect for concrete and steel are considered. The analysis results of SC and half steel-plate concrete (HSC) panels under impact loading are compared with the test results conducted in previous research in order to determine the main factors influencing the analysis. The impact analyses as per four different concrete thicknesses with five different steel ratios are performed in order to compare the impact resistance of the SC and RC panels. Failure mode, damage size, and displacement of the SC and RC panels are investigated. The results show that the SC panel has better impact resistance than the RC panel. Finally, the impact analyses for optimal panel design are performed, and the optimal concrete thickness and steel ratio are recommended.

Analytical performance evaluation of modified inclined studs for steel plate concrete wall subjected to cyclic loads

An analytical study was conducted to investigate the effect of the shape and spacing of modified inclined studs used as shear connector between concrete and steel plate on the cyclic behavior of steel plate concrete (SC) shear wall. 9 different analysis cases were adopted to determine the optimized shape and spacing of stud. As the results, the skeleton curves were obtained from the load-displacement hysteresis curves, and the ultimate and yielding strengths were increased as the spacing of studs decrease. In addition, the strength of inclined studs is shown to be bigger compared to that of conventional studs. The damping ratios increased as the decrease of stiffness ratio. Finally, with decreasing the spacing distance of studs, the cumulative dissipated energy was increased and the seismic performance was improved.

Structural Characteristics of Steel-Concrete Composite Plate Girder with Arch-Type Web Stiffener

In this paper, we present the result of analytical investigation pertaining to the structural behavior of steel-concrete composite plate girder with arch-type web stiffener. In the arch-type web stiffener located in the compression side of web, infill concrete is cast to strengthen the arch-type stiffener and also to exert resisting force against compression force. This type of composite steel-concrete plate girder bridge is built and is in service. To understand the behavior thoroughly, analytical parametric study was conducted by using the finite element method. As a result it was found that the effect of arch-type stiffener with infill concrete is considerable for the design of such type composite girder bridge.

Minimum shear reinforcement ratio of steel plate concrete beams

Steel plate Concrete (SC) has been used for the shield building in nuclear power plant AP1000 recently. However, the minimum shear reinforcement ratio for SC beams is unknown. This paper reports that six steel plate concrete beams were tested to determine the minimum shear reinforcement ratio $$(\rho_{t,\hbox{min} } )$$ to ensure a certain shear ductility. The main parameters of the experimental program include shear reinforcement ratio $$(\rho_{{t,{\text{test}}}} )$$ and shear span-to-depth ratio (a/d). Currently no minimum shear reinforcement ratio of SC beams is proposed in any technical document. Designers quite often use the provision of reinforced concrete (RC) structures specified by ACI 349 code (2006) for SC structure design. Based on the test results, a minimum shear reinforcement ratio of SC beams is proposed, which is greater than a minimum shear reinforcement ratio specified by ACI 349 code. Existing approaches to predict shear strength of RC members, ACI method (2006) and Kuo et al. method (2014), were evaluated and were found to overestimate the shear strength of SC beams because bond slip between steel plate and concrete weakens the shear capacity. In addition, the Model Code (2010) was compared with the test results and was found very conservative. A method is recommended to estimate shear strength of SC beams with a reasonable accuracy.

Structural behavior of SC panel subjected to impact loading using finite element analysis

After the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center using aircraft in New York City in 2001, safety assessments of nuclear power plant (NPP) structures subjected to impact loading have been actively performed. Since impact tests are possible for small-scale structures but not for full-scale structures, finite element (FE) analysis is necessary for a safety assessment of NPP structure. Analysis factors such as the material model of concrete and steel, strain rate effect, concrete fracture energy, and erosion value influence the analysis results. In this paper, the effect of the concrete fracture energy and the erosion in the material model of a steel-plate concrete (SC) panel subjected to the impact loading is evaluated using the commercial software LS-DYNA. The analysis results are compared with the impact test for an SC panel conducted in other research. A quarter model of an SC panel is adopted for impact analysis. The impact force–time history is applied on the SC panel. Sensitivity studies according to the fracture energy and the erosion value are performed in order to evaluate the structural behavior of SC panels.

Bond slip detection of steel plate and concrete beams using smart aggregates

The newly emerged steel plate concrete (SC), benefited from a composite effect of steel and concrete materials, has been applied to shield building and internal structures of AP1000 nuclear power plants. The detection of bond-slip between steel plate and concrete is of great importance to provide early warnings of steel plate and concrete debonding and to ensure the safety of SC structures. In this paper, an active sensing approach using smart aggregates (SAs) is developed to detect the initiation and to monitor the development of bond-slip. A SA, designed by sandwiching a fragile piezoceramic patch between protection materials, can be utilized as both actuator and sensor by taking advantage of the piezoelectricity of piezoceramic material. Two SC beams with distinct shear reinforcement ratios were experimentally investigated. Based on the wavelet packet decomposition of the received signals from SAs, the initiation of bond-slip is detected, and the development of bond-slip is quantitatively monitored to better understand the structural performance of SC beams, including the stiffness and capacity. The bond-slip severities of the two SC beams are compared to study the improvement of bond-slip condition rendered by providing more shear reinforcement.

반복하중이 가해지는 강판 콘크리트(SC) 벽체에서 스터드의 성능평가를 위한 해석적 연구

반복하중이 가해지는 강판 콘크리트(SC) 벽체에서 스터드의 성능평가를 위한 해석적 연구

Failure analysis of UHPFRC panels subjected to aircraft engine model impact

Using the finite element approach, this paper evaluates the punching resistance of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) panels subjected to the impact of an aircraft engine. The models are analyzed using LS-DYNA, a commercially available software program. The structural components of the UHPFRC panels, aircraft engine model, and their contacts are fully modeled. Included in the analysis is material nonlinearity, which considers damage and failure. The analysis results are then verified with the test results. A parametric study with varying fiber contents is carried out to investigate the punching behavior of the UHPFRC panels under aircraft engine impact. The penetration depth, residual velocity of the aircraft engine, scabbing area, and failure mode of various UHPFRC panels are examined. Punching resistance capacities of reinforced concrete (RC) and steel plated concrete (SC) panels are also investigated in this study.

Finite element modeling of steel-plate concrete composite wall piers

A finite element model is developed in LS-DYNA to simulate the nonlinear cyclic response of flexure-critical steel-plate concrete (SC) composite shear walls. The developed finite element model is validated using data from tests of four large-scale SC wall piers with an aspect ratio (height-to-length) of 1.0. Each SC wall was constructed with steel faceplates, infill concrete, steel studs and tie rods, and a steel baseplate that was post-tensioned to a reinforced concrete foundation. Steel studs tied the faceplates to the infill concrete and the infill concrete to the baseplate. Damage to the SC walls included cracking and crushing of the infill concrete and yielding, outward buckling and tearing of the steel faceplates. The finite element predictions include global force–displacement responses, equivalent viscous damping ratio, damage to the steel faceplates and infill concrete, strain and stress distributions in the steel faceplates, and estimates of the contribution of the steel faceplates and infill concrete to the lateral resistance of the walls. The DYNA-predicted responses are in good agreement with the measured responses. The impacts of interface friction between the steel faceplates and the infill concrete, and of the distribution of shear studs on the baseplate, to the global response of the SC walls are investigated using the validated DYNA model.

조합하중을 받는 강판 콘크리트(SC) 벽체에서 스터드의 성능개선을 위한 해석적 연구

이 연구에서는 SC 전단벽의 전단 연결재인 스터드의 배치와 형상이 SC 전단벽의 거동에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 전단벽체가 전단력과 축하중, 휨모멘트 및 전단력의 조합하중을 받을 때의 거동을 해석적으로 검토하였다. 이를 위해 서로 다른 배치간격과 형상의 스터드가 배열된 SC 전단벽을 대상으로 유한요소해석을 수행하였다. 강판과 콘크리트가 설계기준에 맞게 잘 합성된 SC 벽체에서 인장강도에 비해 압축강도가 약 3배정도 컸다. 유한요소법으로 SC 전단벽의 조합하중에 대한 거동을 수치해석하여 설계기준과 비교한 결과, 이들 모두 설계강도를 상회하는 결과를 나타내었다. KEPIC SNG의 경우, 축하중강도의 0.1~0.2배 수준의 축하중에는 영향이 없었으나 해석결과는 축하중이 증가할수록 모멘트와 전단강도가 감소함을 확인하였다. This study analytically reviewed the behavior of Steel Plate Concrete(SC) walls subjected to combined loads of axial force, flexural moment, and shear force to investigate the effects of shape and arrangement spacing of studs on the behavior of SC walls. To perform it, 9 cases of finite element analyses considering the different shape and spacing of studs in SC wall were carried out. The results showed that, for SC walls combined steel plate and concrete according to the Design Code, the compressive strength is higher than the tensile strength. Compared results from the finite element analyses of SC walls subjected to combined loads with Design Code showed that all cases were higher than the design strength. For KEPIC SNG, the moment and shear force were not influenced by the axial force of 0.1 to 0.2 times axial strength, however, from the analyses, it was found that the values were decreased as the axial force is increased.

Seismic capacity estimation of Steel Plate Concrete (SC) shear wall specimens by nonlinear static analyses

This study focuses on the structural behavior of the Steel Plate Concrete (SC) shear wall subjected to the lateral forces. An analytical approach to model the nonlinear behavior of the SC shear wall member efficiently is introduced in this paper. The pushover test results of the SC shear wall specimens in the previous study were first reviewed. Then, through the Finite Element (FE) modeling and structural analyses, the lateral load responses of the composite wall models were predicted to compare with experimental results. More specifically, nonlinear static analyses were performed to estimate the seismic capacity of the SC shear wall. The failure modes, strength and stiffness characteristics of the composite walls were obtained from the analyses. Good concurrences in the initial stiffness and displacement outcomes of the FE model and experimental results along with similar overall behavior were observed. It was also found that the analytical results depend a lot on the interface contact (i.e., boundary conditions between concrete and studs, steel reinforcement and welded studs, respectively) while modeling the SC shear wall using FE.

Strength and behavior of steel plate–concrete wall structures using ordinary and eco-oriented cement concrete under axial compression

The main objectives of this study are to describe the compressive behavior and to determine the squash load of steel plate–concrete (SC) wall structures using ordinary and eco-oriented cement concrete. The major parameters in this research were the material of the concrete and width–thickness (B/t) ratio of surface steel plate. Six SC wall specimens were tested in compression in this test. In the three specimens, to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), some of the cement in weight was replaced by the Hwangtho (red clay) which is traditional and environmental material. The failure behavior, buckling behavior of the surface steel plate, the effective buckling length factors and plate buckling coefficient are discussed. Based on the test results, simplified rule was suggested to evaluate the buckling stress for surface steel plate. Several comparisons were made to evaluate the predicted strengths and test results.

Evaluation of Flexural Strength about Shape of the Steel Plate-Concrete Composite Beam with Bolt

The composite beam is efficient and easy to construction. But deformation capacity is degraded with thickness of bottom tension plate. The composition ratio by shear connector have a decisive effect on deformation capacity. This research evaluated the flexural strength and deflection with variable of thickness and protrusion length. The effect of composite ratio and shear connector was analyzed through fracture behaviors and distribution of strain through two point loading test.

전단력과 축하중을 받는 강판 콘크리트(SC) 벽체에서 스터드의 형상과 배치간격의 설계를 위한 해석적 연구

이 연구에서는 SC 전단벽의 전단 연결재인 스터드의 배치와 형상이 SC 전단벽의 거동에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 전단벽체가 전단력과 축하중을 받을 때의 거동을 해석적으로 검토하였다. 이를 위해 서로 다른 형상과 배열의 스터드가 배열된 SC 전단벽을 대상으로 유한요소해석을 수행하였다. 스터드의 간격이 과하게 떨어져 있을 경우 합성거동이 완벽하게 작용하지 못하며 강판이 설계곡선의 2차 항복 전단력 보다 적은 하중에서 항복함을 확인하였다. 스터드의 형상은 일반형 스터드뿐만 아니라 개선된 경사형 스터드도 전단거동에 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았고, 스터드의 간격이 합성거동에 영향을 미침을 확인하였다. 또한 이 연구를 통하여 경사형 스터드가 일반형 스터드에 비해 좌굴을 제어하는데 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. In this study, the behavior of Steel Plate Concrete (SC) walls subjected to shear and axial forces to investigate the effects of shape and arrangement spacing of studs on the design of SC walls was analytically reviewed. For this purpose, 9 cases of finite element analyses considering the different shape and spacing of studs in SC wall were performed. The results showed that the steel plate was yielded at the lower load than the second yielding shear force of the design skeleton curve when the spacing of stud is excessively far from each other. It is also found that the shape of the stud did not affect the shear behavior of SC wall but, the spacing influenced to its composite action. In this study, it was also proven that the inclined shaped stud resists more effectively to the bucking load than the general shaped stud in SC wall.

휨모멘트를 받는 강판 콘크리트(SC) 벽체에서 스터드의 성능개선을 위한 해석적 연구

본 연구에서는 휨모멘트를 받는 SC 벽체 스터드의 성능을 최적화시키기 위해 비선형 유한요소법을 사용한 해석적 연구를 수행하였다. SC 벽체에 대한 유한요소모형에서는 접촉, 연결, 그리고 재료에 대한 비선형성을 고려하였다. 그리고 해석모형의 검증을 위해 선행된 실내 실험을 모사하여 계측결과와 해석결과를 비교하였고, 제안된 해석방법의 타당성을 검증하였다. 문헌조사를 통해 해석 대상물의 크기를 결정하였고, 다양한 스터드의 형식과 배치간격을 고려한 해석을 수행하였다. 또한, KEPIC SNG를 만족하는지에 대한 추가적인 검토를 수행하였다. 최종적으로 수치해석과 기준의 검토를 통하여 개선된 스터드의 최적 형식 및 배치안을 제시하였다. In this study, it was conducted to improve the performance of stud of Steel Plate Concrete(SC) walls subjected to bending moment. Non-linearity of contact interface, connection, and material properties were considered in finite element modeling of SC wall. In order to validate the analytical model, furthermore, a foregoing laboratory experiment was simulated by FEM, so that comparison between the measured result and the analysis result have be done. The size of the analytical model was determined by reflecting various references and the analyses were performed according to various shapes and arrangements of stud. Additionally, the validity of the model considering the related provisions in the KEPIC SNG standard was also considered. As a result, the optimal shape and spacing of studs was proposed through this numerical analysis and standard verification.

Strength of a Reinforced-Concrete Commercial Object on High-Velocity Impact with a Model Projectile

The processes of impact interaction of model projectiles (including those carrying an explosive) with concrete, reinforced-concrete, and steel-concrete plates simulating structures of commercial objects have been investigated by a theoretical-experimental method. An analysis of structural strength has been made in the range of impact velocities 300–1500 m/s at different angles of incidence. Results of mathematical modeling of the impact interaction between a projectile of mass 200 kg and a commercial object representing a three-storied building with a basement space have been given.

Investigation of Field Construction and Economic Efficiency for Steel Plate-Concrete Structures with Application of Parking Building

The SC structure can have relatively liberal sectional surfaces, and allows modularization for pre-forming in factories and structural stability. It can be used for the shear walls in the core of general buildings or the structural members for parking buildings. In the future, it could be applied to moving large bus terminals, and widely used for general industrial structures as it can expedite the process compared to other methods. This study examined the applicability of SC structures to the retaining walls of a parking building and reviewed its economic value by comparing its construction term, quality control benefits, and cost compared to RC structures. It was found that SC structures are about 1.6-1.7 times more expensive than RC structures in terms of the cost of fabrication and installation. However, the construction term can be reduced by 27% to save indirect costs for constructors, as well as the cost of removing molds and material loss required when installing RC structures.

Behavior and Strength of Rib Stiffened SC Wall-slab Connection

강판콘크리트(SC)구조 벽-바닥접합부는 표면 강판에 의해 콘크리트가 나뉘게 되며 이 때문에 바닥 단부의 응력 전달기구가 RC구조의 것과 다를 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 리브가 부착된 SC구조 벽-바닥 실험체의 거동 및 내력평가를 수행하였다. 리브가 부착된 SC벽바닥 접합부의 접합성능을 확인하기위하여 7가지의 접합부 모형을 제작하고 단조 가력실험을 수행하여 구조내력 및 거동특성을 실험결과분석을 통해 고찰하였다. 제안식의 신뢰성을 확보하기위해 유한요소 해석을 수행하였다. 실험체 변수로는 가력지점, 마찰계수이며 이들의 영향에 대해 검토되었다. 실험체 파괴모드 분석을 통해 접합부 내력을 확인하였다. 제안식은 대부분 보수적인 값으로 확인되었다. Until now, wall-slab plate of steel plate concrete has been constructed by joint. But, the shear plate has problems in the workability as well as structural integrity. This study investigates the behavior and strength of rib stiffened SC wall-slab connection. Seven prototype specimens of wall-slab connections were fabricated and tested. the structural safety of the specimens was confirmed through the monotonic loading test. Based on the experimental observations, this study propose the strength formula of the joint was proposed. To enhance the reliability of the proposed strength formula, analytical verification was performed through inelastic finite element analysis. Effect of parameters, such as, load point, friction coefficient, on the joint strength was examined. The proposed formula yields a conservative value for most cases.

Study on Mechanical Characteristic of Two-Layer Steel Plate Concrete Shaft Lining under Non Uniform Pressure

Aiming at the actual condition that non uniform pressure act on shaft linging, adopting finite element numerical simulation method, mechanical characteristic of two-layer steel plate concrete shaft lining is researched. Based on pertinent regulations of concrete strength improving coefficient in the state of triaxiality stress, designed twolayer steel plate concrete shaft lining meet strength need under non uniform pressure. The research findings can provide referrence for similar structure design.