Steel In Acid Solution Research Articles

Extraction, Characterization and Anticorrosion Potential of an Essential Oil from Orange Zest as Eco-friendly Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Acidic Solution

Current research efforts now focus on the development of novel, cheaper, nontoxic, highly efficient and eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors as alternatives to different inorganic and organic compounds. In this context, orange zest essential oil (OZEO) was investigated as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M HCl medium utilizing different techniques such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), mass loss, electrochemical and scanning electron microscope (SEM) associated with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The obtained results indicated that this OZEO acted as an efficient corrosion inhibitor and the inhibition efficiency reached up to 75.64% at 2.5 g L−1 of OZEO. The potentiodynamic curves revealed that OZEO acted as mixed inhibitor with a predominantly anodic action, facilitating the formation of an adsorbed film over the mild steel surface. The adsorption data is fitted to Langmuir, Flory–Huggins, Freundlich, El-Awady, Temkin, Frumkin, Langmuir–Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms models and involve chemisorption mechanism. SEM examination and EDX analysis of the mild steel surface confirmed the existence of a protective adsorbed film.

Investigation of 6-[5-(4-Methoxyphenyl) furan-2-yl] Nicotinonitrile as a New Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Acidic Solution: Chemical, Electrochemical and Quantum Chemical Studies

Theeffect of 6-[5-(4-methoxyphenyl) furan-2-yl] nicotinonitrile (MA-1160) as a new corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel (CS) in hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution was investigated using weight loss (WL), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and electrochemical measurements. The surface morphology of CS was tested using: scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscope, attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infra-red and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy methods. The adsorption of MA-1160 on CS surface obeyed the model of Langmuir isotherm. Polarization data revealed that this inhibitor behave as mixed-type inhibitor. The spectroscopic measurements revealed the formation of a protective adsorbed layer on CS surface. Quantum chemical calculations were calculated and discussed using density functional theory method. The inhibition efficiency (% €) was 84% in WL, 86.4% in AAS, 86.0% in potentiodynamic polarization and 84.8% in EIS 86% at 21 µM. Thus, all the test methods gave good agreement with each other in % €.

Experimental and theoretical investigation of 4-Methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one on the corrosion and inhibition behavior of steel in acidic solution

The effect of 4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one ( MDBO ) on the inhibition of steel corrosion was studied in an acid medium. This inhibiting action against corrosion of steel in a corrosive solution was studied at 298 K using potentiodynamic polarization curves, weight loss measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and complementary with density functional theory (DFT) methods. The inhibiting action increases with the concentration of ( MDBO ) compound to attain 89.53% at 10 -3 M. Polarization measurements also show that the 4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one ( MDBO ) acts essentially as a mixte type inhibitor. The cathodic curves indicate that the reduction of proton at the steel surface happens with an activating mechanism. ( MDBO ) adsorbs on the steel surface according to Langmuir adsorption model. Effect of temperature is also made in the 298–328 K range. Activation parameters are determined and discussed. For establish the correlation between experimental data and theoretical results, some quantum chemical parameters for the tested compound were evaluated for supply more idea on the mechanism of inhibition of the dissolution process.

Electronic/atomic level fundamental theoretical evaluations combined with electrochemical/surface examinations of Tamarindus indiaca aqueous extract as a new green inhibitor for mild steel in acidic solution (HCl 1 M)

Abstract Green/sustainable plant origin organic molecules with structures including polar functional groups, heteroatoms and aromatic rings play a vital role in the adsorption and inhibition effectiveness on metal substance in harsh acidic environments. The components like apigenin, eriodictyol, naringenin, taxifolin in Tamarindus indiaca extract can easily adsorb on the mild steel (MS) surface and sufficiently control its rate of corrosion in contact with aggressive acids. In this paper, the corrosion retardation potentiality of Tamarindus indiaca extract for MS in 1 M HCl was experimentally (EIS, potentiodynamic polarization, SEM, AFM and contact angle) and theoretically (basic atomic/electronic scale tools) explored. EIS outcomes proposed 93% numerical inhibition power for 800 ppm Tamarindus indiaca extract after 2.5 h steel immersion in aggressive media. Potentiodynamic polarization experiment results declared that Tamarindus indiaca extract operated as combined anodic/cathodic green inhibitor with cathodic inhibition prevalence. Final results demonstrated the icorr value reduction from 0.98 µA cm−2 (for bare sample) to 0.14 µA cm−2 (for 800 ppm inhibitor concentration), demonstrating 85% inhibition performance in acidic solution. Also, the weight loss measurements depicted 93% efficiency after 4 h steel exposure to 1 M HCl media (solution temperature = 25 °C). The temperature effect on the inhibitor properties was evaluated in the temperature range of 25 °C to 55 °C and outcomes showed endothermic reactions occurrence for protection. Based on the AFM micrographs it was shown that HCl solution combined with 800 ppm Tamarindus indiaca extract led to the most smoothened MS surface and the average roughness decreased to lower values (average roughness for uninhibited sample = 119 nm and for inhibited sample = 31 nm). Conclusions derived from different isotherms demonstrated that following Langmuir isotherm a mono inhibitive layer of Tamarindus indiaca extract molecules covered the iron substance. Molecular simulations strongly affirmed the preference of Tamarindus indiaca extract molecules for adsorption on the MS substrate. The DFT explorations highlighted that the aromatic rings and oxygen heteroatoms behaved as influential local sites for molecular adsorption.

An experimental evaluation of inhibiting corrosion effect of phosphate glass on mild steel in acidic solution

The glass inhibitor with 25% P2O5–25% CaO–50% K2O composition was synthesized and its inhibition potential for mild steel in a molar HCl medium has been evaluated experimentally. The inhibition efficiency was predicted through many parameters particularly by weight loss, contact angle measurements, electrochemical, and potentiodynamic polarization analysis. For this purpose, the equivalent circuit model was used for Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The thermodynamic parameters obtained from experimental analysis was used to evaluate the inhibition efficiency variation with temperature. The results were quite interesting and convincible as the increase in inhibition potential was found by increasing phosphate glass concentration and decreasing temperature. In addition, the glass inhibitor was found a mixed inhibitor, affecting both anodic and cathodic corrosion currents and the inhibitor adsorption onto the mild steel surface was followed by Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption phenomenon of glass inhibitor was also confirmed by water contact angle (WCA) measurements.

Investigation of Inhibition Effect of Morus Nigra Pendula Leaf Extract as Green Inhibitor on The Corrosion of Mild Steel in Acidic Solutions

Morus Nigra Pendula yaprağı ekstresinin (MNPYE) inhibisyon davranışı, 0,5 M HCI çözeltisi içinde farklı konsantrasyonlarda yeşil bir korozyon inhibitörü olarak yumuşak çelik (YÇ) için, doğrusal polarizasyon direnci (LPR), elektrokimyasal impedans spektroskopisi (EIS) ve potansiyodinamik polarizasyon teknikleri kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. EIS ölçümleri, asit çözeltisınde MNPYE’nin artan konsantrasyonuyla yük transfer direncinin arttığını ve çift tabaka kapasitansının azaldığını göstermiştir. Polarizasyon ölçümleri, MNPYE’nin hem anodik hem de katodik akım yoğunluğu değerlerini azaltan karışık tipte bir inhibitör olduğunu göstermiştir. MNPYE bileşenlerinin YÇ yüzeyindeki adsorpsiyonu, Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM) verileri ile karakterize edildi.

A detailed electrochemical/theoretical exploration of the aqueous Chinese gooseberry fruit shell extract as a green and cheap corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic solution

The aqueous extract of Chinese gooseberry fruit shell is a green source of various biologically active compounds like sucrose, maltose and folate, which are highly soluble in water and act as inhibiting molecules for carbon steel. The other components like methyl hexanoate, phytosterol and octadecadienoic acid are insoluble or less soluble in water and cannot be extracted from the Chinese gooseberry fruit shell through water-based extraction process. With corrosion inhibitory action in acidic environments. In the present work, the Chinese gooseberry fruit shell was used as a cheap waste material for extraction of green corrosion inhibitors for mild steel corrosion mitigation in subjection to HCl solution. Detailed explorations based on electronic-level density functional theory (DFT) and atomic-level molecular simulations (molecular dynamics and Mote Carlo) combined with electrochemical methods were applied to assess the Chinese gooseberry fruit shell corrosion inhibition characteristics, electronic properties, and interactions over the steel substrate in HCl solution. AFM, SEM, and contact angle test were performed to assess the morphology of the unexposed and exposed metal surfaces. According to EIS results, 92% efficiency was derived using 1000 ppm extract after 2.5 h metal immersion in inhibited HCl solution. The polarization test results clarified a prominent cathodic inhibition activity for this inhibitor with slight impact on the mechanism of hydrogen evolution reaction. The inhibition efficiency of Chinese gooseberry fruit shell extract was additionally evaluated by weight loss experiments at different temperatures and the results disclosed that during 5 h steel immersion at 25 °C the efficiency raised to 94% for 1000 ppm sample. Furthermore, the molecular simulation results clarified that the major active organic compounds of Chinese gooseberry fruit shell extract have a propensity to adsorb on the metal substrate enabling them to construct a corrosion preventing film over the surface, which is in support of experimental findings. The electronic-structure DFT studies evidenced the donor-acceptor interactions of reactive sites of inhibitor molecules. It is noteworthy that among different water-soluble ingredients of the Chinese gooseberry fruit shell extract the N-containing compounds including folate structure can supply more inhibiting activity than sucrose and maltose due to the presence of different polar oxygenated centers (i.e., hydroxyl and carbonyl) and importantly nitrogenous moieties (e.g., imine -N and amine -NH and -NH2). The stronger folate inhibition potentiality was computationally affirmed by DFT-evidenced strongest protonation affinity leading to its possible strongest physisorption and strongest MC/MD-proposed adsorption energies.

Inhibition of Steel Corrosion in Sulfuric Acid Solution by 1,10-Phenanthroline, para-Aminobenzoate and their Corresponding Manganese Complex

Abstract The ligands 1,10-phenanthroline, (P) and para-aminobenzoate, (B); as well as their corresponding MnPB complex [bis-(dimanganese di-μ-paraaminobenzoate dichloro diphenanthroline)] have been investigated as inhibitors of mild steel corrosion in H2SO4 (0.5 M) solutions via potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. Stability of the prepared complex was examined by UV-visible spectroscopy. The corrosion inhibition, thermodynamics, and adsorptive properties obtained have shown that MnPB complex has remarkable effects in the acidic solutions. Theoretical fitting of different adsorption isotherms such as Langmuir, Flory–Huggins, and the kinetic-thermodynamic models were tested and the thermodynamic activation parameters were calculated. The data revealed that the corrosion inhibition mechanism of mild steel in acidic solutions by the MnPB complex goes via physicochemical adsorption.

Expired Etoricoxib as a corrosion inhibitor for steel in acidic solution

Expired Etoricoxib was investigated as a green corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 0.5 M H3PO4 solution using electrochemical methods at 30 and 60 °C. Etoricoxib was shown to be an efficient inhibitor of carbon steel corrosion with an efficiency of 80.627% at an inhibitor concentration of 225 ppm at 30 °C and 63.803% at 125 ppm and 60 °C. The adsorption of Etoricoxib on the carbon steel surface followed a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The polarization plots revealed that Etoricoxib acts as an anodic type inhibitor and the parameters of the inhibition process were calculated and discussed. The surface morphology of the carbon steel was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The antibacterial activity of the inhibitor was also tested. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the inhibitive role of Etoricoxib and the quantum chemical parameters showed good correlation with the inhibition efficiency. The highest and lowest occupied molecular orbitals, separation energy (ΔE), and the dipole moment (μ) were calculated and explained well by the experimental data.

Benzimidazole derivatives as novel inhibitors for the corrosion of mild steel in acidic solution: Experimental and theoretical studies

The inhibition effects of three kinds of benzimidazole derivatives (2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI), 2-thiobenzylbenzimidazole (TBBI) and 1-butyl-2-thiobenzylbenzimidazole (BTBBI)) on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl solution were studied by weight loss and electrochemical measurements, and theoretical calculations. It is found that these compounds act as mixed type inhibitors with predominant cathodic effectiveness and exhibit high inhibition efficiencies with the order: BTBBI > TBBI > MBI. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that these benzimidazole derivatives adsorb on Fe (1 1 0) surface in flat orientation. The theoretical calculations are in good accordance with the weight loss and electrochemical measurements.

Corrosion Inhibition Study of Expired Acetazolamide on Mild Steel in Dilute Hydrochloric Acid Solution

The corrosion inhibition properties of expired acetazolamide for mild steel in acidic solution were studied by gravimetric and Tafel polarization and Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy. The inhibition efficiency evaluated by all methods was in good agreement with each other. Results suggest that the inhibition efficiency increases with increase in concentration and decreases with temperature. Inhibitor obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm and shows inhibition efficiency up to 93% at 313 K for 500 ppm solution. Tafel polarization study suggests that it acts as mixed-type inhibitor. Thermodynamic parameters indicate that the adsorption process is spontaneous. Shifting of frequencies in FTIR spectra and SEM-EDX analysis confirms the adsorption of inhibitor on mild steel surface. Application of expired drug as corrosion inhibitor is useful to reduce environmental pollution and economically beneficial to pharmaceutical industries.

Corrosion Behavior of AISI 304 Steel in Acid Solutions

The corrosive behavior of AISI 304 steel in solutions of sulfuric acid with additions of NaCl and Na2MoO4·2H2O was investigated by electrochemical measurements. The electrochemical conductivity of the obtained oxide coatings was studied by the method of impedance spectroscopy. Microphotographs of the structure of coatings obtained are shown. Special attention is given to X-ray phase analysis coatings formed in acid solutions.

Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in acidic solution by leaves and stem extract of Acacia nilotica

Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in acidic solution by leaves and stem extract of Acacia nilotica

(S)‑6‑Phenyl‑2,3,5,6‑tetrahydroimidazo[2,1‑b] thiazole hydrochloride as corrosion inhibitor of steel in acidic solution: Gravimetrical, electrochemical, surface morphology and theoretical simulation

A study on the corrosion inhibition of N80 steel in 0.5 M HCl acid with (S)‑6‑Phenyl‑2,3,5,6‑tetrahydroimidazo[2,1‑b] thiazole was undertaken by conducting electrochemical, weight loss, surface morphology, and FTIR measurements. The inhibition efficiency was found to exceed 95%. An excellent inhibitor performance was attained when a spontaneous layer was formed and adsorbed chemically on the surface of steel. The adsorption of inhibitor followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Meanwhile, the inhibitor was categorized as a mixed – type one. FTIR and surface morphology analysis was conducted to validate the results, whereas quantum chemical calculation was applied for justifying the inhibition process.

Synthesis and Characterization of New Triazole Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors of Carbon Steel in Acidic Medium

Six novel triazole derivatives were synthesized from some substituted benzoic acid with thiocarbohydrazide by grinding method. The synthesized compounds were characterized by infra-red, 1H, and 13C-NMR spectra investigations. Synthesized triazole derivatives were tested and evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for low-carbon steel in 0.5 M HCl using weight loss technique. It was found that these compounds had a promising inhibitory action against corrosion of mild steel in acidic solution. Inhibitor with highest performance was evaluated at different temperature and inhibitor concentrations. The inhibition efficiency exceeded 96%. The excellent inhibitor performance was attributed to the formation of inhibitor adsorption films on the steel surface. The adsorption of inhibitor on steel surface followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The experimental results were confirmed via theoretical quantum chemical calculations.

Synergistic effect of cationic gemini surfactants and butanol on the corrosion inhibition performance of mild steel in acid solution

The synergistic effect of gemini surfactants (GS) 1,2-ethane bis(dimethyl alkyl ammonium bromide) (CmH2m+1) (m-2-m, m = 10 and 12) and n-butanol (C4OH) on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl solution has been investigated using gravimetric method, electrochemical methods (PDP and EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental outcome suggests that the inhibition efficiency (η) of m-2-m GS is considerably improved in the presence of butanol. The values of synergism parameter (Sθ) are greater than unity, indicating high η caused by the addition of C4OH to m-2-m GS is due to a co-operative adsorption. Polarization studies showed that the m-2-m GS in the presence or absence of C4OH are mixed-type inhibitors. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals that the difference existing between inhibition efficiencies obtained by PDP, EIS and gravimetric techniques is statistically insignificant. The adsorption of studied inhibitors on mild steel surface in 1 M HCl solution followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Surface morphology was studied using SEM and AFM. Some quantum chemical parameters and the Mulliken charge densities for m-2-m GS were calculated by the ORCA programme to provide further insight into the inhibition mechanism of the corrosion process.

Preferred corrosion and its effect on delamination of steel

This paper presents the discovery of the most severe form of corrosion induced degradation of steel – delamination. The causes and effects of preferred corrosion of steel are quantitatively determined through a comprehensive experimental program and detailed analysis of steel microstructure. A large number of simulated corrosion tests are conducted by immersing steel in acidic solutions to acquire new understanding of the corrosion process of continuously cast steel. Three microstructural characteristics that affect the corrosion resistance of steel are quantified: grain size, phase composition and distribution of impurities. The results and their analyses presented in the paper indicate that preferred corrosion occurs at locations of steel where the grain size is larger; there is less cementite and more impurities. The analysis of causes and effects of the preferred corrosion provides insight into the prevention of preferred corrosion from the steel making process through to the delamination of steel in structures. This information could be used to predict, mitigate or avoid catastrophic failures of structures made of steel, potentially saving lives and resources, whilst advancing the knowledge in corrosion science of steel and improving the manufacturing process of steel.

Corrosion Behaviour of 304 Austenitic, 15-5PH and 17-4PH Passive Stainless Steels in acid solutions

Corrosion Behaviour of 304 Austenitic, 15-5PH and 17-4PH Passive Stainless Steels in acid solutions

2-Amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-thiazole as a novel corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic medium

The inhibitory effects of 2-amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-thiazole (MPT) on mild steel corrosion were evaluated in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 1 M HCl solutions, respectively. From the analysis of potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, MPT can effectively inhibit the corrosion of mild steel in acidic solutions. Under the optimal conditions, the inhibition efficiency (η) was as high as 95% in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. The inhibition property of MPT was much better than that of the reported corrosion inhibitor 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole (APT). Polarization curves also demonstrated that MPT mainly inhibited the anodic corrosion of mild steel in HCl solution and the cathodic corrosion in H2SO4 solution, respectively. The adsorption of MPT on the surface of mild steel was found to obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm in both acid solutions. Quantum calculations suggest that the addition of electron donor group (−OCH3) endowed the molecule better adsorption ability on mild steel surface. The interaction between protonated MPT and anions on Fe (0 0 1) surface was firstly investigated using molecular dynamic stimulations, and the results showed that with the adsorption of sulfate ions, MPTH+ had a superior binding energy on the surface of Fe. The investigation of UV–vis spectrum demonstrated the direct correlation of the experimental data and the theoretical calculations.

Expired Domestic Drug - Paracetamol - as Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Acid Media

In this paper, the possibility to use expired drug paracetamol as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in acid solutions has been investigated. 0.5 mol L−1 sulfuric acid and 1 mol L−1 hydrochloric acid have been used as corrosive media in the experimental studies. Electrochemical behaviour of paracetamol and its stability in test solutions have been examined by cyclic voltammetry. Further, the inhibitory effect has been studied by several methods: linear polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and chronoamperometry. As well, Tafel plots method was used in order to determine kinetic parameters of the corrosion process.