Steel Filaments Research Articles

Electrokinetic Geotextile Stabilization Of Embankment Slopes

The choice of repair of slope depends on site conditions and cost. This includes reducing the slope, installing horizontal drains, soil nailing and providing stability by structural methods. All these methods have their limitations and some are very costly. Another alternative is the electrokinetic stabilization of slopes. EKG reinforcement or soil nails not only provide reinforcement, but also increase the shear strength of the soil in which they are placed as well as improving soil-reinforcement bond. The development of EKG materials offers slope stabilisation of embankments and cuttings in fine grained soils, which will significantly increase the factor of safety , address pore pressure changes and also avoids importing earthwork materials or aggregates. By inserting a grid of anodes and a cathode into the ground and applying an electrical potential difference across the slope drives water away, via the cathodes and creates physical changes in the embankment, promoting consolidation of the slope materials. Anodes and cathodes were connected to a DC power circuit and electrified for a calculated period based on water content, strength and electrode spacing. The conductive geotextile used was coir geotextile and it was woven with steel filament in weft direction only. The steel filament made the geotextile conductive. The geotextile used

Analysis of the electromagnetic shielding behavior of stainless steel filament and PET/SS hybrid yarn incorporated conductive woven fabrics

An investigation was done on a stainless steel filament and stainless steel/polyester (SS/PET) fibres blended hybrid yarn incorporated conductive fabric to study the significance of SS/PET blended hybrid yarn on electromagnetic shielding when woven with SS filaments. The variations of shielding effectiveness of woven fabric with proportion of SS content, fabric density and weave structure were studied in detail. Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of fabrics was measured using vector network analyzer along with coaxial transmission holder in accordance with ASTM D4935. The experiment was conducted in the frequency range of 0.3 to 1.5 GHz for all the fabrics. The experimental results showed that increase in fabric density increased the shielding effectiveness (SE) of fabric. Analysis of structure of weave revealed that twill weave has higher shielding effectiveness than plain weave which confirms the yarn float length has positive influence on shielding efficiency of fabrics. Compared to SS/PET blended hybrid yarn based fabric, higher shielding was obtained for SS filament fabric. In addition, the SE of fabric woven with SS filament and SS/PET hybrid yarn was found to be higher than the fabric with only SS filaments. ANOVA analysis was carried out to confirm the higher shielding effect of fabric made from SS/PET blended hybrid yarn and SS filament compared with SS filament woven fabric.

Influence of Fabric Structure on Shielding Effectiveness of Anti-Electromagnetic Radiation Fabric

In this paper, the standard test method of fabric shielding effectiveness was simply introduced in order to understand systematically the influence of fabric structure of stainless steel fiber on the shielding effectiveness. The different fabrics were woven using of stainless steel monofilament cotton yarn, stainless steel multifilament cotton yarn and stainless steel fiber cotton yarn. Then shielding effectiveness of these fabrics was measured. Results show that spacing between the stainless steel filaments has a great influence on the shielding effectiveness. The shielding effectiveness of fabric will reduce in a certain range when distance of stainless steel filaments is lengthened. Then shielding effectiveness of blended fabric will increase with increasing of the content of stainless steel fiber. The shielding effectiveness of duplex stainless steel filament fabrics is much better than unidirectional stainless steel filament fabric. Under the same testing condition the shielding effectiveness is different between stainless steel monofilament blended fabric and stainless steel multifilament blended fabric. The structure of stainless steel blended yarn has a great effect on shielding effectiveness of shielding fabric, the shielding effectiveness of stainless steel fiber blended fabric is better than the stainless steel filament blended fabric because the content of stainless steel fiber is difference between two kinds of yarn structure.

Structure design and property evaluation of silver/stainless steel composite fabric

This study presents a fabrication method for functional commingled yarns and prepared conductive knitted fabrics for shielding electromagnetic waves and electrostatic discharge. Stainless steel filament was used as core yarn, polyethylene terephthalate filament or silver yarn was used as wrapped yarn producing polyethylene terephthalate/polyethylene terephthalate/stainless steel filament or silver/silver/stainless steel filament commingled yarns via filaments hollow spindle spinning system and then knitting into silver/stainless steel composite fabric. The effects of cycle number and metal content on air permeability, surface resistance, and electromagnetic shielding properties of resultant knitted fabrics were discussed. Besides, influences of number of layers and lamination angle on electromagnetic shielding were also investigated intensively. The result shows that, conductive composite fabrics made by silver/silver/stainless steel filament commingled yarns and 450D polyethylene terephthalate plied filaments had higher surface resistance of 3.4 Log(Ω/sq) and 5.6 Log(Ω/sq), respectively, in coursewise and walewise directions. Electromagnetic shielding varied with number of layer, lamination angle, cycle number, and metal content. When six layers of conductive knitted fabrics were laminated with 45°, electromagnetic shielding reached 15 dB at 1–3 GHz frequency. The highest air permeability, 317.6 cm3/cm2/s, occurred at single-layer conductive composite fabric.

Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Physical Property PET/Stainless Steel Composite Fabrics

The electronic appliance is capable of emitting electromagnetic waves that will cause the damage of electrical equipment and influence peoples health. In this study, stain steel filament (SS filament) and 75D PET filament were used to manufacture SS/PET composite yarn The SS/PET composite yarn were made by the wrapping machine, which the core yarn is stain steel filament, wrapped yarn is 75D PET filament and the wrapping layers is varied as one and two. After that, the composite yarn is fabricated by the automatic sampling loom into composite woven fabrics. The composite SS/PET woven fabrics were under the tests of electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) and air permeability. The test results revealed that the EMSE of the one-layer composite woven fabric is 9.5 dB at 900 MHz, but the EMSE decreases as test frequency increases. When laminating layer added to three layers, the EMSE raise up to 12.6 dB. The EMSE of composite woven fabric reached at 29.9 when the laminated angle is 45°. And the air permeability decreases as the laminate layer increases, which the thickness of sample affect air to pass through the sample.

Study on the Electromagnetic Shielding Performance of Wool/Stainless Steel Wire Worsted Fabric

Electromagnetic (EM) shielding effectiveness of fifteen woven fabrics which use different yarns as raw materials were evaluated and compared in this paper. Test samples were obtained through the change of yarn structure, the content of stainless steel filaments and process parameters. Fabric electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) was analyzed in terms of the content of stainless steel filaments,fabric density and fabric tightness .The mechanism of electromagnetic shielding of worsted fabric with stainless steel filaments was further studied at different frequencies. The result has certain directive significance on developing high-performance woolen fabrics against electromagnetic radiation.

Flash Desorption/Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Less- and Nonvolatile Samples Using a Linearly Driven Heated Metal Filament

In this paper, the important issue of the desorption of less- and nonvolatile compounds with minimal sample decomposition in ambient mass spectrometry is approached using ambient flash desorption mass spectrometry. The preheated stainless steel filament was driven down and up along the vertical axis in 0.3s. At the lowest position, it touched the surface of the sample with an invasion depth of 0.1mm in 50ms (flash heating) and was removed from the surface (fast cooling). The heating rate corresponds to ~10(4)°C/s at the filament temperature of 500°C. The desorbed gaseous molecules were ionized by using a dielectric barrier discharge ion source, and the produced ions were detected by a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. Less-volatile samples, such as pharmaceutical tablets, narcotics, explosives, and C60 gave molecular and protonated molecule ions as major ions with thermal decomposition minimally suppressed. For synthetic polymers (PMMA, PLA, and PS), the mass spectra reflected their backbone structures because of the suppression of the sequential thermal decompositions of the primary products. The present technique appears to be suitable for high-throughput qualitative analyses of many types of solid samples in the range from a few ng to 10μg with minimal sample consumption. Some contribution from tribodesorption in addition to thermal desorption was suggested for the desorption processes. Figure ᅟ

Discharge characteristics of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) textile batteries; comparison of silver coated yarn electrode devices and pure stainless steel filament yarn electrode devices

This paper investigates textile-based energy storage devices fabricated with poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as an electro-active polymer and conductive yarns as the electrodes. The conductive yarns are sewn into a textile substrate and then coated with PEDOT:PSS systematically. Two different sets of devices were made. A comparison of the devices made with silver coated polybenzoxazol filament yarns and the devices made with pure stainless steel filament yarns is performed. The devices were charged and their self-discharge was measured by voltage decay. A study of the influence of charging time on the decay and the effect brought by various load resistors on the voltage decay is also performed. In this research, the devices with electrodes of pure stainless steel filaments yarns performed better than the devices with silver coated yarns; this outcome has been reported as standard by various researchers.

Analysis of Process and Properties of Stainless Steel Filament Wrapped Yarn Based on Multi-Axial Ring Spinning

A new spinning method was presented to spin three-axial stainless steel filament wrapped yarn by modified ring-spinning, where the stainless steel filament was set as the core yarn and the nylon filament for decoration wrapping the stainless steel filament in the fields of the fabric for Shielding application. A set of process parameters was obtained by the ring spinning frame improvement and spinning process optimization, which realized to spin nylon filament wrapped stainless steel filament yarn. Moreover, the structure, and tensile mechanical properties were measured on the wrapped yarns. The results show that the process can spin stainless steel wire wrapped yarn and acquire the excellent performance of the yarn.

Assessment of the Interface Shear Strength of Metal-Polymer System Based on the Single Filament Fragmentation Test Method

Among the different test methods to characterize the fibre/matrix interfacial shear strength, the fragmentation test is one of the most simple in terms of experimental setup and the amount of data that can be extracted from one single test. In this work, the fragmentation test method was implemented to assess the interface shear strength obtained for a single steel filament embedded in an unsaturated polyester resin.. The fragment lengths were discriminated and processed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Chi-square fitting test methods showing that the fragment lengths correspond to the extreme statistical distributions. In addition, a very high shear strength (67MPa) of the steel/polyester interface was estimated using the Kelly and Tyson criteria considering the critical fragment length.

PREDICTION OF THE DELAMINATION IN THE PEARLITIC STEEL FILAMENTS BY 3 DIMENAIONAL ATOM PROBE TOMOGRAPHY

We have tried to find out the critical factor governing the delamination in the pearlitic steel filaments. Steel filaments were fabricated depending on the carbon content from 0.72 to 1.02 wt.%. The delamination was identified by a torsion tester specially designed for thin-sized wires and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that as the carbon content increased, the number of twists to fracture decreased, and the delamination only occurred in the filament with 1.02 wt .% C . In order to elucidate this behavior, the microstructure of the filaments was observed using advanced analysis techniques such as 3 dimensional atom probes tomography (3-DAPT).

Electrical Properties of Laminates Made from a New Fabric with PP/Stainless Steel Commingled Yarn

A new rotor-wrapping-twister is used to produce new yarns comprising stainless steel filaments, polypropylene nonwoven tapes, and reinforcing filaments. Rapier looms are used to weave commingled fabrics from these yams. The electrical properties of thermo plastic commingled laminates are investigated for the commingled fabrics and for lami nates heated at 170°C for 60, 90, 120, and 150 seconds. In this study, 3.65-4.89 wt % stainless steel filaments are used to determine the conductivity of the thermoplastic commingled laminates. The surface resistivity of these laminates is in the range of 103 to 105 ohms/square. The shielding effectiveness is in the range of 30 to 60 dB. The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of these laminates is sufficient to enable them to be used as electromagnetic shielding materials.

THE NOVEL TECHNOLOGY OF FUNCTIONAL FABRICS COMPOSED OF POLYPROPYLENE NONWOVEN SELVAGE/POLYESTER/STAINLESS STEEL

Nowadays, the Green Environment Protection is popular, and the synthetic fiber nonwoven is recyclable and reusable to fabricate functional products with high additional values. It is because that the synthetic fibers used in the nonwoven industry are almost thermoplastic polymer. In this study, we adopted stainless steel filament as functional metal fiber, polypropylene nonwoven waste as filled material and reinforced it with polyester filament. Our process and products were innovative and creative. In order to produce multifunctional fiber products, we combined two or more different kinds of fibers, instead of one single fiber, to spin the ply yarn and weave them into fabrics in the hope that the final products would meet our requirements. The process in this research was innovative and high technical. The ply yarn and fabrics we made possessed high performance and diversity, and they were recyclable and practical. The functional ply yarn and its fabric responded to the electrical functional demands. The products can be applied on the anti-electrostatic fabric or processed into artificial composites. In this research, the functional ply yarn was produced with an innovative rotor-wrappingtwister. The yarn consisted of polyester filaments, stainless steel filament and polypropylene nonwoven selvages. The speed of the rotor-wrapping-twister and the wrapping counts were the parameters in the manufacturing process. Then the ply yarn was woven into plain fabrics with a rapier loom. Finally, we investigated the tensile properties and maximum breaking strength utilization factors of the fabrics. The maximum breaking strength and elongation of the PS group (core materials were polyester filaments and polypropylene nonwoven selvages, and wrapping material was a stainless steel filament) were better at higher rotor speed (8000 rpm). The influence of the wrapping counts on the tensile properties was different while we used different wrapping materials. After the measurement of electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, we found the fabrics that fabricated with the ply yarn could take as the electromagnetic shielding materials. The weight percentage of the metallic fiber was only 3.52 ∼ 4.58 wt % and the value of the shielding effectiveness was 10 ∼ 25 dB.

Enhanced adhesion of steel filaments to rubber via plasma etching and plasma-polymerized coatings

Zinc-plated steel filaments were coated with RF plasma polymers of acetylene or butadiene in order to enhance adhesion to rubber compounds. Plasma polymerization was carried out as a function of the plasma power, deposition time, and gas pressure. In order to maximize adhesion, argon plasma etching was performed and carrier gases such as argon, nitrogen, and oxygen were used. Plasma polymer coatings were characterized by FT-IR, Alpha-Step, and a dynamic contact angle analyzer. The adhesion of steel filaments was evaluated via a tire cord adhesion test (TCAT). The best results were obtained from a combined process involving argon etching (90 W, 10 min, 30 mTorr) and acetylene plasma polymer coating (10 W, 30 s, 30 mTorr) with argon carrier gas (25/5, acetylene/argon). These samples exhibited a pull-out force of 285 N, which is comparable to that from the brass-plated steel filament (290 N).

Comparative analysis of micro-composite and macro-composite conductors for pulse magnets

The purpose of this analysis is to have a powerful but simple to use computing tool that can help characterize the thermal vs. mechanical performance of conductors. The analysis covers thermal diffusion, eddy current heating, and magneto-resistance in both micro composite and macro composite conductors. In micro composites such as CuAg, CuNb or a copper matrix reinforced with steel filaments, the reinforcement is distributed on a small scale and thus both reinforcement and matrix can be assumed to track the same temperature during the pulse. In a macro-composite conductor such as a jacketed stainless steel copper, the steel temperature will lag the copper temperature significantly during a short pulse due to the finite diffusivity time. As a result, the first detailed examination of the use of copper stainless steel, CuSS macro-composite conductors in pulse magnets has been performed. The material has shown promising indications of superior mechanical and thermal performance when compared to the more expensive conductors CuAg and CuNb.

The preparation of ductile high strength Fe-base filaments using the methods of glass-coated melt spinning

High toughness glass-coated metallic fibres show great promise for use in composite materials as reinforcement for brittle matrixes such as fine ceramics. This paper describes the glass-coated melt spinning of austenitic steel and Fe-B base alloys in order to prepare a ductile high strength filament. The toughness was estimated from the area of the stress-strain curves of the filament obtained. Continuous high toughness steel filament, which had a maximum toughness of 6600 MPa% with a tensile strength of 3050 MPa and an elongation of 3.1% was obtained from the molten state at 1600 K for a winding speed of 7.95 m sec−1. The filament was 3×10−6m diameter and polycrystalline with a grain size of 1000×10−10m. The crystal structure of the filament was a single b c c phase and the phase transformed into a stable f c c structure by heat treatment at 1073 K for 600sec. Ductile filaments of Fe78-xCo5Ni5Cu2B10Mx (Mx∶Cr5–20, Cr5Si3, Cr5Co5, Cr5Ni5, Cr10Mo0.5, Cr10Nb0.5) alloys were also successfully produced. The Fe67.5Co5Cr10Ni5Cu2B10Mo0.5 filament had the highest toughness of 13 900 MPa% with tensile strength of 3760 MPa and an elongation of 4.8%. The filament had a single b c c phase.

Bending stiffness of a tire-belt structure with steel cords

The modern belt structure of a radial tire is a composite strip composed of bias-laminated rubber sheets unidirectionally reinforced with steel cords. The out-of-plane bending stiffness of the belt was analyzed by using classical lamination theory, with special consideration of the bending stiffness of steel cords made of several twisted steel filaments and the coupled bending-shear deformation. It is shown that the bending stiffness of the belt markedly decreases with increase of bias angle and is seriously influenced by restraint conditions of the coupled bending-shear strain and the anticlastic curvature. The measured results of bending stiffness and coupled bending-shear strain agree well with the theoretical predictions.

Formation of Standing Waves in Radial Tires

Abstract Radial tires for automobiles were subjected to high speed rolling under load on a testing wheel to determine the critical speeds at which standing waves started to form. Tires of different makes had significantly different critical speeds. The damping coefficient and mass per unit length of the tire wall were measured and a correlation between these properties and the observed critical speed of standing wave formation was sought through use of a circular membrane model. As expected from the model, desirably high critical speed calls for a high damping coefficient and a low mass per unit length of the tire wall. The damping coefficient is particularly important. Surprisingly, those tire walls that were reinforced with steel cord had higher damping coefficients than did those reinforced with polymeric cord. Although the individual steel filaments are elastic, the interfilament friction is higher in the steel cords than in the polymeric cords. A steel-reinforced tire wall also has a higher density per unit length. The damping coefficient is directly related to the mechanical loss in cyclic deformation and, hence, to the rolling resistance of a tire. The study shows that, in principle, it is more difficult to design a tire that is both fuel-efficient and free from standing waves when steel cord is used than when polymeric cords are used.

Imaging of Magnetic Steel Filaments with an HB-5 STEM

The tensile strength of polycrystalline steel filaments 0.2-0.6 cm long with diameters between 1 μm and 20μm can be as high as 8 GPa. When compared to steels of similar composition (α-Fe with 1.5 w/o C, 0.8 w/o O) obtained by solidification, they exhibit an exceptional microstructure due to their production by chemical vapor deposition in the presence of a strong magnetic field. Regardless of the diameter, the grain size is between 10 nm and 30 nm. TEM, field ion microscopy, electron and x-ray diffraction studies have shown that within the grains a microdispersion of iron oxides, iron carbides, and carbon exists. Also, it was found in a recent investigation that the boundaries between grains are not sharp and planar but consist of regions about 2 nm wide. The following research was aimed at clarifying the grain boundary structure.

Effect of Diameter Ratio on Loop Strength of Nylon Guts and Stainless Steel Filaments

The loop strength of nylon guts and soft stainless steel filaments was measured and the relation between it and the load-elongation curve in simple tensile test was investigated. The results obtained are as follows:1. The loop strength of samples used increases with increasing the diameter ratio. The degree of increase is dependent upon the tensile breaking strain of samples.2. The following experimental equations were obtained for nylon guts: Δe=eemo……(a), emo=1/(1+erγdo)……(b) where Δe is the decrease of strain which is defined as the difference between the tensile breaking strain and its teesile strain at the breaking point in the loop test, emo is geometric bending strain calculated from the micrographs of the hooked part, γdo is diameter ratio, and e and er are constants independent of the diameter ratio. Therefore, the loop strength for a given diameter ratio can be estimated from both the above equations and their load-elongation curves obtained by simple tensile tests.