Corrosion Of Steel Research Articles

Verbena officinalis (VO) leaf extract as an anti-corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in acidic environment

In the present work, Verbena Officinalis (VO) leaf extract was used as potential corrosion inhibitor for the corrosion of carbon steel (CS) in 0.5 M H2SO4 medium. Further, the corrosion inhibiting nature of VO leaf extract towards the CS was evaluated using mass loss (ML), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and surface morphological analyses using atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Calculation of activation energy Ea∗\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\left( {{\ ext{E}}_{{\ ext{a}}}^{*} } \\right)$$\\end{document} using Arrhenius equation shows the increase in activation energy when adding the VO leaf extract in 0.5 M H2SO4 medium and the maximum activation energy (Ea∗\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext{E}}_{{\ ext{a}}}^{*}$$\\end{document} = 49.9 kJ mol−1) was observed for 1000 mg L−1 VO leaf extract in acid medium. The negative free energy values suggested the spontaneous and the stability of the adsorbed layer of VO leaf extract on the CS surface. Using EIS measurements, high percent inhibitory effectiveness of 91.1% for 1000 ppm solutions was achieved. With an increase in VO leaf extract dose, the double layer capacitance (Cdl) values fall while the values of charge transfer (Rct) increase. This showed that a protective layer of VO leaf extract on CS surface was formed. The polarization curves showed that the VO leaf extract acts as a mixed-type inhibitor. It is discovered that the adsorption of VO leaf extract molecules adhering to the CS surface followed the Langmuir isotherm. The anti-corrosion action of VO leaf extract is fully demonstrated by some surface techniques.

The use of amines as steel corrosion inhibitors in butanol-gasoline blends

Butanol is an interesting component used for blending gasoline fuels. However, the polar nature of butanol allows the solubility of water and ionic compounds in butanol-gasoline blends (BGBs) making them aggressive to mild steel. Amines, such as ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentaamine, morpholine, piperazine, and hexamethylenediamine, were tested as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in BGBs. Additionally, the influence of the acetic acid and sodium chloride concentrations on the inhibition efficiency was examined. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy andpotentiodynamic polarization were employed for the measurements, complemented by static immersion testing and an XPS surface analysis. The highest inhibition efficiency was demonstrated for diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, andhexamethylenediamine, achieving a value of 95 % or more at aconcentration of 100 mg/L. The formation of ionic pairs involving protonated amines andchlorides was also confirmed. The XPS analysis revealed a very thin passive layer of iron oxides, which may form in the presence of amines, protecting mild steel in BGBs.

Corrosion mechanisms of 316L stainless steel in polyphosphoric acid at elevated temperature: Behavior and mechanistic insights

The performance of 316 L stainless steel in polyphosphoric acid (PPA) at high temperature, remains a subject of considerable interest. Through weight-loss tests, electrochemical analyses, SEM, XRD, XPS, and ICP, the corrosion process of 316 L in PPA and the formation of corrosion products are systematically examined. The results elucidate a multi-step corrosion mechanism involving selective dissolution of sulfur and chromium, succeeded by the involvement of additional metallic elements, notably iron, in the construction of the corrosion product layers. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of 316 L stainless steel corrosion in PPA environments, offering insights crucial for corrosion mitigation and material design.

Synergistic inhibition mechanism of imidazolidine and sodium lauryl polyoxyethylene ether sulfate for Q235 steel in H2SO4 solution: Combining experimental measurements with theoretical calculations

The synergistic inhibition mechanism of imidazolidine (IM) with sodium lauryl polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (SLPES) for the corrosion of Q235 steel in H2SO4 solution was systematically studied by experimental and theoretical methods. The results show that there is a synergism between IM and SLPES with a maximum inhibition efficiency of 94.5 %. IM/SLPES retards both anodic and cathodic reactions to more extent as compared with IM or SLPES. SEM, AFM, CLSM and XPS reveal that IM/SLPES can form a denser inhibition film on steel surface through the co-adsorptions of IM and SLPES, which can also well be elucidated by theoretical calculations.

The excellent performance of oxygen evolution reaction on stainless steel electrodes by halogen oxyacid salts etching

Development of low-cost, efficient, and stable electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the key issue for a large-scale hydrogen production. Recently, in-situ corrosion of stainless steel seems to be a feasible technique to obtain an efficient OER electrode, while a wide variety of corrosive agents often lead to significant difference in catalytic performance. Herein, we synthesized Ni-Fe based nanomaterials with OER activity through a facile one-step hydrothermal etching method of stainless steel mesh, and investigated the influence of three halogen oxyacid salts (KClO3, KBrO3, KIO3) on water oxidation performance. It was found that the reduction product of oxyacid salts has the pitting effect on the stainless steel, which plays an important role in regulating the morphology and composition of the nanomaterials. The KBrO3-derived electrode shows optimal OER performance, giving the small overpotential of 228 and 270 mV at 10 and 100 mA cm−2 respectively, a low Tafel slope of 36.2 mV dec−1, as well as durable stability in the long-time electrolysis. This work builds an internal relationship between the corrosive agents and the OER performance of the as-prepared electrodes, providing promising strategies and research foundations for further improving the OER performance and optimizing the structure of stainless steel electrodes.

Monitoring atmospheric corrosion under multi-droplet conditions by electrical resistance sensor measurement

This paper presents a novel approach to investigate atmospheric corrosion kinetics of carbon steel under multi-droplet conditions. A homemade climate chamber has been developed to accurately control and monitor environmental conditions, including temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH), during exposure. Carbon steel corrosion kinetics are monitored with a custom-designed Electrical Resistance (ER) sensor pair. Savitzky-Golay (S-G) based filtering technique has been used for the corrosion signal processing. In parallel, top-view droplet temporal evolution has been recorded by microscopic imaging and analyzed for both droplet size distribution and the solid-liquid contact angle. The droplet size distribution can typically be described with a power-law form curve. The curve shows a decrease in height and a concurrent expansion in width with progressive drying. The introduction of NaCl into the electrolyte and surface roughness variations have also been identified to substantially influence the carbon steel corrosion rate. A strong correlation between the corrosion rate derived from the ER monitoring method and the RH can be observed. This correlation is further analyzed to incorporate the impact of droplet-based electrolyte conditions. This study offers valuable insights into the development of mechanistic and kinetic prediction models for atmospheric corrosion.

Continuous damage of concrete structures due to reinforcement corrosion: A micromechanical and multi-physics based analysis

Deterioration of concrete and composite structures due to the corrosion of embedded steel components (rebar, structural steel components, and steel fiber, etc.) is a self-accelerating process involving multiple chemophysical processes that occur concurrently in the heterogeneous structure of concrete. The multiple-inclusion matrix of concrete and the multi-chemophysics nature of steel corrosion synergistically challenge an accurate analysis and evaluation of the deterioration process using homogeneity-based continuum mechanics. This study presents a three-dimensional micromechanical model developed for quantifying the continuous deterioration of concrete by steel corrosion. Continuous damage theory of solid-state materials was applied to a steel-concrete sample that consists of mortar, aggregate, and steel phases as were reconstructed from high-resolution X-ray CT images. With due consideration of the variations in environmental temperature and moisture, the complex chemophysical processes involved in corrosion-induced deterioration of concrete were solved concurrently using finite element analysis. Results of the study indicate that capillary suction in a variably saturated concrete plays an important role in steel corrosion and that removal of chloride by an externally applied electrical field can effectively mitigate steel corrosion and the incurred concrete deterioration.

Comprehensive Review on the Flexure Behaviour of Corroded Reinforcement Concrete Beams Under Sustained Loads

This study presents a comprehensive review of the flexural behaviour of corroded Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams subjected to sustained loads. The investigation synthesizes extant literature to elucidate the complex interaction between concurrent stress and steel corrosion in RC members. Emphasis is placed on the critical necessity of conducting corrosion tests under continuous stress conditions to accurately simulate in-situ structural behaviour. The review encompasses previous numerical studies on deteriorated RC beam performance and provides a critical analysis of historical loading regimes designed to mitigate corrosion in loaded RC beams. Notably, the literature reveals conflicting findings regarding the influence of loading on corrosion rates and crack propagation, highlighting areas necessitating further research. The review also considers the effects of creep, shrinkage, and stress, with particular emphasis on long-term deflection characteristics. This comprehensive analysis aims to consolidate current knowledge and identify critical research gaps in understanding the flexural behaviour of corroded RC beams under sustained loads, thereby providing a foundation for future investigations in this domain.

Inhibition of carbon steel corrosion caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms using the eco-friendly ε-Polylysine antimicrobial peptide

This study evaluated the effect of the ε-Polylysine (E-PL) antimicrobial peptide on the corrosion behavior of P. aeruginosa attached to carbon steel surfaces. The results showed that E-PL exhibited good antibacterial and antibiofilm activity, further effectively inhibited the corrosion behavior of P. aeruginosa by biofilm thickness, surface morphology, corrosion product, EIS and molecular biology method. In addition, the transcriptome and qPCR data showed that E-PL significantly downregulated the expression of key genes in flagella, quorum sensing, biofilm formation, and phenazines for resisting microbiologically influenced corrosion. This study has theoretical significance for evaluating the corrosion of marine equipment.

The impact of oxygen availability on steel corrosion considering the self-balance between anodic and cathodic corrosion cells

An advanced model is developed to elucidate relationship between availability of oxygen and active corrosion, considering the equilibrium between gaseous and dissolved oxygen, as well as the equilibrium of oxygen diffusion and consumption. This research notably incorporates self-regulation mechanisms of cathodes and anodes in both macrocell and microcell corrosion. Accelerated corrosion experiments were performed under simulated marine environment, monitoring variations in corrosive medium concentration and electrochemical corrosion processes. Results indicate significant reduction in oxygen concentration following the activation of rebar. Potential inaccuracies in predicting corrosion rate arise from the adoption of a static cathodic to anodic area ratio was highlighted.

Synthesis and evaluation of Schiff base as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1 M HCl solution

PurposeThe main purpose of the present study is to introduce new Schiff bases as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1 M HCl. The inhibitory activity of Schiff base was also assessed.Design/methodology/approach2,2′-((1Z,1′Z)-((2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diyl)bis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))diphenol was synthesized and it’s performance as an inhibitor was then investigated in 1 M HCl. The inhibition of this compound was studied and evaluated by the chemical methods of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical potential dynamic polarization and Atomic Force microscopy (AFM) method. The thermodynamics parameters were investigated for corrosion of carbon steel in both the absence and presence of Schiff base.FindingsThe results of the tests showed that this compound has a good performance as an inhibitor and the percentage of inhibition on steel corrosion will increase with increasing concentration and it will reach 70% in the presence of 2 × 10−3 M of this inhibitor. Polarization tests indicated that this compound will act as a mixed inhibitor. Nyquist curves showed that the addition of this substance to the solution increased the charge transfer resistance and decreased the capacity of the double layer. The absorption of the new Schiff base on steel follows Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and the amount of free energy of adsorption indicates the spontaneous adsorption of this inhibitor. Using AFM investigations, the results of electrochemical methods were confirmed.Originality/valueIncorporation of a new Schiff base into 1 M HCl is a promising approach for protecting the carbon steel against corrosive solution.

Corrosion of 316L stainless steel in high temperature water and steam: effects of simultaneous proton irradiation

316L stainless steel was exposed to 320 °C hydrogenated water and 480 °C hydrogenated steam for 24 h and 72 h while simultaneously irradiated with 5.4 MeV protons to yield a damage rate of 7 × 10–7 dpa/s. Oxide films characterized in cross-section STEM revealed chemical and morphological differences. High levels of radiolysis in water resulted in significantly reduced corrosion rates while inducing dissolution of the inner oxide layer, whereas in steam the effects of radiolysis are insignificant. Conversely, displacement damage effects are negligible in water but significantly increase the corrosion rate in the steam condition through the growth of inner oxide porosity.

Influence of N 2, N 6-bis((3,5-dimethyl-1h-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl) pyridine-2,6-diamine on C35E steel corrosion in 1 M HCl medium: Experimental and theoretical studies

The inhibition effect of N 2, N 6-bis((3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)pyridine-2,6-diamine (MH-PA) on the corrosion of C35E steel in 1 M HCl solution was investigated employing potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods, UV-visible spectroscopy, and theoretical calculation methods. The inhibition efficiency increased with increasing MH-PA concentration and decreased with increasing temperature, attaining 98% inhibition efficiency at 10−3M under 303K. PDP studies indicated that MH-PA is a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor and its adsorption mode conforms to Langmuir isotherm. UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopy support MH-PA adsorption over the C35E steel surface. The surface analysis through SEM, EDS, AFM, and contact angle corroborates the formation of the protective layer of MH-PA molecules on the C35E steel surface. In addition, XPS analysis revealed the formation of an N-Fe bond. Thermodynamic properties revealed that MH-PA has both physical and chemical adsorption behavior. Molecular dynamics simulations manifest that MH-PA molecules adsorb parallel to the Fe (110) surface.

Investigation of mild steel corrosion inhibition in acidic media by Viola extract based on bulk and nanometer size

In the present work, the inhibition performance of Viola extract based on bulk and nano size as a green corrosion inhibitor on mild steel in 0.5 M phosphoric acid and 1M hydrochloric acid solutions is investigated using different techniques (potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Optical microscopy). The gained results demonstrated that various concentrations of Viola Extract (bulk and nano) inhibited the corrosion of the alloy in both of the acid solutions. The temperature impact on corrosion rate without/with this extract was examined. Certain thermodynamic parameters were determined based on the temperature impact on inhibition and corrosion processes. The adsorption mechanism of the extract on the alloy was explored using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. A mixed mode of adsorption was observed, wherein the nano-sized extract in 1.0 M HCl predominantly underwent chemisorption, while the bulk-sized extract in 1.0 M HCl and both bulk and nano-sized extracts in 0.5 M H3PO4 were primarily subjected to physisorption. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Optical microscopy analyses were employed to scrutinize alloys’ surface morphology.

Fe0-to-microbe electron transfer corrosion of EH36 steel by planktonic cells of Desulfovibrio vulgaris mediated by riboflavin

This study investigated the Fe0-to-microbe extracellular electron transfer (EET) corrosion of EH36 steel by planktonic Desulfovibrio vulgaris cells using Tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate (THPS), peptide E6, and riboflavin (RF) as tools. 60 min after 20 ppm THPS & E6 injection and 50 ppm THPS injection, there was no difference in sessile cell counts, but planktonic cell counts were different. The subsequent injection of 20 ppm RF accelerated D. vulgaris MIC in varying degrees within minutes. This was attributed to RF-mediated EET of planktonic cells to accelerate corrosion, which can be further confirmed by the elevated expression levels of cytochrome c.

Facile synthesis, corrosion inhibition, adsorption and DFT studies of 2-(4-(methylsulfanyl) phenyl) −4, 5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole for mild steel in acidic environment

A green, solvent-free, cost effective one-pot synthesis method is employed to produce the innovative corrosion-inhibiting compound 2-(4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole (MDPI). The molecular structure of MDPI can be identified using CHN analyses, FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectra. Various electrochemical and gravimetric techniques are utilized to evaluate the anti-corrosion properties of MDPI. The results indicate that MDPI effectively inhibits the corrosion of mild steel under all tested conditions. At 306 K, MDPI achieved a maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 98.01 % at a concentration of 10 mM. MDPI exhibited strong adsorption and excellent anti-corrosion properties, forming a protective layer on the mild steel surface. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm, with a ΔGoads value of −39.55 kJ/M was found to be more suitable for this study, indicating that the process occurred by physisorption. Tafel curves indicated that MDPI functions as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor. Surface characteristics were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Quantum chemistry studies revealed a HOMO-LUMO energy gap of 3.926 eV, corroborating the anti-corrosion effectiveness of MDPI in hydrochloric acid solution. MDPI exhibited promising anti-corrosion activity due to its heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen heteroatoms as well as a methylsulfanyl functional group.

Synergistic effect of benzo triazole with polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate in inhibiting corrosion of rebars and chloride diffusion through mortars

It is found that mixture of 1,2,3 benzo triazole (BTAH) with polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate, a non-ionic surface-active agent (NIS) effectively improves the properties of the cast concrete as well as significantly reduces the chloride induced corrosion of steel reinforced bars, when added in freshly prepared paste of mortar mixture. The addition of this mixture in the cast mortars is noted to reduce the water absorption in comparison to the control mortars cast using identical materials and under similar cast conditions. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization studies of the rebars embedded in mortars and exposed in cement slurry have been performed to study the role of synergistic mixture on kinetics and mechanism of corrosion of rebars. The characterisation of corrosion products formed on the surface of rebars was carried out by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy and EDX analysis. It is proposed that the synergistic boosting in protection is caused due to the shielding of NIS around anionic BTA−, thus minimizing their electrostatic repulsion. This facilitates the migration of additional ionic BTA towards the double layer which increases their concentration at the corroding interface leading to reduced susceptibility to corrosion.

Thermal spray coatings on high-temperature oxidation and corrosion applications – A comprehensive review

In high-temperature boiler operations, conventional steels and alloys grapple with the formidable challenges posed by oxidation and corrosion. Prolonged exposure to extreme thermal conditions exacerbates these issues, progressively diminishing operational efficiency. Surface treatment emerges as a pivotal strategy for safeguarding materials against deterioration while optimizing component performance cost-effectively. Recent attention has honed on surface coatings as a means to combat hot corrosion in boiler steels. Thermal coating, electroplating, and other metallurgical techniques are widely embraced for surface modification, with composite coatings gaining traction for bolstering metallurgical, mechanical, and corrosion resistance properties. This review, unlike any other, takes a comprehensive approach to exploring various thermal spraying methods and their applications, ensuring a robust understanding of the subject matter. Beyond a mere compilation of existing literature, this review identifies emerging trends and technologies, offering fresh insights and interpretations. In this work, 84 articles were critically evaluated for current research, discerning strengths, weaknesses, and avenues for future research on thermal spray coatings on high-temperature oxidation and corrosion. This incisive approach promises to enrich the knowledge base of researchers, scholars, and professionals in materials science, metallurgy, and industrial engineering, facilitating advancements in the field. By pinpointing research gaps in thermal spray coating, this study directs attention toward areas ripe for further investigation, fostering continued innovation and progress.

Influence of riboflavin on the corrosion of X80 pipeline steel by Sulfate reducing bacteria

The sulfate reducing bacteria(SRB) is commonly attached to the surface of buried pipeline steel, and the electron shuttle in the corrosion medium can promote the release of electrons from iron oxidation through the bacterial cell wall into the cytoplasm to accelerate the corrosion of anode iron. This study investigated the impact of riboflavin (RF) as an endogenous electron shuttle on the corrosion behavior of X80 pipeline steel in SRB system. The findings indicated that while the type of corrosion products remains unchanged in samples under SRB+10 mg l−1 RF system, there was an expansion in both area and depth of corrosion pits on the sample surface, resulting in a corrosion loss rate approximately 3 times higher than that observed in SRB system. Furthermore, the polarization resistance (Rp) value of the sample in SRB system is about 2 ∼ 5 times that of the sample in SRB+10 mg l−1 RF system. Additionally, the corrosion current density of X80 pipeline steel samples soaked in SRB and SRB +10 mg l−1 RF system for 14 days is 9.31 × 10-6 A·cm−2 and 1.28 × 10−5 A·cm−2, and the addition of 10 mg l−1 RF increases the corrosion current density of SRB system by about 37.49%. These results indicated that the reaction resistance of SRB-induced MIC in X80 pipeline steel was significantly reduced due to the presence of RF.

New insight into the mitigation strategy of microbiologically influenced corrosion caused by anaerobic microbial consortium based on resource conversion of obsolete antibiotics

In this work, the diversity of microbial consortium coming from a shale gas well was initially analyzed by 16 S full length sequencing, and the primary bacteria are Arciella (53.37 %), Shewanella (43.61%), and Desulfovibrio (1.95 %). These bacteria can produce large amounts of H2S using sulfate as electron acceptor. Subsequently, microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) behavior and MIC inhibition mechanism of norfloxacin and clindamycin hydrochloride are studied. The bacteria in anaerobic microbial consortium (AMC) significantly accelerate steel corrosion, but norfloxacin and clindamycin hydrochloride both can effectively inhibit MIC at a low concentration (40 mg/L) with inhibition efficiencies of 85.2 % and 82.7 %, respectively.