Stearic Research Articles

Wood Plastic Composite Based on Recycled High-Density Polyethylene and Wood Waste (Sawdust)

The current work presents the reformulation of a composite based on high-density polyethylene obtained through the recycling of blow-molded containers (rHDPE) with natural fiber residues (wood sawdust). This material is technically and industrially known as WPC (wood plastic composite). The original formulation of this material contains 34% high-density polyethylene and 60% sawdust by weight fraction, while the remaining components include additives and coupling agents such as wax (Coupling Agent TPW 813 for plastic woods), stearic acid, and color pigment. The composite material was processed using the profile extrusion method, from which samples were obtained to conduct various experimental tests. The mechanical analysis revealed that both the strength and Young’s modulus of the tensile and flexural properties slightly increased with the addition of sawdust to the composite. Additionally, the stiffness was higher compared to high-density polyethylene, indicating a direct relationship between these properties and the amount of sawdust incorporated. Besides this, other characterization methods were performed on the material, including density, hardness, and compression tests, as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), natural and accelerated aging tests, Vicat softening temperature, and heat deflection temperature analysis (HDT). The initial evaluation provides a guide to enhance the most important properties with the aim of using the extruded profiles as pergolas in the real estate sector. Therefore, new formulations are developed with the assistance of Minitab 21 software, maintaining a constant proportion of materials that do not affect the mechanical properties, such as wax, stearic acid, and color pigment. Once the formulations are made, each one is characterized through tensile tests to determine which has the best performance. The formulation with the highest strength is re-characterized using the techniques mentioned in the starting material to obtain a material with the most optimal characteristics.

Effects of Key Rumen Bacteria and Microbial Metabolites on Fatty Acid Deposition in Goat Muscle

In this study, the fatty acid composition in the muscles of Hechuan white goats was correlated with the metabolome and metagenome of their rumen contents, and potential effects of the metabolites and microorganisms in the rumen on host muscle fatty acid deposition were analyzed. The results of the correlation analysis between the rumen content’s metabolome and muscle fatty acid content showed that vitamin-B-related metabolites were significantly correlated with fatty acid content (p < 0.05). Most of these metabolites were positively correlated with stearic acid and negatively correlated with palmitic acid. In accordance with the level of fatty acid content, significant differences were found in the microbial species and abundance among groups at the species level. An abundance of Bacteroides, Ruminococcaceae P7, Eubacterium ruminant, and Prevotella in the rumen was significantly correlated with fatty acid content. These results provide data support for the development of targeted feeding management strategies to improve the quality of goat meat.

Quality Assessment of Edible Plant-Based Fixed Oils Using Different Analytical Techniques and Machine Learning Approaches

Plant-based carrier oils are constantly gaining popularity for their beneficial health effects on human organisms, thus shifting consumers’ preferences to alternative options in the oil market. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of twenty-six edible plant-based fixed oils via chromatographic, chromatic, and spectroscopic techniques, suggesting their potential use as complementary edible oil sources. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and a-linolenic acids were found in considerable proportions, whereas the majority of oils possessed unsaturated (UFA)/saturated (SFA) fatty acid ratio greater than 1.6, suggesting their function in lowering blood pressure and preventing cardiovascular disease. Linseed, chia seed, macadamia, and canola oils provide a balanced intake of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) within the range of 1:1 to 5:1. Oxidative stability was inversely related to oils’ PUFA content, with linseed, chia seed, pine cone, and walnut oils being the least stable oils against oxidation. Chlorophyll content in all oils was below the limit (50 mg/kg), preventing oxidation in the presence of light, whereas the highest values of b-carotene were noticed in soybean, linseed, and canola oils (61.18, 60.42, and 60.12 ppm, respectively). The application of machine learning algorithms for analyzing ATR-FTIR band intensities and FA proportions via discriminant analysis succeeded in discriminating pulp from seed oils, with a classification accuracy of 96.0% and 88.0%, respectively.

Effects of Oxidized Soybean Meal and Oxidized Soybean Oil on the Muscle Oxidative Stability, Flesh Quality, Amino Acid Profile, and Fatty Acid Profile of Megalobrama amblycephala

This study aimed to investigate the effects of oxidized soybean meal and oxidized soybean oil on the muscle oxidative stability, flesh quality, amino acid profile, and fatty acid profile of blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. Oxidized soybean meal and oxidized soybean oil were obtained from fresh soybean meal (FSM) and fresh soybean oil (FSO) by heating. In the experimental diet, the proportions of oxidized soybean meal (OSM) and oxidized soybean oil (OSO) were 30% and 4.19%, respectively. The feeding trial was conducted for 8 weeks. The findings revealed that both OSM and OSO reduced glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), hardness, chewiness, and oxymyoglobin (OxyMb) and elevated the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), and metmyoglobin (MetMb) in the muscle. OSM notably decreased the content of muscle essential amino acids (EAAs), nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), delicious amino acids (DAAs), and total amino acids (TAAs) compared with CON and OSO. Compared with CON and OSM, OSO significantly reduced the content of elaidic acid (C18:1n9t), linoelaidic acid (C18:2n6c), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), ω-6 PUFAs, and the ratio of ω-6/ω-3, while stearic acid (C18:0), γ-linolenic acid (C18:3n6) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were significantly elevated. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that both OSM and OSO negatively impacted muscle antioxidant capacity and flesh quality. Moreover, OSM adversely affected the amino acid profile of the muscle, while OSO impaired the fatty acid profile.

Improving the biodiesel production in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana cultivated in nutrient deficiency and sewage water.

The use of microalgae as a feedstock in biofuel production is highly encouraging. The marine diatom in this study, Thalassiosira pseudonana, was used as a test organism to evaluate the impact of nitrogen or phosphorus limitation and sewage water on improving biodiesel production. The growth rate is more affected in cultures without phosphorus by 41.8% lower than in control and the highest dry weight estimated in control. The cellular dry weight significantly increased in cultures treated with mix1 and mix2 wastewater compared to the control cultures. Chlorophyll a content decreased in the absence of nitrogen and phosphorous and in sewage water cultures. Lipid content in algal cultures without nitrogen or phosphorus and in sewage water accumulated nearly twice as much lipid content in synthetic medium. T. pseudonana showed high FAME contents; the two most abundant fatty acids, stearic acid (C18:0) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1), in the algal extracts revealed that T. pseudonana was predominantly composed of these fatty acids. T. pseudonana grown in nitrogen or phosphorus-deficient conditions exhibited an extreme percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) by 87.38% and 85.47%, respectively, of the total fatty acids (TFAs). More importantly, the low polyunsaturated fatty acid content in oils indicates a high cetane number, low iodine value, and low corrosion for biodiesel quality indicators. Producing biodiesel that closely meets worldwide biodiesel requirements (ASTM D6751 and EN 14214) is the goal of this work, which shows that growing T. pseudonana under nutrient limitations leads to algal metabolism in that direction.

Fatty Acid Profiling in Greek Wines by Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS)

In recent years, the interest in lipids present in wines has increased, because these natural components, even at low or very low concentrations, play an important role in wine evolution and quality and contribute substantially to the taste and mouthfeel of wines. Herein, we present a liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method for the profiling of free fatty acids (FFAs) in wines. The method is fast and allows the simultaneous determination of twenty-seven saturated and unsaturated FFAs in wine samples, avoiding any prior derivatization step. After validation, a variety of white and rose commercial wine samples from the Greek market, either sparkling or non-sparkling, were analyzed by the present method. The majority of wine FFAs are saturated long aliphatic, in particular palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids, followed by myristic (C14:0) and pentadecanoic (C15:0) acids, while oleic (C18:1), palmitoleic (C16:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acids were quantified among the unsaturated FAs. The medium-chain C6:0 and the unsaturated C16:1 and C18:2 acids were found at higher concentrations in rose wines compared to white.

Evaluation into the effect of lignocellulosic biochar on the thermal properties of shape stable composite phase change materials

Biochar is suitable for preparing shape stable composite phase change materials (sscPCMs) due to the advantages of cost-effective, environmentally, and sustainability. However, the heat properties of biochar-based sscPCMs were not consistent. To investigate how different types of biochar influence the thermal properties of sscPCMs, three types of sscPCMs were successfully prepared using peanut shell biochar (PSC), poplar wood biochar (PWC), and corn straw biochar (CSC) as framework materials and combined with stearic acid (SA). A comprehensive analysis of the thermal properties of three sscPCMs was performed, taking into account thermal conductivity, phase change latent heat, encapsulation efficiency, crystallization rate, and energy storage efficiency. The study indicated that among the three types of sscPCMs, SA/PWC sscPCMs demonstrated excellent comprehensive performance. The phase change latent heat of SA/PWC reached 100.13 J/g, and the thermal conductivity was 0.38 W/mK. Compared to SA/PSC, the phase change latent heat of SA/PWC increased by 45.96 %, with only a 28.30 % reduction in thermal conductivity. In comparison to SA/CSC, the thermal conductivity of SA/PWC improved by 18.75 %, while the phase change latent heat decreased by only 14.02 %. In addition, the proportions of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin played a crucial role in determining the thermal properties of sscPCMs. This study clarified the mechanism by which biochar influences the thermal characteristic of sscPCMs, offering valuable insights for choosing biochar framework materials.

Effect of Processing Methods on Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Composition of Parkia biglobosa Seeds

Parkia biglobosa (PB) is among the various underexploited nutritious plants. A comparative study was conducted on the effect processing PB has on the amino and fatty acid composition. Fermented (FPB), defatted (DPB), and protein isolates (PI) samples were prepared from Parkia biglobosa seeds using various processing methods, and evaluated using standard analytical protocols. The PI showed the highest significant total non-essential amino acids, essential amino acids, and conditionally essential amino acids when compared with FPB and DPB. In addition, the PI showed the highest significant (p < 0.05) total neutral amino acids, basic amino acids, total aromatic amino acids, and the lowest percentage cystine ratio of total sulphur amino acids and total amino acids in comparison with FPB and DPB. The PI also showed a better-predicted protein efficient ratio, essential amino acid index, biological value, protein content, and nutritional index than FPB and DPB. Furthermore, PI amino acid composition was compared favourably with the reference scores for a whole hen’s egg, preschool child, and provisional scoring pattern. Arginine and histidine values of PI were higher than the recommended values. The FPB (42.29%) showed the highest polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with the DPB (41.94%) and PI (26.7%). The dominant saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were stearic acid (15.1 DPB), linoleic acid (42.29 DPB), and oleic acid (14.05 PI). The DPB (1.84) showed a better polyunsaturated to saturated (P:S) ratio than FPB (1.74) and PI (0.91). The results revealed that the processing methods improved the relative amino acid composition, whereas the fatty acid composition improved in DPB. Therefore, PI could serve as an alternative in the formulation of complementary foods.

Nanosecond laser interference ablation of fluorine-free aluminum alloy surfaces for dynamic adhesion and static wettability synergistically modulating water collection

Water collection from mist is a potential solution to water scarcity, which is a critical issue worldwide. In this paper, laser interference ablation assisted with stearic acid immersion has been used to achieve synergistic modulation of dynamic adhesion and static wettability for water collection on fluorine-free aluminum alloy surface. The research demonstrates that there is an optimal balance point between dynamic adhesion and static wettability for water collection. This optimal point shifts toward low dynamic adhesion at the high misting rate due to the flooding on metastable surfaces with high dynamic adhesion. In addition, wetting transition induced by tilting is observed on metastable surfaces. The good stability of the proposed fluorine-free surface has been demonstrated by the long-term water collection and long periods of immersion in water. This work can provide theoretical inspiration and a scalable preparation method for green and stable water collection strategies.

Deterrence and behavioral mode of coconut oil-derived free fatty acids on Zeugodacus cucurbitae oviposition.

Previous studies have shown oviposition deterring properties of 8 coconut free fatty acid (CFFA) compounds on fruit flies with different key deterrent components for different species. Here we evaluated oviposition deterrence of CFFA using laboratory 2-choice bioassays against Zeugodacus cucurbitae, determined key-bioactive deterrent compounds, and evaluated their behavioral mode. Unlike other reported fruit fly species, CFFA mixture increased Z. cucurbitae oviposition when directly applied on an oviposition substrate. When tested individually in subsequent tests, 4 compounds (caprylic, capric, oleic, and linoleic acids) significantly reduced the oviposition ("negative-compounds"), 1 compound (stearic acid) had no effect ("neutral-compound"), and 3 compounds (lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids) stimulated the oviposition ("positive-compounds"). The 4-component negative-compound blend was effective at reducing oviposition. However, adding stearic acid to the 4-component blend (5-component blend, 5c) further reduced oviposition. Adding any of the positive-compounds to the 5c resulted in loss of oviposition deterrence, suggesting the 5c as the key deterrent component blend. The blend was also effective in no-choice assays and when applied on cucumbers, a preferred host of Z. cucurbitae. When given a choice, Z. cucurbitae made 48.5% fewer visits, spent 39% less time, and oviposited 88.2% fewer eggs per min on 5c treated pumpkin agar than on control agar, suggesting that the 5c blend has both spatial repellency and contact deterrence. Given that all compounds are registered food additives and generally regarded as safe, this blend has potential application in behavioral control strategies, such as push-pull, to protect host fruit against Z. cucurbitae.

“Re-Think” Sulfur Curing

Since Charles Goodyear discovered the method of sulfur curing Natural Rubber in 1839, many studies have been carried out to understand its mechanism. Currently, the broadly accepted mechanism includes an activated accelerator complex formed by Zinc oxide, stearic acid, accelerators and sulfur. Furthermore, it is also broadly accepted that the coupling of the sulfur to the polymer takes place in the allylic position to the double bond. Modern passenger car tire treads no longer contain Natural Rubber but instead a blend of Solution Styrene Butadiene Rubber and Butadiene Rubber, filled with a silica/silane system. Is it possible to transfer all the gained knowledge from the Natural Rubber crosslink reaction to such modern passenger car tire tread formulations, or is it required to “re-think” sulfur curing?

Effect of electron beam irradiation pretreatment on the structural, physicochemical properties of potato starch-fatty acid complexes and the proliferation of Bifidobacterium adolescentis

The effects of different electron beam irradiation doses (5 KGy, 10 KGy, 20 KGy) on the complexation of potato starch with four saturated fatty acids with different chain lengths, i.e., lauric acid (LA), myristic acid (MA), palmitic acid (PA), and stearic acid (SA), were investigated, including structural properties, physicochemical properties, digestive properties, and the effect of Bifidobacteria proliferation. The complexing index increased significantly with increasing irradiation dose and showed the following order: 20 KGy > 10 KGy > 5 KGy > native starch. At irradiation dose of 20 KGy, PA (88.75 %) showed the highest complexing index, followed by MA (87.40 %), SA (82.95 %) and LA (72.33 %). The results of microstructure, relative crystallinity, gelatinization enthalpy, contact angle, and resistant starch content in starch-fatty acid complexes were consistent with the complexing index. In vitro digestion indicated that at irradiation dose of 20 KGy, the addition of PA yielded the highest content of resistant starch (50.35 %), followed by MA (49.25 %), SA (47.05 %) and LA (44.72 %). The four complexes were eventually assessed for their effects on Bifidobacteria's proliferation, with PA exerting the strongest proliferative effects, followed by MA, SA and LA. Overall, electron beam irradiation exhibited good application prospects in the field of starchy food processing and functional foods development.

Physicochemical properties of lard oil and rubber seed oil blends and their comprehensive characterization

This research investigates the potential of blending complementary lard oil with rubber seed oil as feedstock for biodiesel production. Rubber seed oil, obtained through hexane extraction using the Soxhlet method, contains the major fatty acids of oleic acid (C18:1), palmitic acid (C16:0), linoleic acid (C18:2), and stearic acid (C18:0), while rubber seed oil primarily consists of linoleic acid (C18:2), oleic acid (C18:1), linolenic acid (C18:3), palmitic acid (C16:0), and stearic acid (C18:0). Th least acid value of lard oil (0.55 mg KOH/g) can benefit of reducing soap formation of rubber seed oil during transesterification process in biodiesel production due to its substantial-high acid value (16.28 mg KOH·g–1). Blending at ratios below 80:20 v/v produced biodiesel exceeding 85%, utilizing CaO as a catalyst. Lard oil demonstrated a higher reaction rate constant (11.88×10–3 min–1) than rubber seed oil (2.11×10–3 min–1), indicating a significant difference in performance. High acid value and free fatty acids in rubber seed oil correlated with lower reaction rates. Maintaining a mixture ratio below 80:20 v/v optimized reaction rates during biodiesel production. Biodiesel obtained from blends below 80:20 v/v met ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards, demonstrating suitability for bio-auto fuel. The drawbacks of using rubber seed oil as a raw material for biodiesel production are overcome by blending with lard oil, giving rise to expanding renewable energy options for rural communities, community enterprises, and large-scale biodiesel production.

GC-MS and multivariate analysis reveal partial serum metabolome restoration by bevacizumab in a colon cancer rat model: An untargeted metabolomics investigation

Bevacizumab is an anti-angiogenic therapeutic agent that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and has been approved for the treatment of several types of cancer, including colon cancer. Herein, a GC-MS based metabolomics approach was employed to investigate the impact of bevacizumab on the serum metabolome of colon cancer rats. Multivariate chemometric analysis models such as PCA and PLS-DA showed a clear separation between the control, cancer and bevacizumab-treated groups, suggesting that bevacizumab administration induced significant metabolic alterations. Furthermore, pairwise comparisons between the studied groups using the OPLS-DA model in addition to univariate analysis identified several discriminatory metabolites belonged to various chemical classes including amino acids, organic acids and fatty acids that were perturbed between the studied groups. Interestingly, bevacizumab treatment was able to partially restore some of the cancer-induced metabolic disturbances, indicating its potential therapeutic efficacy via improving the tumor vasculature and nutrient delivery. Besides, pathway analysis of the differential metabolites identified key metabolic pathways affected by bevacizumab, which included valine, leucine and isoleucine metabolism, pyruvate metabolism and butanoate metabolism. However, little effects were observed on lipid metabolites such as palmitic acid and stearic acid and consequently their related metabolic pathways such as fatty acid biosynthesis metabolism suggesting that bevacizumab has more prominent effect on energy and amino acid metabolisms as compared to fatty acid metabolism in colon cancer rats. Overall, our study provided novel insights into the metabolic mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of bevacizumab in colon cancer rats via the use of a comprehensive GC-MS metabolomics approach.

Effects of Different Technological Forms of the Perilla frutescens in the Diet on Ruminal Fermentation, Milk and Plasma Fatty Acid Composition, Ruminal Biohydrogenation and Milk Quality in Dairy Goats.

Fatty acids can be protected by changing their structure or form against microbial activity, and the different forms of fatty acids can modulate the ruminal biohydrogenation rate and contribute to the desired fatty acid profile in milk fat. The study investigated the effects of perilla (Perilla frutescens) dietary supplementation in the diet in different technological forms (seed, oil and formaldehyde-treated oil) on milk, plasma and ruminal fatty acid composition, and milk quality in lactating goats. The four dietary treatments consisted of (1) no supplementation, basal diet (CON); (2) perilla supplementation as seed at 44.7g/kg (consisting of 20g/kg oil (PS)); (3) perilla supplementation as oil at 20g/kg (PO); (4) perilla supplementation as formaldehyde treated oil at 20g/kg (protected perilla oil [PPO]). The experiment was implemented in a double 4×4 Latin square trial design, and sampling was carried out for 7 days after 21 days of adaptation. Performance parameters were not affected by P. frutescens supplementation to the diet. PO decreased milk fat, whereas PPO increased milk fat. Milk cholesterol was not affected by P. frutescens dietary supplementation. Perilla oil supplementation in different forms to the diet did not affect ruminal pH, VFA and methane production. Perilla oil supplementation in different forms to the diet did not also affect the concentration of blood serum glucose, cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids. Perilla supplementation to the diet increased the milk conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), C18:3n-3, C22:5n-3, C20:5n-3, C22:6n-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations, and PPO group showed the greatest values. Ruminal palmitic (C16:0) acid was decreased, and in perilla groups, stearic acid (C18:0) concentration had the lowest, and ruminal c-9, t-11 CLA concentration had the highest value in PPO. It has been found that the most effective form of perilla oil in increasing milk quality is that with formaldehyde treatment (protected form). Perilla oil, which is a rich source of omega 3 in the diet, can be used to increase milk quality in goats without adversely affecting performance, ruminal fermentation and blood parameters.

Phase Change Thermal Interface Materials with Interface Adaptability and Self-Healing Properties

Thermal stress resulting from excessive temperatures is a major cause of electronic device failure. In this work, with easy installation and good interface adaptability, Phase Change Thermal Interface Materials (PCTIMs) which possess high thermal conductivity were prepared. By incorporating phase change material stearic acid (SA) into the thermal interface material, the instantaneous heat absorption during the solid-liquid phase transition of SA effectively alleviates the problem of instantaneous high heat flux impacting electronic devices. Additionally, the solid-liquid transition reduces the modulus of TIMs, thereby minimizing the contact thermal resistance between the heat source and the heat sink during mechanical installation. To further enhance performance, the thermal interface material utilizes a dynamically cross-linked polyolefin elastomer (POE) with borate bonds, which effectively restricts the flow of SA even at its phase change point due to the three-dimensional cross-linked framework. By constructing a thermal conductive network using carbon fibers and aluminum nitride of different dimensions, the thermal conductivity of the thermal interface material reached 1.82 W∙m−1K−1 with a filler content of only 30 vol% . At 70°C, with a force of 50 N applied to a sample area of 400 mm², the contact thermal resistance was only 2.39×10−4K∙m2W−1. Furthermore, the PCTIMs exhibits excellent self-healing ability under thermal conditions, assuring the permanent encapsulation of small electronic devices.

Improved Transdermal Delivery of Anti-hypertensive Drug Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Statistical Design, Optimization, Depiction and Pharmacokinetic Assessment

Background: The vasoselective calcium-channel blocker lercanidipine hydrochloride (LCH) is poorly absorbed orally (only 10% bioavailability) owing to its low solubility and hepatic metabolism. Because of the LCH's poor solubility and permeability, bioavailability is low and very variable, stable aqueous liquid formulations are challenging to create, and a uniform distribution of the medication is almost impossible to produce. Objective: The purpose of this research was to see whether an approach involving the development of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) might be used to create an effective, innovative oral formulation of LCH. The efficacy of several synthetic and natural liquid lipids was compared using a hot homogenization-ultrasonication strategy. Methods: Following initial improvements with hot homogenization and ultrasonication, the LCHloaded NLCs formulation was fine-tuned by Box-Behnken statistical analysis. The optimal LCHNLCs composition includes the lipid phase (2-4% w/v) of stearic acid and oleic acid, the surfactants poloxamer 188 (1%) and Tween 80(1%), and other ingredients. Results: The optimized NLCs formulation was found to have mean vesicle sizes of 128.72 ± 1.59 nm, polydispersity indices of 0.169 ± 0.06, zeta potentials of -36.81 ± 0.42 mV, and entrapment efficiencies of 79.84 ± 0.11%. The optimized NLCs formulation released much more LCH (88.74 ± 4.62) than the LCH-suspension (36.84 ± 0.37%) in in-vitro drug release experiments lasting up to 24 hours. Ex vivo studies on the ability of LCH-NLCs to pass through the gut showed that drug permeation was much better than it was with plain LCH-solution. The in vivo pharmacodynamic analysis demonstrated that, compared to conventional LCH-suspension, NLCs released LCH more slowly and steadily over a longer time period. Conclusion: These findings provide additional evidence that NLCs have great promise as a drug delivery technology for the treatment of hypertension, just as they show promise as a controlled release formulation for the treatment of LCH.

Acute inflammation upregulates FAHFAs in adipose tissue and in co-cultured adipocytes

Since the discovery of fatty acid hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), significant progress has been made in understanding their regulation, biochemistry, and physiological activities. Here, we contribute to this understanding by revealing that inflammation induces the production of fatty acid hydroxy stearic acids (FAHSAs) and fatty acid hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (FAHODEs) in white adipose tissue depots and in adipocytes co-cultured with macrophages. In LPS-induced co-culture systems, we confirm that adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is required for inflammation-induced FAHFA generation and demonstrate that inflammation is necessary for producing hydroxy fatty acids. Chemically synthesized FAHODEs show anti-inflammatory activities in vivo, but only at supraphysiological concentrations. While endogenous FAHFAs are unlikely to be anti-inflammatory due to their low concentrations, conversion of pro-inflammatory hydroxy fatty acids into FAHFAs may modulate inflammation. We test this concept by showing the pro-inflammatory lipids—hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4)—are converted into FAHFAs in cell culture, and that two LTB4-derived FAHFAs have are modestly anti- not pro-inflammatory. Further research is needed to establish whether these increased FAFHA levels have a role in inflammation or are simply markers of inflammation, but the discovery of significant increases in FAHFA upon acute inflammation advances our knowledge of FAHFAs.

Flame propagation analyses of aluminium coated with various concentrations of stearic acid based upon elementary reaction simulation

Flame propagation analyses of aluminium coated with various concentrations of stearic acid based upon elementary reaction simulation

Hydrodeoxygenation of stearic acid to produce green diesel over alumina supported CoMo catalysts: Role of Co/Mo mole ratio

Hydrodeoxygenation of stearic acid to produce green diesel over alumina supported CoMo catalysts: Role of Co/Mo mole ratio