Steam Washing Research Articles

Analysis of the Role of Training and Development in Improving Employee Performance at PT. Karya Muda Mandiri Bangkalan.

PT. Karya Muda Mandiri Bangkalan is one of the companies engaged in providing heavy rental equipment, civil works, production of mineral water management, and steam washing which requires special skills. For that, the company has provided training for the employees, but it only runs for one year which causes frequent work accidents. The objectives of this study are to determine the role of training in improving employee performance at PT Karya Muda Mandiri Bangkalan and to determine the role of development in improving employee performance at PT Karya Muda Mandiri Bangkalan. This study is conducted by a qualitative method using purposive sampling method to select informants who are determined by several criteria. Technique of collecting data uses three ways by conducting in-depth interviews, observation and documentation. The results of this study are 1) After PT. Karya Muda Mandiri Bangkalan carries out training on employee performance, the company can improve the performance of its employees, can reduce the number of work accidents and can make the company better. 2) The role of development at PT. Karya Muda Mandiri Bangkalan is that the employee performance is getting better. From the training, employees gain new knowledge and new experiences so that their performance can be maximized and have a positive impact on the company and also for consumers. The conclusions of this study are 1) Performance training for employees of PT. Karya Muda Mandiri Bangkalan is getting better than before in heavy equipment operation, heavy equipment maintenance, mineral water management and mineral water management machine maintenance. 2) Development of employee performance at PT. Karya Muda Mandiri Bangkalan is getting better. When employees are included in the training, the development of employee knowledge, skills and behaviors that bring changes to the company can be seen. Employees can further increase the service users and the employee performance can also be maximized.

The Effects of A Self-Prepared Medicinal Solution of Huangbai and Kushen Combined with Psychological Care on Postpartum Perineal Incisions

Medicinal solution steam washing is a common clinical treatment for the management of various skin diseases and wound infections. According to traditional Chinese medicine, the lack of healing of infected incisions is often attributed to excessive intraoperative blood loss, resulting in an imbalance of Qi and Blood, meridian obstruction, blood stasis, and the accumulation of dryness, heat, and turbid Qi at the affected area. Therefore, detoxification washing of the affected area with medicinal solutions promotes healing and is clinically recommended. Based on this premise, a self-prepared medicinal solution using cold-natured Chinese medicinal herbs, such as Huangbai, Kushen, and Pugongying, was used to promote the healing of postpartum perineal incisions in women. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a self-prepared medicinal solution combined with psychological care on the healing of postpartum perineal incisions. Eighty parturient women who underwent spontaneous delivery with a mediolateral episiotomy at our hospital from August 2020 to August 2021 were enrolled in the study. The parturient women were divided into control and observation groups using a random number table, with 40 patients per group. The control group received conventional treatment and nursing intervention. The observation group received intervention with self-prepared medicinal liquid fumigation using Huangbai and Kushen, combined with psychological care. Pain perception, incision healing time, and the psychological status of the two groups were compared. After 3 days of nursing, the visual analog scale (VAS) scores in the observation group were significantly lower than the scores in the control group (P <0.05). The VAS scores in the observation group were also significantly lower than the scores in the control group after nursing (P <0.05). The healing time of the incision in the observation group was significantly shorter than the healing time in the control group (P <0.05). After nursing, the self-rating anxiety scores and self-rating depression scores in the observation group were significantly lower than the scores in the control group (P <0.05). Compared to routine treatment and nursing interventions, the combined application of self-prepared medicinal solution steam washing and psychological care promotes the healing of postpartum perineal incisions, alleviates pain in the incision area, and improves negative emotional states in parturient women.

Technical, environmental, and economic feasibility investigation of an innovative dry washing process for metal degreasing

Industrial washing is essential in manufacturing and many other technological fields. Nowadays, steam washing is the most common technique. However, it involves chemical solvents which are potentially noxious for the environment and difficult to be disposed of. Therefore, there is a growing demand for alternative washing techniques that would ensure low operating costs, extensive productivity, high efficiency, environmental sustainability, good compatibility with different materials, and safe operating conditions. A fluidized bed (FB) represents a promising alternative to satisfy market requirements. In this study, a prototype of FB machine for the degreasing of pressure vessels was designed, built, and compared to the current solvent washing machine. The scope of the work is to assess the technical, environmental, and economic feasibility of a FB device for industrial washing. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to detect the process parameters influencing the cleaning. The optimal process parameters were identified based on the experimental results. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and cost analysis were performed to evaluate environmental impacts, and operating costs. The results confirmed the validity of FB technology as an alternative to current washing techniques thanks to its higher cleanness, minor environmental impact and costs, and comparable productivity.

Disinfection trials with terbinafine-susceptible and terbinafine-resistant dermatophytes.

Treatment of tinea pedis and onychomycosis is complicated by high rates of reinfection and the emergence of terbinafine-resistant strains of Trichophyton spp. Effective disinfection of contaminated socks is an important measure. Appropriate washing reduces the risk of reinfection and is paramount in treating tinea pedis and onychomycosis. The aim of this study was to describe the effect of commonplace disinfection methods using socks pieces inoculated with terbinafine-resistant or terbinafine-susceptible isolates of Trichophyton spp. Sock pieces were inoculated with seven terbinafine-resistant isolates of Trichophyton spp. with known mutations in the SQLE-gene (T.rubrum (n=3), T.interdigitale (n=1) and T.indotineae (n=3)) and six terbinafine-susceptible isolates of Trichophyton spp. (T.rubrum (n=3) and T.interdigitale (n=3)). Methods of disinfection included soaking in a quaternary ammonium (QAC) detergent (0.5, 2 and 24h), freezing at -20°C (0.5, 12 and 24 h), domestic and steam washing (both at 40°C with detergent). Sock pieces were cultured for 4 weeks following disinfection. The primary end point was no growth at the end of week 4. Soaking in a QAC-detergent for 24h procured at disinfectant rate of 100% (13/13), whilst soaking in 0.5 and 2 h had a disinfectant rate of 46.2% (6/13) and 84.6% (11/13), respectively. Domestic washing (40°C with detergent) produced a disinfectant rate of 7.7% (1/13). Freezing at -20°C (0.5, 12 and 24h) and steam washing (40°C with detergent) had no disinfectant properties. Soaking in a QAC-detergent for 24 h effectively disinfected sock pieces contaminated with dermatophytes.

Valorization of MSWI Bottom Ash as a Function of Particle Size Distribution, Using Steam Washing

Treatments to reduce the leaching of contaminants (chloride, sulfate, heavy metals) into the environment from bottom ash (BA) are investigated, as a function of the ash’s particle size (s). The aim is to make BA suitable for reuse as secondary raw material, in accordance with the legal requirements. Such treatments must be economically feasible and, possibly, have to use by-products of the plant (in this case, steam in excess from the turbine). For the sake of completeness and comparison, carbonation is performed on those BA particle size classes that are not positively responsive to steam washing. BA is partitioned into four different particle size classes (s ≥ 4.75, 4.75 > s ≥ 2, 2 > s ≥ 1 and s < 1 mm, corresponding to 36, 24, 13 and 27 wt%, respectively). In the case of s ≥ 2 mm (60 wt%), steam washing is effective in reducing to under the legal limits the leaching of chlorides, sulfate and heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb). It has been observed that steam washing causes both removal and dissolution of thin dust adherent to the BA’s surface. BA with 2 > s ≥ 1 (~13 wt% of total BA) requires a combination of steam washing and carbonation to achieve a leaching below the legal limits. The finest BA fraction, s < 1 mm (~27 wt% of total BA), is treated by carbonation, which reduces heavy metals leaching by 85%, but it fails to sufficiently curb chlorides and sulfates.

Gas purification process in a geothermal power plant with total reinjection designed for the Larderello area

Many geothermal power plants require systems for steam washing and treatment of non-condensable gases (NGCs). Steam washing is an early-stage unit and the NCG treatment is performed before the reinjection. The paper describes the potential methods for those parts of the process and evaluates the approach of scrubbers and the associated models. The first model is developed for the steam washing scrubber, which eliminates the dissolved solids from the extracted steam. The energy analysis, steam loss, and the efficiency of removal are investigated and potential approaches to the H2S removal process are discussed. The second model is dedicated to the packed-bed acid-gas scrubber, which efficiently reduces the H2S content of NCGs before the reinjection into the reservoir. This model is a rate-based approach that considers all the reactions in parallel. Also, a comprehensive model for the sizing of the scrubbers is proposed. The case study is a binary geothermal power plant, designed for the area of Larderello, in which the extracted steam consists of 25 ppm dissolved solids. The power plant design includes the NCG reinjection system, having about 0.3% of H2S content. The design parameters are found to achieve solid removal efficiency higher than 90%, thus abating the dissolved solids in the steam to less than 3 ppm by the first scrubber. The performance of the selective H2S removal treatment is optimized by identifying the best operating parameters for the effective removal of the H2S and keep the CO2. The selectivity is calculated in various conditions considering recycle-ratio, caustic solution temperature, and caustic solution concentration. The configuration of the second scrubber is optimized with an H2S removal efficiency of about 99.96 percent, with a selectivity index around 10.

Life-cycle analysis by using the alternative sustainable water innovations in residential dwellings

Water supply has drastically declined particularly in parts of Australia. This is a consequence of climate change, urban development, wastage and rising demand for fresh water. These factors along with escalating water rates have significantly contributed to water scarcity, and cost effectiveness becoming paramount in the residential sector. Utilizing sustainable alternatives, such as water efficient showerheads, aerated faucets, dual flush/waterless toilets, water conserving dishwashers and steam washing machines opposed to standard devices, has the ability to optimize water efficiency and reduce living expenses, while helping conserve this natural resource. This research investigates if the sustainable alternative can optimize water efficiency and cost effectiveness in residential dwellings. The cities which have been investigated are Sydney, Canberra, Brisbane, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth and Darwin. Water price data from 2001 to 2010 have been examined for each of these cities. Future water prices can than predicted based on the current increase rate. Average water consumption and duration of usage outlined in the Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards Scheme (WELS) have been used in all calculations. Water consumption, life cycle cost and payback periods are compared between standard and innovative devices over a 15-year period. Results are contrasted to literature, respective city and number of occupants. All alternative devices studied in the water consumption comparison, made significant savings over the 15-year period. It is found that all cities examined experience positive savings between $7,295 and $28,785 over 15 years if all devices are used together for a single occupant. It can also be noted that the city of Adelaide achieves the greatest savings while Perth accomplishes the least, due to comparatively low water price. Technological advancements in the future will improve fixtures and appliances used in dwellings maximizing overall water and cost efficiency, while minimizing the impacts on natural resources.

Application of Physical and Chemical Enhanced Backwashing to Reduce Membrane Fouling in the Water Treatment Process Using Ceramic Membranes.

This study investigated the improvement of operating efficiency through physical cleaning and chemical enhanced backwashing (CEB) using ceramic membranes with high permeability and chemical safety compared to organic membranes. The turbidity and DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon) concentrations were selected to ensure that the degree of contamination was always constant. The operating pressures were fixed at 100, 200, and 300 kPa, and the filtration was terminated when the effluent flow rate decreased to 30% or less from the initial value. After filtration, backwashing was performed at a pressure of 500 kPa using 500 mL backwash water. The membrane was cleaned by dipping in NaOCl, and a new washing technique was proposed for steam washing. In this study, we investigated the recovery rate of membranes by selectively performing physical cleaning and CEB by changing the influent water quality and operating pressure conditions.

A steam-based method to investigate biofilm

Biofilm has become a major topic of interest in medical, food, industrial, and environmental bacteriology. To be relevant, investigation of biofilm behavior requires effective and reliable techniques. We present herein a simple and robust method, adapted from the microplate technique, in which steam is used as a soft washing method to preserve biofilm integrity and to improve reproducibility of biofilm quantification. The kinetics of steam washing indicated that the method is adapted to remove both planktonic bacteria and excess crystal violet (CV) staining for S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. carnosus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli biofilm. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that steam washing preserved the integrity of the biofilm better than pipette-based washing. We also investigated the measurement of the turbidity of biofilm resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as an alternative to staining with CV. This approach allows the discrimination of biofilm producer strains from non-biofilm producer strains in a way similar to CV staining, and subsequently permits quantification of viable bacteria present in biofilm by culture enumeration from the same well. Biofilm quantification using steam washing and PBS turbidity reduced the technical time needed, and data were highly reproducible.

Модель управления безопасностью процесса очистки цистерн от нефтепродуктов на промывочно-пропарочной железнодорожной станции Осенцы

Модель управления безопасностью процесса очистки цистерн от нефтепродуктов на промывочно-пропарочной железнодорожной станции Осенцы

Fast Removal of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers from Aqueous Solutions by Using Low-Cost Adsorbents

4-Dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE-3) and 4,4′-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE-15) are two of the major polybrominated diphenyl ethers used as flame-retardant additives in computer main boards and in fireproof building materials. In this study, we evaluated the potential of three low-cost adsorbents, black tea, green tea, and coconut palm leaf powders, to adsorb BDE-3 and BDE-15 from aqueous solutions. The results showed that pressure steam washing of the adsorbents increased their capacities to adsorb BDE-3 and BDE-15. The maximum adsorption capacities of pressure steam–washed black tea, green tea, and coconut palm leaf powders were 21.85 mg·L−1, 14.56 mg·L−1 and 22.47 mg·L−1, respectively. The results also showed that the adsorption equilibrium (qe) was achieved at 4 min. Moreover, 97.8% of BDE-3 and 98.5% of BDE-15 could be removed by adsorbents pretreated with pressure steam washing. The kinetic data fitted well with a pseudo-second-order equation. The adsorption rate constants (k2) of all pressure steam–washed adsorbents ranged from 8.16 × 10−3 to 6.61 × 10−2 g·(mg·L−1)−1·s−1, and the amount adsorbed at qe by all pressure steam–washed adsorbents ranged from 4.21 to 4.78 mg·L−1. Green alga Chlorella vulgaris was used as the test organism and the median effective concentration values of BDE-3 and BDE-15 were 7.24 and 3.88 mg·L−1, respectively. After BDE-3 and BDE-15 were removed from the solution, their biotoxicities markedly decreased. These findings indicate that these low-cost adsorbents can be used to remove BDE-3 and BDE-15 from aqueous solutions and wastewater.

Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose from Sweet Sorghum Bagasse

Sweet sorghum bagasse represents a potential low-cost biomass which can be valorized to produce different value-added lignocellulosic platform chemicals of economic importance. The focus of the present study is the pretreatment of sweet sorghum bagasse for efficient delignification, separation of pure cellulose and its structural characterization. Sweet sorghum bagasse was subjected to mechanical commutation followed by steam washing, organosolv extraction (methanol and toluene, 1:2) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment for efficient delignification. Chemical analysis revealed that cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content (per cent recovered) after different pretreatment was 720 g (98 %), 6 g (1.1 %) and 20 g (0.9 %), respectively. Structural characterization of untreated sweet sorghum bagasse and recovered cellulose was performed using FT-IR, CP-MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy, XRD, and thermogravimetric analyses. The cellulose preparation obtained after chemical pretreatments had typical cellulose structure with high crystallinity as compared to the untreated substrate. SEM micrographs revealed the surface topography wherein the waxy layer on the surface of this material disappeared and the texture became thinner and striated. The pretreatment methods employed were able to produce cellulose of high purity with >98 % lignin removal.

Making ZnO Adsorption More Affordable to Remove H2S by Changing the Catalysts Regeneration Method

Two common methods to remove H2S from natural gas are amine treating and ZnO catalysts adsorption. The former is believed to be more affordable than the latter, because in ZnO method the catalysts regenerated by air combustion method cannot attain a reasonable activity (at most 35%). On account of it, so many catalysts are required to do a definite process that it leads to an increase in costs. But if a novel technique called steam washing method is implemented to regenerate spent ZnO catalysts, the commercial activity of them can nearly be recovered by 97%, such that it leads to a remarkable decrease in costs of treating. So if steam washing rather than air combustion regeneration is taken into account, ZnO catalysts adsorption might be more affordable than amine treating.

MULTIPLE-EFFECT EVAPORATION REGIME IN HIGH-PRESSURE BOILERS

In the 1930’s, a multiple-effect evaporation technique was proposed for generating clean steam that was based on the use of boiler drums partitioned into sections for processing boiler water with different salt concentration [1]. In a sectioned drum, the “clean” section served for generating steam with a salt concentration lower than that in the steam generated in the “salt collection” section; the steam flowing from the two sections was mixed together to produce a steam with rated characteristics required for normal operation of superheaters and turbines. The method in question is quite satisfactory for low-pressure boilers in which requirements placed on the quality of steam are too stringent and can be provided by use of simple water treatment techniques. Numerous data have been reported in the literature that were mainly focused on the advantages of drum boilers with multiple-effect evaporation for generating standard-quality steam. It was shown in [2] that in steam generators using steam washing techniques that gained wide acceptance in the 1950’s, the continued application of multiple-effect evaporation added little (if any) to the quality of steam. Therefore in view of the ever-increasing requirements placed on the quality of feed water supplied at higher pressures (which caused the increase in impurities, especially silicic acid, in steam), the advisability of using multiple-effect evaporation in high-pressure boilers was questioned in a number of works [3–7]. At present, even in the use of incompletely desalinized water for feeding high-pressure (HP) boilers at thermal power plants (TPPs), no problem arises with the quality of steam produced either by multiple- or single-effect evaporation (domestic TP-100-, VPG-250-, and TPE-214-type boilers, as well as boilers available from foreign manufacturers, or medium-pressure boilers currently in service in Russia). As is known, the performance of an evaporating heating surface is to a significant extent determined by the rate at which inside fouling deposits build up. With this in mind, it is important to consider the water-and-salt regime (WSR) for the boiler water fed to drum boilers with multiple-effect evaporation. The annual rate of faults in the water-wall tubes of drum boilers (bulging, corrosion) is rather high, whereas these faults seldom (if ever) occur in high-pressure and supercritical-pressure (SCP) direct-flow boilers. The reason for this is that, with the feed water of the same quality, the boiler water for the cooling water wall of drum boilers contains soluble impurities in concentrations higher than that for direct-flow boilers (by a factor of 100 against the feed water at a 1% blow-down), which creates favorable conditions for the buildup of deposits and corrosion. Water-soluble impurities (Ca, Mg, Na, SiO2 salts, etc.) are removed from the drum boiler via continuous blow-down. Therefore requirements placed on the quality of boiler water and, consequently, feed water for drum boilers in terms of soluble impurities can be less stringent than for direct-flow boilers: in the latter, all the impurities are confined within the water-steam circuit. As to iron oxides, the situation is somewhat different; most iron oxides deposit inside the water-wall tubes and are not removed readily by blow-down. With the increase in operating pressure, requirements placed on the quality of boiler water and, consequently, feed water become more stringent — with a view to preventing corrosion and fouling of the wa

Characterization of Olive Oil by Carbon Isotope Analysis of Individual Fatty Acids: Implications for Authentication

The fatty acids of olive oils of distinct quality grade from the most important European Union (EU) producer countries were chemically and isotopically characterized. The analytical approach utilized combined capillary column gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and the novel technique of compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) through gas chromatography coupled to a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) via a combustion (C) interface (GC/C/IRMS). This approach provides further insights into the control of the purity and geographical origin of oils sold as cold-pressed extra virgin olive oil with certified origin appellation. The results indicate that substantial enrichment in heavy carbon isotope (13C) of the bulk oil and of individual fatty acids are related to (1) a thermally induced degradation due to deodorization or steam washing of the olive oils and (2) the potential blend with refined olive oil or other vegetable oils. The interpretation of the data is based on principal compone...

Comparative SIMS investigations on surface contamination of Pt–Ir alloy treated by different cleaning procedures

A comparative study of the surface contamination of Pt–Ir alloy, treated by different cleaning procedures has been carried out using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) technique. The Pt–Ir (10%) alloy is basically the standard mass material of the international prototype of the Kilogram. The effect of the conventional cleaning method on the surface of one of the Pt–Ir sample is examined, not only on the top most surface but also a little deep inside the surface, to identify the causes of long term instability of primary standard mass material. In addition to the usual atmospheric contaminants (carbon and oxygen), the results obtained show the presence of contaminants such as sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, etc. on the surface of Pt–Ir alloy samples not hitherto observed using other surface analytical techniques like AES, and XPS. In another experiment, four samples, one uncleaned and three cleaned by solvent and/or steam washing, were studied to compare the effect of cleaning procedures on the Pt–Ir samples. It is concluded from the above results that steam cleaning may be advantageous for standard mass stability compared to other cleaning procedures where solvents are used.

Characterization of Olive Oil by Carbon Isotope Analysis of Individual Fatty Acids: Implications for Authentication and Palaeoclimatological Changes in the Mediterranean Basin

The olive tree is the oldest (600 B.C.) cultivated tree in the soils around the Mediterrranean basin. Olive oils are available in different qualities in the EU countries. In this communication we present the chemical and isotopic composition of the fatty acids of olive oils of distinct quality grade from the most important European Union (EU) producer countries. The analytical approach utilized combined capillary column gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and the novel technique of compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) through gas chromatography coupled to a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) via a combustion (C) interface (GC/C/IRMS). This approach provides further insights into the control of the purity and geographical origin of oils sold as cold pressed extra virgin olive oil with certified origin appellation. The results indicate that substantial enrichment in heavy carbon isotope (13C) of the bulk oil and of individual fatty acids are related to (1) a thermally induced degradation due to deodorization or steam washing of the olive oils and (2) the potential blend with refined olive oil or other vegetable oils. The interpretation of the data is based on principal component analysis of the fatty acids concentrations and isotopic data (~13Coil, ~13C16:0 , 813C18:1) and on the ~13C16:0 vs 813C18:1 covariations. The differences in the 813C values of palmitic and oleic acids are discussed in term of biosynthesis of these acids in the plant tissue and admixture of distinct oils. The results demonstrate the importance of elucidating the metabolism and biosynthesis (chain elongation and unsaturation) of the fatty acids which cause the 13C/12C discriminations observed in the individual lipids of the vegetable oils, in order to better utilize the 613C values as indicators of adulteration and environmental changes. The effects of environment or physical factors on the carbon isotope composition of plant and trees have revealed long-term trends in the global environment changes, including the increased atmospheric CO2 excess (e.g. Freyer and Belay, 1983; Walcrof t et al., 1997). The Mediterranean region is highly affected by population increases, industrial expansion, and anthropogenic or accidental biomass burning (e.g. forest fires at Sothern France and Spain). The subject of a current project is to trace the palaeoclimatic changes in this region by using carbon isotope composition of the major fatty acids in genuine olive oil. This will enable reconstruction of climate variabilities in the late Holocene in Central Europe.

Determination of trans fatty acids in cold pressed oils and in dried seeds

AbstractThe adulteration of cold pressed oils (CPO) by refining or by blending with refined oils leads to an increase in their trans fatty acid (TFA) contents. The regulations of the European Union (EU) lay down strict processing conditions without any steam treatment for native olive oils and provide limits for TFA. However, German regulations allow a “steam washing” for CPO other than native olive oil and do not limit TFA. Thus, the TFA contents of such oils might exceed the limits for native olive oil. Modern capillary GLC serves as a quick tool for the detection of TFA. However, care should be taken to avoid the formation of TFA as artefacts during analysis. We evaluated the TFA contents in several oils labelled as “cold pressed” and the formation of TFA during “steam washing” and deodorization. Analysis of some seeds indicates that preliminary drying of the seeds may also contribute to TFA content.

The quality of the distillate of desalination plants with a washing device

Steam, generated in steam boilers and steam generators of nuclear power stations, for instance, is washed, in order to reduce its salt content by passing it through a layer of water kept on a perforated sheet which is installed in the evaporator at some distance from the surface of the brine solution. The steam velocity required to prevent the rinse water from trickling through the holes of the perforated sheet was determined by previous investigations [1]. However, no data were available from the literature permitting the calculation of the amount of secondary steam produced and thus preventing an optimization of the steam washing process. The present paper reports experiments performed to determine the amount of water carried along from the wash water by the primary steam.

The quality of the distillate of desalination plants with a washing device

Steam, generated in steam boilers and steam generators of nuclear power stations, for instance, is washed, in order to reduce its salt content by passing it through a layer of water kept on a perforated sheet which is installed in the evaporator at some distance from the surface of the brine solution. The steam velocity required to prevent the rinse water from trickling through the holes of the perforated sheet was determined by previous investigations [1]. However, no data were available from the literature permitting the calculation of the amount of secondary steam produced and thus preventing an optimization of the steam washing process. The present paper reports experiments performed to determine the amount of water carried along from the wash water by the primary steam.