Steam Pressure Treatment Research Articles

Impact of steam pressure treatment on rough rice and its physicochemical properties

The impact of steam-pressuring and tempering (SP) on the physicochemical properties of waxy (WR), normal (NR), and high-amylose (HAR) Japonica rice were investigated. Water-soaked rough rice in a sealed pouch was retorted and incubated at a constant temperature before milling. SP increased the head rice yield, amylose content, protein content, and degree of starch gelatinization (≥85.4%). Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction patterns revealed a distinct amylose-lipid complex for SP-NR and SP-HAR, and the degree of retrogradation decreased for all SP-rice samples. Swelling power and pasting viscosity significantly increased for SP-WR, but pasting viscosity decreased for SP-NR and SP-HAR. This result was attributed to the microstructure from SEM micrographs of SP-WR, which was more disrupted and exposed to water than NR and HAR. Reduced breakdown viscosity under acidic conditions (pH 3.0 and 4.5) indicated the acid tolerance of SP-NR and SP-HAR pastes. Overall, SP effectively altered rice flour properties, while the kernel remained intact.

Effect of Extrusion and Steam Pressure on Fiber and Nutritional Properties of Pineapple Peels

Research finding on modification of pineapple peel through extrusion and steam pressure have led to increasing fiber and nutritional properties of the pineapple powder. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of extrusion processing and steam pressure on soluble and insoluble fiber contents, antioxidant activities, sugar profile and proximate contents. The extrusion of Morris pineapple peel increased soluble dietary fiber (SDF-2.8 folds), insoluble dietary fiber (IDF-1.2 folds) and total dietary fiber (TDF-1.3 folds). Steam pressure treatment also show the same trends of fiber modification in Morris peel (SDF-3.4 folds, IDF-1 folds, TDF-1.2 folds). The sugar profile showed that fructose and glucose increased after fiber modification. Total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH test) had been used to determine antioxidant activity in both processing method. The results of the proximate analysis showed that protein, crude fiber and moisture content affected by extrusion and steam pressure process of pineapple peel. It can be conclude that modification of fiber through extrusion and steam pressure is able to alter fiber and nutritional properties of pineapple peel.

Steam pressure treatment of defective Coffea canephora beans improves the volatile profile and sensory acceptance of roasted coffee blends

Between 15 and 20% of Brazilian coffee production corresponds to defective beans (PVA), which decreases the quality of the coffee brew. Steam treatment has been reported as an alternative to improve the volatile profile and cup quality of coffee. The aim of this study was to propose a steam treatment of defective Coffea canephora beans to improve the volatile profile of the roasted coffee. The sensory impacts of adding steamed coffee (SC) in Coffea arabica blends were evaluated. The steam treatments studied modified the volatile profile of roasted SCs, increasing the contents of acetoin, benzyl alcohol, maltol, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2-furfurylthiol, and 5-methylfurfural and decreasing the contents of 4-ethylguaiacol, isovaleric acid, methional, 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine, and 3-methoxy-3-methylpyrazine. Among the evaluated parameters, the best condition to maximized the content of the volatiles with a potential positive impact and minimize those with a potential negative impact was 5bar/16min (SC 5). The thresholds of consumer rejection and of detection indicate that up to 30% SC 5 can be added to a high cup quality Coffea arabica coffee without perception or rejection of the coffee brew. A blend of 30% of SC 5 and 70% of Coffea arabica was well accepted.

Pengaruh Tekanan Pemasakan dan Penggunaan Rak Penyusun Terhadap Mutu dan Kekerasan Tulang Ayam Presto

Problems encountered in the production of chicken presto is bones which it is rapidly destroyed while cooking spices still does not penetrate properly into the meat and rancidity is still felt. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of vapor pressure cooking and the influence of position rack storage of raw chicken in aoutoclave on quality and tenderness of chicken bones of chicken presto. The study consisted of two phases, namely the production of chicken presto, and storage for 8 weeks. Steam pressure treatment used were 10, 15 and 20 psi. These treatment were conducted with rack storage (shelf dividers) and without rack storage (stacked as usual). Tests were conducted on the product organoleptic and bone hardness test. Presto chicken products with the highest organoleptic acceptance is the treatment T2, which was the process of cooking presto with a pressure of 15 psi and processed without the use rack storage. Rack storage did not affect the organoleptic score increase on the product. Organoleptic test results showed presto chicken products accepted by the panelists with the average value of A between 3.3 to 3.6. The bone hardness test shows hardness values varying between 22.44 gf / mm to 60,46 gf / mm

Effect of the synthesis variables of TiO2 on the photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of water pollutants

In this work, TiO2 photocatalysts were synthesized using a conventional sol-gel and hydrothermal synthesis methods with steam pressure treatment. Photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) and N2 adsorption-desorption. The photoactivity of the samples was analyzed towards the photooxidation of the azo dye Orange II (Or-II) and phenol using different illumination set-ups to compare the activity features of photocatalysts. The effect of the synthesis variables such as the synthesis route, water/alcoxide and alcohol/alcoxide ratios, as well as the alcohol type was analyzed. TiO2 photocatalysts obtained by hydrothermal synthesis have a better photoactivity than the particles synthesized by the chosen sol-gel route, reaching the Or-II degradation photoactivity of the commercial TiO2 P25. On the other hand, the water/alcoxide ratio and alcohol type have a marked effect on the photoactivity of the hydrothermal synthesized TiO2, whereas the alcohol/alcoxide ratio does not have a relevant effect on the Or-II degradation photoactivity.

Effect of Instant Controlled Pressure Drop on IgE Antibody Reactivity to Peanut, Lentil, Chickpea and Soybean Proteins

Background: The use of legume seeds is being expanded in the food industry due to their excellent nutritional and technological properties. However, legumes have been considered causative agents of allergic reactions through ingestion. Previous studies indicated that processing methods combining heat and steam pressure, such as instant controlled pressure drop (DIC®), could decrease allergenicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of DIC treatment on peanut, lentil, chickpea and soybean IgE antibody reactivity. Methods: Peanut, lentil, chickpea and soybeanseeds were subjected to DIC treatment at different pressure and time conditions (3 and 6 bar for 1 and 3 min). Control (raw) and DIC-treated extracts were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting using a serum pool from sensitized patients. Results: DIC treatment did not affect the total protein content of legume seeds. Nevertheless, modifications of protein profiles after DIC showed a general decrease in IgE binding to legume proteins that was correlated to a higher steam pressure and longer treatment. The immunoreactivity of soybean proteins was almost abolished with treatment at 6 bar for 3 min. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that DIC treatment produces a reduction in the overall in vitro IgE binding of peanut, lentil and chickpea and a drastic reduction in soybean immunoreactivity.

FTIR Spectroscopy for Gypsum after Treatment with Steam Pressure

The effect of 2 bar steam pressure was studied on the Mm and Ms mineral sources of calcium sulphate dihydrate CaSO4.2H2O with and without milling respectively, which is than compared with autoclave calcium sulphate hemihydrate M α ; α-hemihydrate, and CaSO4.2H2O annular; Ma by using FTIR spectroscopy technique at a wave number range 500-4000 Cm -1 . The transmittance ratio; {T*-ratio = [ (T660/T1620) x 100] } for Mα, Ma, and Mm, was 96.96 %, 95.26% and 72.47% respectively compared with 82.70% at Mm which is treated with 2 bar steam pressure; MP2. The transmittance ratio; [T*-ratio] decreased in Ms after the steam pressure (1-6 bar) treatment. The effect of time 0.5 to 2.5 h on passing under 6 bar steam pressure on Mm displays the wave numbers at the range 2000 - 2500 Cm -1 which nearly reaching the same to spectrum of Mα. FTIR– spectrum at the range 500-1500 Cm -1 for AL-ahliyah gypsum ( gypsum-Iraqi plaster ); Mh which is calcium sulphate dihydrate heated in open vessel and Mm on treatment by 6 bar steam pressure for 2.5 h; MP6 was studies the destruction of this spectrum range comparing with Mα. The disadvantage of steam pressure on gypsum was observed by stretching of OH-group at the rang 3000-4000 Cm -1 in Mm, where the increasing of steam pressure in MP2 and MP6 caused in disappearing the wave numbers of 3609 and 3553 Cm -1 compared with the wave numbers appearing in Mα and Mh. This study showed the steam pressure may be used as a good parameter to change Mm to M α which equivalent to the physical properties of dental material.

Effect of an Instantaneous Controlled Pressure Drop on in vitro Allergenicity to Lupins (Lupinus albus var Multolupa)

Background: Lupin seed flour has been reported as a causative agent of allergic reactions, especially in patients with allergy to peanut. Previous studies have demonstrated that autoclave treatment can considerably reduce the allergenicity of lupins. Aims: The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of instantaneous controlled pressure drop (détente instantanée contrôlée, DIC) treatment on lupin in vitro allergenicity. Methods: Lupin cotyledons were subjected to instantaneous controlled pressure drop at several pressure and time conditions (3, 4.5 and 6 bar for 1, 2 and 3 min, respectively). Immunoreactivity to raw and DIC-treated extracts was evaluated by Western blot using a serum pool from 19 sensitized patients. Results: Depending on the operating parameters used during DIC treatment, a reduction in protein solubility of lupin seed was observed. Moreover, drastic modifications in protein profiles were observed after DIC treatment by SDS-PAGE analysis. Western blot experiments showed that the decreases in IgE binding to lupin proteins were associated with the increases in steam pressure and time treatment, and binding was completely abolished by DIC at 6 bar for 3 min. Conclusions: The results suggest that DIC treatment could produce a reduction in lupin allergenicity.

Effect of acid hydrolysis steam pressure treatment on physico-chemical properties and bio-utilization of sugarcane bagasse

fibrous materials such as sugarcane bagasse contain more than 600 g/kg of its dry matter in the form of cellulose and hemicellulose but its degradability is very poor. One of the main reasons for this depression in degradability is the presence of lignin which protects carbohydrates from being attacked by rumen microbes. The main effect of steam treatment is to increase feed intake, overall digestibility and gain which is achieved because of the extensive destruction of cell wall and hemicellulose hydrolysis which increases soluble sugars and makes cell wall more degradable (Karkoodi et al, 2006). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of acid hydrolysis steam pressure treatment on physico-chemical and bio-utilization of sugarcane bagasse.

The effects of steam treated sugarcane pith as a feed ingredient on performance of lactating dairy goats

Sugarcane bagasse and pith, by-product which the residue after rind removal, are highly lignified by products of the sugar and paper industries, are the most abundant by-product in Iran. The use of by-product in animal nutrition is necessity since it may increase the availability of feed for animal and avoid accumulation that contributes to environmental problems. The main nutritional constraints for these crop residues as animal feeds are their slow rate of digestion and low nitrogen content (Liu et al., 2000). Steam-pressure treatment cleavage the bounds between lignin and the other component of the cell wall, in order to improve it’s degradability by enzymes of the rumen microbial ecosystem. The aim of this study were to evaluate the effect of increasing dietary steam treated pith content on feed intake, milk yield and composition of lactating dairy saanen goats.

The effect of mixed enzyme and chemical treatment of bagasse, untreated and steam pre-treated sugarcane pith on in vitro digestion of dry matter

Crop residues are a major source of low-quality biomass that can be fed to ruminants. Sugarcane bagasse and sugarcane pith, the residue after rind removal, are highly lignified by products of the sugar and paper industries, respectively (Muller, 1978). The low digestibility, high lignin and very low nitrogen content, are considered the main reasons for unsatisfactory performance of animals fed this roughage. Steam-pressure treatment cleavage the bounds between lignin and the other component of the cell wall, These are associated with the improved utilization of cell wall polysaccharides in the steam pre-treated materials by cell-free enzymes and enzymes of the rumen microbial ecosystem. The possibility of increasing nutritive value of fibrous feedstuffs by enzymes treatment has been studied in recent years. A number of studies in the 1960s involving cattle and sheep showed that enzymes substantially improved feed digestibility and animal performance, but results were often inconsistent The objectives of our study were to characterize the response of sugarcane bagasse, pith, untreated and steam treated, to sodium hydroxide and enzyme mixtures treatment.

Effect of steam pressure treatment on the physicochemical properties of Dioscorea starches.

Dioscorea alata and Dioscorea rotundata starches were subjected to steam pressure treatments (0.35, 0.7, and 1.05 kg cm(-)(2)) for different periods. The total amylose content in the treated starches was not significantly affected, but the soluble amylose content decreased 3-5-fold. Reducing values and lambda(max) of the iodine complexes were unaffected. Viscosity of the starch paste was reduced by the treatments, and at higher pressures and longer time of treatments, the peak viscosity values were reduced to very low values. Pasting temperatures were enhanced considerably. Swelling volumes underwent reduction, but no change in solubility occurred. Clarity and paste stability were markedly lowered. The results suggest that starch granules are compressed by the steam pressure treatment, leading to vast changes in physicochemical properties.

Modeling internal temperature changes of timber poles during ACA treatment

The temperature-time-location relationships during steam conditioning and pressure treatment of timber poles using ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA) have been studied and a new mathematical model that incorporates both the thermal properties of the poles and the parameters of the treatment process is discussed. Prediction equations and charts are presented that show the minimum required steaming time to satisfy the 1982 Rural Electrification Authority (REA) purchase specification, i.e. a center temperature above 150 °F (65.5 °C) for 2 hours. A six hour steaming time, commonly used for ACA treatment, has been found to be too short to bring poles with diameters larger than about 40 cm to the required sterilization conditions. Therefore longer steaming times, predicted using the methods given here, are recommended. The temperature of the preservative used does not appear to be a major factor in determining the maximum temperature achieved at the center of a pole, but it can influence the length of time the pole is above 65.5 °C.

The effects of steam-pressure treatment, pelleting and ammoniation on the feeding value of sugarcane bagasse for cattle

Digestibility, intake and performance trials were conducted with cattle to evaluate the effects of physical and chemical treatments on the nutritive value of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse. The four treatments in the digestibility trial were: 1, untreated raw bagasse; 2, steam-pressure treatment with a continuous flow digester (SP); 3, steam-pressure treatment plus pelleting (SPP); 4, steam-pressure treatment, 3% anhydrous ammonia and pelleting (SPA). Steam-pressure treatment and pelleting, both with and without ammoniation, increased voluntary feed consumption (P < 0.01) by 80% and 36%, respectively. Apparent digestion coefficients for organic matter, crude protein, cellulose, neutral and acid detergent fiber were not affected by steam-pressure treatment, but were reduced (P < 0.05) when this was followed by pelleting. Sixty Brahman crossbred steers (340 kg) were allotted to 12 groups of five animals (three pens per treatment) and fed one of the treatment diets for 100 d. The four treatments were: 1, cottonseed hulls; 2, pelleted raw bagasse; 3, SPP bagasse; 4, SPA bagasse. Average gains (kg d−1) and feed-to-gain ratios for the four diets were as follows: 1, 0.91 and 8.78; 2, 1.10 and 8.39; 3, 1.12 and 7.72; 4, 1.15 and 7.98. Treatment means did not differ (P > 0.05). SPP bagasse was compared with bermudagrass pellets and corn silage in growing diets for cattle. Ninety-six Brahman crossbred steers (167 kg) were allotted to 12 groups of eight animals (four pens per treatment) for 134 d. SPP bagasse pellets depressed gains and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). Gains (kg d−1) and feed-to-gain ratio for SPP bagasse pellets, bermudagrass pellets and corn silage diets were 0.42 and 12.90, 1.02 and 7.65, and 0.94 and 5.87, respectively. This investigation demonstrated that feeding pelleted bagasse at 15% of the diet did not reduce performance of finishing cattle fed a high-grain diet. However, when growing cattle were limit-fed a grain-based supplement with free access to bagasse pellets, bermudagrass pellets or corn silage (approximately 70% of the diet), gains and feed efficiency were significantly (P < 0.05) lower on the bagasse diet. Key words: Sugarcane bagasse, steam-pressure treatment, ammonia, digestibility, cattle performance

Synergistic effect of sodium hydroxide and steam pressure treatment on composition changes and fibre utilization of wheat straw

Significant solubilisation of cell walls and hemicellulose, which resulted in an increase ( P < 0·01) in the cell contents, was caused by the synergistic effect of NaOH and steam treatment (SPT) of wheat straw. The other parameters studied were almost unaffected by the treatment. The ash content was considerably ( P < 0·01) and progressively increased by NaOH additions. In vitro dry matter and structural polysaccharide digestibilities were linearly increased ( P < 0·01) with increasing levels of treatment. The increase in potentially digestible matter was higher for 2 h than 1 h SPT. However, the interactions between NaOH and SPT for chemical composition, as well as in vitro digestibility values, were significant ( P < 0·01). The cell contents were positively ( P < 0·01) correlated, whereas cell wall constituents and hemicellulose were negatively ( P < 0·01) correlated, with IVDMD.

Effect of sodium hydroxide and steam pressure treatment on the utilization of wheat straw by rumen microorganisms

Analyses of wheat straws indicated that CWC, ADF, hemicellulose, lignin and silica were solubilised ( P < 0·01) by NaOH treatment. However, cellulose showed resistance to solubilisation at lower levels of alkali but not at higher levels (above 7%, w/w). The ash content increased ( P < 0·01) with increasing concentrations of NaOH. The IVDMD and digestibilities of different structural polysaccharides were higher ( P < 0·01) in NaOH-treated straw than in native straw. The coefficient of correlation for cell contents with IVDMD was positive and highly significant ( P < 0·01), whereas CWC, ADF, hemicellulose, lignin, L/ADF and L/C were negatively ( P < 0·01) correlated with IVDMD and the r 2 values were 0·94, 0·94, 0·77, 0·96, 0·54, 0·81, 0·72 and 0·72, respectively. In another experiment the steam pressure treatment of wheat straw reduced ( P < 0·01) the CWC, hemicellulose, silica and ash contents while ADF, cellulose and lignin contents increased. The values for IVDMD and IVHCD of treated straw increased ( P < 0·01), whereas IVCWD, IVADFD and IVCD showed a declining trend ( P < 0·01) compared to untreated straw. The coefficient of correlation for cell contents with IVDMD was positive ( P < 0·01), whereas CWC and silica were found to be negatively ( P < 0·01) correlated with IVDMD.

Alternative processes for improving nutritive value of maize stover

Research aimed at improving the feeding value of maize stover for growing cattle is described. For various reasons, ensiling is considered preferable to dry harvesting. Sodium hydroxide treatments are discussed, and the rather disappointing in vivo results noted. Two wet processing systems are compared: ammoniation, and steam pressure treatment. An alternative is the grinding of dry harvested stover. Increased energy and fertiliser costs will make such treatments to utilise crop residues as feeds more economical.