Steam Power Plant Research Articles

Carbon Pricing Policy to Support Net Zero Emission: A Comparative Study of Indonesia, Finland and Sweden

The Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Indonesia in the Paris Agreement targeted emission reductions of 29% on its own and 41% with international cooperation in 2030, followed by Net Zero Emissions (NZE) in 2060. To achieve NZE, Indonesia enacted a carbon tax policy on April 1, 2022. The 2022–2024 carbon tax is limited to Steam Power Plants and will be imposed on other sectors by 2030. This research examines the ratio legis of carbon cost policies in Indonesia and compares the core of carbon tax policies in Indonesia with Sweden and Finland. Indonesia is starting to implement a Carbon Pricing policy under the ‘Cap-and-Tax’ scheme. The Cap scheme will be a means to force changes in the business culture in Indonesia, so the companies will pay attention to and reduce the carbon emission produced to avoid paying penalties for carbon exceeding the limits. Meanwhile, the Carbon Tax will provide economic resources to Indonesia to develop environmentally friendly technologies, fund research on renewable energy, and provide incentives for environmentally friendly businesses during the transition process to a carbon culture in Indonesia. Referring to the results of the comparison of carbon pricing policies in Finland and Sweden, Indonesia can gradually increase the cost of carbon taxes starting from Rp30,000/US$2 per ton CO2 equivalent to US$10 per ton CO2 equivalent. Meanwhile, for the imposition of high carbon tax rates, such as in Finland (US$73.02 per ton CO2 equivalent) and Sweden (US$137 per ton CO2 equivalent), Indonesia must carry out tax reforms, so the applied carbon tax is able to reduce carbon emissions without causing adverse impacts for the Indonesian economy.

Design and Construction of Steam Power Plant Prototype (Performance Analysis of Boiler System and Compress Cylinder)

Design and Construction of Steam Power Plant Prototype (Performance Analysis of Boiler System and Compress Cylinder)

A Theoretical Calculation of Electrical Energy Production from the Incineration of Baghdad Municipal Solid Wastes

A theoretical investigation study was carried out to determine the requirements of establishing a steam power plant by incinerating municipal solid wastes generated from the city of Baghdad. Survey data the generated quantities of municipal solid wastes from both Al-Karth and Al-Rusafa sectors of the city were utilized to predict the theoretical possible energy production that can be obtained from the incineration of this waste under controlled parameters. Results reviled that the high heating value of Baghdad’s municipal solid wastes is of about (12.789 MJ/kg) and the possible electrical energy production in the steam power plants in Al-Karth and Al-Rusafa are (119.287 MW, 203.917 MW) respectively using a steam turbine of efficiency (25%). Resulted emissions of CO2 gases are estimated to be 4209.995 ton/day. So the emission of CO2 is the main problem of this method because of its effect on global warming but it is less effect on environment from Methane, Sulphur Oxides and Nitrogen Oxides. The quantity of plastic wastes in Municipal Solid Wastes is important in increasing their average high heating value.

Power plant systems performance assessment with applications of combined pinch and exergy analysis

Steam power plants forms an effective share of global electricity production. Thus, improving such plants performance is crucial to minimize its environmental effects and to enhance operational economy. Al-Mosyab thermal power station in Iraq is considered as a case study of this paper, with an objective of achieving best system performance. A combined pinch & exergy analysis (CPEA) is conducted under actual operating conditions. Further analytical attempt is varying pressure (165, 175, 185) bar, and temperature (450, 550, 620) °C at selected cycle location. Examining thereby the impact of each variable on the system power output, exergy destruction and 2nd low efficiency. The Engineering Equation Solving program (EES) is used for the simulation of each system components under these various operating conditions. The yielded results showed that the maximum mechanical & thermal output are (36.75 & 94.88) % of fuel energy respectively, while, turbine, boiler and condenser irreversibility and 2nd law efficiency are (157.76, 1086.18, 303.19) kJ/kg) and (88.36, 68.97, 28.68) % respectively. The analytical part of the analysis however showed that the high-pressure turbine network output increases by about (1%) with pressure variation, while such increase rise up to (70%) with temperature variation. Final concluded results predicted that best performance could be obtained at maximum pressure and temperature of (175) bar and (620) °C respectively.

STUDI PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH BAMBU DAN TEMPURUNG KELAPA DALAM PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET MENJADI SUMBER ENERGI ALTERNATIF

The use of fossil fuels has resulted in the emission of greenhouse gases which can trigger global warming. In addition, fossil energy reserves that continue to decrease also raise concerns regarding aspects of their reselience and sustainability. Therefore, new and renewble energy must be developed immediately. The use of biomass as an alternative fuel for Steam Power Plant (PLTU) is in line with Indonesia’s efforts towards net zero emission in the future. In addition to increasing the contribution of renewable energy to the national energy mix, cofiring will also have a positive impact on the development of the circular economy as it can open up employment and business opportunities in the biomass sector, especially those based on garbage and waste. This research aims to determine the value of moisture content, heating value, combustion rate, and electrical energy produced from bamboo twigs and coconut shell waste with different composition variation. The method used in this research is an experimental method in which a bomb calorimeter is used to determine the heating, and a biomass stove is used to determine the combustion rate. The research finding reveals that the best samples for utilizing bamboo and coconut shell waste in the production of bio-briquettes as an alternative energy source are the variety of 200 grams of shell charcoal and 10 grams sago adhesive (sample 9). It is the best sample due to it has moisture content value of 6.38%, heating value of 5663.9 cal/gram, combustion rate is 0.227 gram/minute, and the electrical energy generated by converting the heating value to kWh is 6.5857 kWh/gram. In reference to SNI 01-6235-2000, the moisture content should not be more than 8%, and the minimum heating value is 5000 cal/g.

Analysis of System Operation Optimization In Steam Power Plants with the Lagrange Method

Steam Power Plant (PLTU) is a plant that relies on kinetic energy from hot steam to produce electrical energy. At the Paiton Power Plant, thermal energy is generated from burning a certain amount of coal. The use of coal-fired power plants still dominates most of the world's electricity supply. The optimal operation of electric power systems has grown in importance in recent years due to ever-increasing fuel costs. An electric power system basically consists of power generation units that aim to serve the needs of the load. Total production costs can be minimized by a combination of power loading on existing generating units so that an optimal load or more is obtained. This optimization process is called Economic Dispatch. Economic Dispatch has conducted a lot of research using various optimization methods. In this study, the optimization method to be used is the Lagrange method. Firefly algorithm and genetic algorithm methods are also used as performance comparisons. The results of this study show that the lagrange method can optimize generation costs with a difference of 243,227,475 $ / hour or 7,043% of the actual cost. While the firefly algorithm gets a difference of 243,227,471 $ / hour or 7.043% of the actual cost. And the genetic algorithm gets a cost difference of 242,119,792 $ / hour or 7,011% of the actual cost.

Silica Filter Membrane by Utilizing Palm Oil Empty Bunches Waste

Keramasan Gas and Steam Power Plant uses river water as raw material after going through treatment in the WTP system. To overcome the problem of high silica value in demin water, a ceramic filter membrane device was developed from empty palm oil bunch waste that reduced silica content to standards. This research aims to improve water treatment efficiency to meet the established water quality standards. Keramasan Gas and Steam Power Plant uses river water sources as raw materials, which are processed through the WTP (Water Treatment Plant) system to produce demineralized water as the main supply in the HRSG water filler system. However, the water treatment process has not been optimal because the silica content in demin water is still high (>20 PPB), violating the established quality standards (<20 PPB). Therefore, this study proposes an innovation in the form of a ceramic filter membrane from empty palm oil bunch waste to reduce silica content. Tests show a decrease in silica values to standard. These innovations have had a positive impact, including chemical savings, water treatment optimisation, and wastewater reduction. In addition, the use of empty palm oil waste also contributes to efforts to reduce environmental pollution.

Mapping the Country’s Dependence on Indonesia’s Coal Import Market

Indonesia is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of coal. Its strategic geographical location facilitates coal export activities to consumer countries. In addition, the quality of Indonesian coal is also very suitable for steam power plants, especially sold at competitive prices on the international market. This research highlights how the world's largest coal-importing countries depend on the Indonesian coal import market. This means that Indonesian coal significantly influences the world's energy contribution. Based on this fact, the author states that the coal that Indonesia exports to importing countries dramatically affects the economic conditions of these countries. Driven by population increases, economic expansion, improved quality of life, and energy use, coal is an important energy source. Therefore, many countries import coal to meet domestic energy needs and reserve coal supplies long-term. To find out this, the author uses a qualitative research method, descriptive analysis with a dependency theory approach, that is analyzed in a world macro context using a world system perspective. In addition, the author also uses mean calculations to find the average result of the amount of coal imports for each country.

Development of a method for computer processing of fractographic images to assess the cohesion of inclusions to the matrix in the weld metal after its operational degradation and hydrogenation

In this paper, the method for automated processing of digital fractographic SEM images based on the modified local Otsu approach was developed. The effectiveness of the developed method was demonstrated. The method is used to identify inclusions or their traces at the bottom of dimples in weld metal fractures with subsequent assessment of their quantity. It is assumed that a decrease in the cohesion of inclusions to the matrix is one of the signs of damage to the weld metal at the microstructural level. Consequently, the more inclusions were found at the bottom of ductile fracture dimples, the stronger their connection with the matrix and, accordingly, the less damage in the weld metal. The effect of operational degradation of the weld metal on a circumferential weld on thick pipes of thermal power plant steam pipelines is analyzed. For this purpose, the features of cohesion of inclusions with the matrix in the weld metal in the initial state and after operation on the main steam pipeline for 23 years were compared. The influence of hydrogen (absorbed by the weld metal during long-term operation, as well as during its additional electrolytic charging) on the cohesion of inclusions in its structure with the surrounding matrix is also considered. A decrease in cohesion between these two components of the weld metal structure under the influence of all analized factors is shown. Thus, a method for quantitative assessment of fractographic features caused by the decohesion of inclusions from the matrix developed on the basis of analysis and computer processing of scanning electron microscope images, can be used to assess the operational damage of the weld metal at the microscopic level.

Strategic Maintenance Boosts Global Power Plant Efficiency and Safety

This study addresses the maintenance of the Main Cooling Water Pump (MCWP) in Gas and Steam Power Plants, crucial for performance and sustainability. Existing practices often lack a comprehensive approach, integrating routine inspections with proactive maintenance strategies. We aimed to develop a maintenance framework that improves operational efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability. Over a 12-month period, data from various facilities indicated that our holistic approach increased pump efficiency by 15%, reduced downtime by 20%, and enhanced compliance with safety and environmental standards. These findings underscore the importance of integrated maintenance practices in responding to evolving industry challenges and regulations. Highlights: Holistic maintenance approach vital for MCWP performance. Safety compliance crucial for personnel and asset protection. Maintenance enhances efficiency and sustainability efforts. Keywords: Maintenance, Main Cooling Water Pump, Energy Efficiency

AspenPlus-based techno-economic analysis of solar-assisted sorption-enhanced gasification for hydrogen and chemicals recovery from polyethylene terephthalate waste

Although the recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles is well-operating in several countries, less than 10% of PET plastic waste was recycled in a closed loop globally, and the rest was discarded as leakage. A process to recover hydrogen and valuable chemicals through solar-assisted PET sorption-enhanced gasification was analyzed. PET steam gasification with CaO and solar-assisted calcium looping processes were already experimentally studied in our previous work to obtain optimized processing conditions. In this paper, the integrated process with product purification, steam power plant, and LiBr-H2O absorption chiller was simulated with Aspen Plus based on previous experimental results to investigate the techno-economic performance. Material flows, energy balance, exergy destruction, and economics were analyzed. Day and night mode operations at different seasons were evaluated based on energy balance and the weather conditions of Naples, Italy. The energy and exergy efficiencies of day and night modes varied between 62%–72%. The annual production yields of hydrogen and benzene were 684 t and 6286 t, respectively. Due to the high production of benzene, its higher price (>1092 €/t) would make the project feasible with a larger than 12% internal rate of return value and competitive break-even hydrogen price (less than 4 €/kg). The results show that this integrated process could be technically and economically feasible. It has the potential to be implemented for hydrogen and benzene recovery from PET plastic waste with sustainable solar heat source and zero fossil CO2 emissions.

Penilaian Kerentanan Pesisir Berdasarkan Parameter Fisik di Pantai Utara Kabupaten Bekasi

Northern part of Bekasi Regency (Pantura Bekasi) has diverse land: a port area, fisheries, marine tourism, agriculture, residential, industrial and government. Various types of development are occured to support the community welfare. Developments occur without considering sustainability will result in a decline of environmental conditions, and each region will have its own ability to anticipate the impacts of changes that occurs. This research studied coastal vulnerability in the Pantura Bekasi and the relationship between their coastal physical parameters and the vulnerability. Field observations were also conducted as field validation and perceive current conditions. The results show that vulnerability is very high in Fishery port (PPI) Muara Jaya port zone (Mekar Coast), and low vulnerability occurred in Taruma Jaya port zone (Taruma Jaya Coast). Two paramaters are different in these two locations, they are coastline change and geomorphological. The coastline change at Mekar Coast is abrasion, and Taruma Jaya Coast is accretion. The geomorphological at Mekar Coast are a muddy beach and delta, while Taruma Jaya Coast is a swampy beach. Field conditions show that Mekar Coast has low mangrove density, while Taruma Jaya Coast has high mangrove density. These results hopefully can be used as policy consideration for the local government in optimizing coastal management planning, where the spatial plan for Pantai Mekar Beach is designated as a conservation area and demersal fisheries, while on Pantai Taruma Jaya as a public use area such as for Gas and Steam Power Plant (PLTGU) Muara Tawar, PPI Paljaya and port zone.

Effect of Training, Job Stress, and Motivation on Work Productivity with Unsafe Actions as An Intervening Variable

This research aims to test the direct and indirect influence between training, work stress, and motivation on work productivity with unsafe actions as an intervening variable. The study was conducted on employees of a Steam Power Plant contractor in Cirebon Regency. Sampling was carried out using a proportional start-up random sampling technique, with a total sample size of 152 samples, who were active employees at PT Cipta Anugrah Sejahtera and PT Star Plus. The research instrument used was a questionnaire with a Likert scale. The analysis technique used is path analysis using the SPSS version 27 application. The results of this study show that 1) Job stress, motivation and productivity variables are in the good category, while training and unsafe actions very good category. 2) Training has a negative and significant effect on unsafe actions. 3) Work stress has a positive and significant effect on unsafe actions. 4) Motivation has a negative and insignificant effect on unsafe actions. 4) Training, work stress and motivation simultaneously have a significant effect on unsafe acts. 5) Training, work stress, motivation and unsafe actions simultaneously has a significant effect on work productivity.

The control of superheater steam temperature in power plants using model predictive controller

The temperature of the steam produced by the superheater has been regarded as one of the most crucial parameters for steam power plant regulation. It must be precisely regulated within a restricted temperature range; overheating would result in the degradation of the substance. The recommended hybrid technique employed the Model Predictive Controller and Improved Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm to regulate temperature levels and guarantee stability. Using the proposed method, model-based predictive control aims to enhance control quality and identify the optimal value. By employing this approach, the superheater can attain the optimal configurations for the steam temperature plant, thereby simultaneously enhancing the stability of the plant. The principal aim of this manuscript is to attain a reduction in the Integral Absolute Error to 40.6%. The simulation was conducted using the MATLAB/Simulink platform, and the outcomes demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits superior performance compared to those that have been documented in the literature.

Production of power and fresh water using renewable energy with thermal energy storage based on fire hawk optimization

This manuscript proposes an optimization method for power production and fresh-water using renewable sources with thermal energy storage (TES). The proposed method is the fire hawk optimization (FHO) method. The objective of the proposed method is to find better thermal efficiency. The waste heat in the steam power plant is converted to fresh water using the multi-effect desalination method. The cost of freshwater strongly depends on solar-electricity cost and displays a significant variation because of the variable solar availability state. The integrated structure using thermodynamics is examined by Exergy analysis. Heat exchangers and collectors are related to the energy efficiency of the total integrated structure and the equipment’s highest share of energy destruction. The FHO method is implemented in MATLAB and its execution is calculated with existing approaches. The thermal efficiency in solar collectors is 80% and it is better than existing methods.

Environmental Quality Analysis of Settlement Around the Electric Steam Power Plant (PLTU) Palabuhanratu, Sukabumi, West Java

According to the Central Statistics Agency, Indonesia's population growth rate will reach 1.17% in 2022 and will continue to increase exponentially annually. Moreover, the increasing number of population growth leads to several issues, including environmental quality of settlement. This study examined the quality of the environmental settlement around the Electric Steam Power Plant (PLTU) Palabuhanratu. The data used in this study is a combination of open-source data and field survey data. The method used is an interpretation technique (satellite imagery) assisted by geographic information system (GIS) technology with six-parameters, there are settlement density, settlement layout, settlement location, road conditions, building conditions and availability of health facilities. The results of this study are information including settlement quality and recommendations related to the quality of the environmental settlement around the PLTU Palabuhanratu which can be used as input in spatial planning in the Palabuhanratu area for sustainable regional development. Overall, this research shows that the environmental quality of settlements around PLTU Palabuhanratu is dominated by good category. However, it is possible that the quality of settlements will deteriorate in the future because the percentage of population density which almost close to 40%.

Decision Analysis to Find Best Solution of Operation and Maintenance Management System in Central Processing Plant (CPP) Gundih Using The SMART Method at PT. Pertamina EP

Central Processing Plant (CPP) Gundih is a gas field owned by PT. Pertamina EP Cepu Field area which is located in Blora Regency, Central Java. The gas produced by the CPP Gundih is channelled to the Tambak Lorok Gas and Steam Power Plant (PLTGU) with a capacity of 1,469MW in the Semarang City area, Central Java. Therefore, the CPP Gundih is a vital national object that supports national energy security, especially for the Central Java area. CPP Gundih first operated in 2013 with the operation and maintenance management system being fully handled by a third party with a contract term of one decade. In the coming year, the contract system will approach the end of the collaboration so that PT. Pertamina EP needs more efficient management schemes and strategies and more agile business processes. In the past decade, there have been several evaluations that have become a concern for companies in implementing contract systems with third parties. These obstacles mean that several aspects are not managed well and result in problems that reduce the level of customer satisfaction, decrease profits, and increase operational and maintenance costs. So that PT. Pertamina EP is considering several options for better management of the CPP Gundih in the future, namely the option of detailing third party contracts in the future, the option of transferring management by PT. Pertamina EP partially, full management transfer option by PT. Pertamina EP without any third-party involvement. From several proposed options, the author will use the Simple Multi Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) method to select the best option by considering aspects of Cost, Durability and Plant Availability, Manpower Competency Management, Remuneration, Communication Flow, and Integrated Work Procedure. The research results obtained from this method will become a reference for the PT management team. Pertamina EP for decision making related to the operation and maintenance implementation system at the Central Processing Plant (CPP) Gundih gas field.

Analisis Dampak Lingkungan dan Keekonomian Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Co-firing Biomassa dan Baru bara sebagai Upaya Bauran Energi Terbarukan

Analisis Dampak Lingkungan dan Keekonomian Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Co-firing Biomassa dan Baru bara sebagai Upaya Bauran Energi Terbarukan

Pemanfaatan Kombinasi Limbah Fly Ash dan Bottom Ash Dalam Campuran Mortar Untuk Paving Block

Various alternative solutions to reduce waste continue to be sought and developed. This includes fly ash and bottom ash which are waste products from burning coal, one of which is produced by Steam Power Plants (PLTU). So the increasing need for electricity will also be followed by an increase in the amount of waste. This type of waste is utilized in various fields of science, such as agriculture, industry and quite a lot in the construction sector. As a field that continues to develop along with people's need to live and move, utilization in the construction sector has great potential as a solution to reduce this waste. The use of fly ash and bottom ash in construction material mixtures as a quality enhancer or simply to reduce the use of natural materials continues to be carried out. This research will focus on the utilization of waste at a large percentage on a construction product scale. Substitution in the composition of the mortar mixture which is the initial product shows the effect of improving quality at a relatively low percentage in the variations used in this research. However, the full substitution of this waste as a substitute for natural materials, namely fine aggregate, is still in a fairly good range, especially in the composition of mortar mixtures with relatively low quality targets or in composition ratios with more aggregate material than cement or binder.

Exploring Thermal Barrier and Sedimentation Simulation for Enhanced Performance in Grati Combined Cycle Power Plant

PLTGU is a power generation facility that concurrently utilizes both steam and gas power plant technologies. It necessitates a cooling system to operate efficiently throughout its entire lifespan. If PLTGU Grati plans to increase its power capacity, there is a concern that the water discharged from the Water Outlet channel might not cool down sufficiently before re-entering the Water Intake channel. Additionally, sedimentation in the sea water uptake is causing siltation. Hence, this study focuses on the jetty extension project to address sedimentation and hot water spreading issues in PLTGU Grati. The numerical modeling analysis, conducted using the Delft3D software, indicates that in the case of power addition, Alternative Model 1 can reduce the highest temperature compared to the existing condition by 0.655°C. Similarly, Alternative Model 2 reduces the highest temperature by 0.090°C. Moreover, with power addition, sedimentation rate in Area 1 increases by 261.43 m3/month in Alternative Model 1, while in Alternative Model 2, it decreases by 969.47 m3/month compared to the existing condition. Considering the ability of Alternative Model 2 to effectively reduce the temperature in the inlet canals by 0.090°C, it provides the best solution to contain the spread of hot water in the PLTGU Grati area. Currently, PLTGU Grati employs a Cutter Suction Dredger (CSD) to periodically dredge the water inlet channel. Therefore, Alternative Model 2 is recommended as the optimal choice among the alternatives. Henceforth, detailed studies related to current patterns and sedimentation rates are presented comprehensively in this paper.