Steam Pipelines Research Articles

Оценка эффективности технологических решений по обеспечению проветривания нефтяных шахт

Results of thermal calculation and air distribution among mining workings of an oil mine for the ventilation of an inclined block (mining area) in accordance with a new proposed method have been provided. The method implies that the open space of the drilling gallery of the inclined block upon well drilling and steam pipeline connection is divided by a longitudinal airtight heat-insulating partition. Thus, the fresh air supplied to the incline is divided into two flows: one flow moves between the heated wall and the heat-insulating partition and then is withdrawn through the ventilation well to the surface; the second flow under the general mine depression is supplied to the working area of drilling gallery. The calculations performed by the Aeroset software package for the entire mine (for three inclined blocks) have shown that for the suction ventilation method, there is a probability of a change of airflow movement in the vertical ventilation well. When the air-conditioning system is operated and the air cooled in the system evaporator is supplied to the working area, whereas the air heated in the system condenser is supplied to the area between the heat-insulating partition and the heated oil reservoir, the comfortable thermal regime will be maintained in the mining workings. At the same time, the air in all mining workings will move in the required direction. Another considered option that ensures comfortable working conditions in the working area is the change of oil mine ventilation method from suction to supply. For both cases, the efficiency of the proposed ventilation method for the inclined block and the oil mine as a whole has been established, and its advantages have been compared with the currently used solutions.

Analysis and Repair of Cracks in Welding Tee of Main Steam Pipelines in Thermal Power Units

Abstract During the maintenance process of a certain thermal power unit, multiple intermittent cracks were found in the Y-type welding tee weld of the main steam pipeline. This paper expounds the detection situation and treatment process of the welding tee weld, and analyzes the material, operating condition, structural characteristics and stress state of the test parts. The results show that the cracks are reheat crack, which is greatly related to the material. In addition, the structure of the welding tee is not reasonable, which increases the stress of the weld and accelerates the generation and expansion of the cracks. In this paper, the optimization suggestions are put forward for the welding repair and heat treatment process of the main steam pipeline, and the defects are successfully treated, which provides a reference for the detection and repair of the weld defects of similar and thick-wall pipe fittings.

Isolation and characterization of a novel bacterium that promotes the degradation of poly(glycolic acid) by its extracellular esterase under thermophilic conditions

Poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) is widely utilized in the shale oil and gas industry owing to its biodegradable nature, as well as superior mechanical and barrier properties. However, PGA degradability is limited by environmental conditions such as temperature and pH, and using acids to optimize the degradation can have adverse environmental impact. Thus, it is essential to identify methods that can effectively promote the degradation of PGA under mild conditions, such as microbial degradation. In the present study, strain DB14, a bacterium that promotes PGA degradation, was isolated from drain water of a steam pipeline. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of the bacterium revealed that it is mostly closely related to Geobacillus icigianus; however, it also differed from Geobacillus icigianus in several physiological properties. To investigate PGA degradation by strain DB14, a PGA film and disc were incubated with the strain. The residual weight of the PGA film (thickness: 170 μm) significantly reduced after incubation, whereas the decrease in the thickness of the PGA disc (thickness: 3 mm) was relatively small. The penetration of water, the bacterium, and the extracellular enzymes into the interior from the reaction-erosion front of the PGA disc may be inhibited by the high barrier performance of PGA. Strain DB14 was also found to change the pH of the surrounding environment to approximately 8–9. To investigate the effect of pH on PGA degradability, degradation tests with crude extracellular enzymes derived from strain DB14 were conducted in various buffers. The results showed that the degradation activity was highest at pH 8, which implied that DB14 efficiently maximized the hydrolytic capacity of its enzyme for degrading PGA. Thus, this study provides a basis for developing environmentally friendly technologies that can promote the degradation of PGA molding articles, especially those used in wellbores for oil and gas recovery.

Failure Analysis of Bypass Rupture of Flowmeter in Steam Pipeline

Abstract A petrochemical company’s pipeline ruptured in the flowmeter bypass of the main steam pipeline during a steam blowdown before commissioning, resulting in material failure and inoperability. The cause of the pipe rupture needed to be detected experimentally. To study the failure in the steam pipeline of a flowmeter of bypass rupture, visual inspection, mechanical properties testing, chemical composition analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Mechanical property. The experiments confirmed the reason for the bypass rupture of the 15CrMoG steam pipeline: improper heat treatment transforms the material’s structure, and the pearlite spheroidization (PC) leads to the deterioration of the material’s mechanical properties. The main manifestations are as follows: the grains in the superheated zone of the welding exhibit a coarse morphology, and a distinctive superheated Widmanstatten structure is formed due to rapid cooling, resulting in a significant reduction in material plasticity and impact toughness. High-temperature oxidation occurs, accompanied by localized enrichment of Cr-element in certain areas, while other regions experience Cr depletion, resulting in the deterioration of material properties.

DETERMINATION OF CHANGES IN MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METAL OF FEEDWATER PIPELINES BENDS AND “HOT” STEAM OF THE SECOND POWER UNIT OF PIVDENNOUKRAINSK NPP FOR THE SECOND 100,000 h OF OPERATION

An analysis of the results of periodic testing of hardness of metal of pipelines bends of power unit No. 2 of Pivdennoukrainsk Nuclear Power Plant (PNPP) after ~100,000 and ~200,000 h of operation was carried out. It is shown that during the operation of feedwater and “hot” steam pipelines during the second 100,000 h of operation, the aging of the metal is observed, which is manifested in a partial, at least in their surface layers, uneven decrease in the strength of the metal. An increased rate of aging of the metal of pipeline bends is observed in areas where the metal was subjected to the greatest plastic deformation during the pipe manufacturing process (compressed and stretched sides of the bends). The critical parameter among the normalized mechanical properties of bending metal is the tensile strength, which is the first to reach a critical level when extrapolating the obtained data. While maintaining the rate of change in the mechanical properties of the metal at the level of the second 100,000 h of operation for post-project operation, the projected residual resource of metal bends of feedwater pipelines and "hot" steam is ~590,000 and ~380,000 h, respectively.

Structural-phase characteristics of damage to welded joints of tpp steam pipelines from heat-resistant steels (Review)

Structural-phase characteristics of damage to welded joints of tpp steam pipelines from heat-resistant steels (Review)

Industrial Park low-carbon energy system planning framework: Heat pump based energy conjugation between industry and buildings

The accelerating urbanization, rapid industrial development, and excessive consumption of fossil fuels pose survival challenges such as energy depletion and environmental degradation for humanity. In the context of industrial park development, constructing a low-carbon energy system, increasing the proportion of renewable energy, enhancing energy-level matching, and utilizing heat pumps for deep waste heat recovery are effective approaches to reduce fossil energy consumption and alleviate environmental pressures. Addressing issues such as diverse thermal flows in industrial sites, complex electricity-heat-cooling energy demands, and unclear industrial-building energy coupling mechanisms, this paper proposes a two-stage planning framework, comprising the following five steps: (1) constructing a waste heat utilization system centered around heat pumps, (2) establishing a mechanism for matching heat sources, equipment, and thermal sinks, (3) establishing an energy conversion model and energy quality quantification system, (4) optimizing waste heat utilization path allocation, and (5) conducting a system energy flow analysis. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed system achieves optimized matching of multiple heat sources and sinks in industrial and building scenarios through thermal integration, meeting diverse energy demands in the park, including electricity, cooling, and multi-grade heat. After coupling with traditional steam pipeline networks, the annual total cost and annual steam power consumption decrease by 33% and 39% respectively, with a waste heat contribution rate of up to 26% and a renewable energy penetration rate of up to 25%, and a waste heat recovery system payback period of 6 years. By establishing an energy quality quantification system and conducting multi-objective optimization considering losses and economic costs, this paper provides Pareto frontier solutions, offering references for engineering proposals. The proposed networked waste heat recovery system is characterized by low energy consumption and high economic efficiency, effectively integrating the energy characteristics of industrial parks and demonstrating engineering applicability.

Diagnosis of early creep degradation in 12Cr1MoVG steel based on a hybrid magnetic NDE approach

Accurate identification of microstructural degradation that occurs prior to crack coalescence and growth is crucial for continuous online monitoring of creep damage in main stream pipelines. The magnetic non-destructive testing technique is well-established for quantitative property measurement of creep degradation in steels. During the interrupted creep of 12Cr1MoVG steel at 580 ℃ and 110 MPa, the magnetic properties of crept specimens were evaluated using a combination of magnetic hysteresis loop and Barkhausen noise techniques, the microstructural evolution was also examined by means of scanning electron microscopy combined with EBSD method. The microscopic coercive force and Barkhausen noise characteristic values were chosen as the main parameters of diagnosis, as the most sensitive to the microstructural evolution such as dislocations, precipitates and voids, reflects the changes in material condition indicative of early degradation. Besides, these magnetic signatures even can identify the locations that potentially susceptible to future creep damage in the material, which were validated by microhardness measurement, grain misorientation and dislocation density distributions. It suggested that this work could be used as the technical basis for proactive management of material early degradation in the steam pipelines.

Development of a method for computer processing of fractographic images to assess the cohesion of inclusions to the matrix in the weld metal after its operational degradation and hydrogenation

In this paper, the method for automated processing of digital fractographic SEM images based on the modified local Otsu approach was developed. The effectiveness of the developed method was demonstrated. The method is used to identify inclusions or their traces at the bottom of dimples in weld metal fractures with subsequent assessment of their quantity. It is assumed that a decrease in the cohesion of inclusions to the matrix is one of the signs of damage to the weld metal at the microstructural level. Consequently, the more inclusions were found at the bottom of ductile fracture dimples, the stronger their connection with the matrix and, accordingly, the less damage in the weld metal. The effect of operational degradation of the weld metal on a circumferential weld on thick pipes of thermal power plant steam pipelines is analyzed. For this purpose, the features of cohesion of inclusions with the matrix in the weld metal in the initial state and after operation on the main steam pipeline for 23 years were compared. The influence of hydrogen (absorbed by the weld metal during long-term operation, as well as during its additional electrolytic charging) on the cohesion of inclusions in its structure with the surrounding matrix is also considered. A decrease in cohesion between these two components of the weld metal structure under the influence of all analized factors is shown. Thus, a method for quantitative assessment of fractographic features caused by the decohesion of inclusions from the matrix developed on the basis of analysis and computer processing of scanning electron microscope images, can be used to assess the operational damage of the weld metal at the microscopic level.

Modern approaches to determining the standardised parameters of vibration state of NPP steam pipelines

During the operation of NPP steam pipelines the main damaging factors are not only corrosion and erosion leading to thinning of the pipe wall but also fatigue damage resulting not only from temperature self-compensation efforts, but also high vibration load. As practice shows, the most promising direction of ensuring the vibration resistance of steam pipelines at present is the computational and experimental study of the stress-strain state of pipelines under vibration loading. This work shows that the strength of the most commonly used standard sizes of steel pipelines under the influence of vibration loads is determined in accordance with Russian State Standard R 59115.9-2021. Taking into account the stress concentration, the amplitudes of the conditional elastic reduced stresses were determined for the 4 variants of the calculation schemes accepted for consideration. The permissible amplitude of stresses from an operating condition of 60 years is determined. It is shown that the permissible voltage amplitude for the design temperature t = 350°C will be no more than 46.4 Mpa for a pipe made of 12X18H10T. As for NPP pipelines, the normalized vibration parameters in the regulatory documentation were not established until 2022, when the following vibration velocity limits were adopted for pipelines of nuclear power plants in Russian State Standard R 59115.11-2021, vibration resistance testing is not required: nmax up to 15 mm/s, nmsv up to 7 mm/s. Thus, currently in the Russian regulatory documentation there are no normalized values of vibration parameters (as a rule, vibration velocity) for pipelines selected depending on the frequency of vibration exposure. It is proposed to develop and introduce into the regulatory documentation frequency-dependent criteria for limiting vibration parameters of NPP pipelines, specified in accordance with the actual operating conditions of these pipelines.

Analysis of Wet Pack Incidence in Steam Sterilization: A Study in a Chinese Medical Center.

BACKGROUND Central sterile supply departments (CSSDs) play a vital role in hospital infection control. We investigate the factors associated with wet pack occurrence after steam sterilization. MATERIAL AND METHODS We designed a log sheet to record information concerning sterilized packs. The data included the type of sterilized pack; outside weather (sunny, overcast, or rainy); the item in the sterilized pack; packaging material; whether the item had been packaged in compliance with guidelines; whether the pack had been laid flat, upright, or leaning at an acute angle; which sterilizer was used for sterilization of the pack; whether the pack had been placed on the top or bottom shelf inside the sterilizer chamber; whether the pack had been loaded in compliance with guidelines; the drying time following sterilization; and cooling time after sterilization. The sterilized packs in our study were selected from all of the packs that were sterilized in the CSSD of the authors' institution during June to December 2021. RESULTS Factors associated with wet pack occurrence after steam sterilization include: outside weather on the day of sterilization; the item in the sterilized pack; packaging material; whether the item had been packaged in compliance with guidelines; whether the pack had been placed on the top or bottom shelf; and cooling time after sterilization. Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in wet pack incidence were identified for all of these factors. CONCLUSIONS Various factors are associated with wet pack occurrence after steam sterilization. Recommendations for reducing the risk of wet packs include regular maintenance of the steam pipeline, regular replacement of thermal insulation materials for the steam pipeline, and extension of the drying time.

Insulation of feed water tank in arrangement of transportable boiler plant with direct-flow steam boiler

A transportable boiler plant is used to provide consumers with steam of high energy characteristics, while saving costs for the construction of stationary boiler houses. A transportable boiler plant can be placed in the conditions of the Far North on an oilfield site. It is therefore necessary to organize reliable and safe operation of the boiler house, consisting of a steam direct-flow boiler of the coil type, a feed pump, a feed water tank and other auxiliary elements of the thermal circuit. One of the important elements in the thermal circuit is the feed water tank, in which water accumulates after chemical purification. It is where the water is also heated, increasing the efficiency of the boiler. Methods for calculating the diameters of main steam pipelines and feed water pipelines are described. The theoretical foundations of the operation of the feed water tank, its use in thermal power plants, combined heat and power plants, district industrial and heating boilers using various thermal arrangements of the above-mentioned enterprises are considered. The operation of the feed water tank in the thermal circuit of a steam unit is discussed. A thermal circuit of an industrial boiler house has been designed to generate saturated steam for consumers using direct-flow steam boilers of the coil type. The diameters of the inlet and outlet pipelines of the storage tank are calculated. The effective thickness of thermal insulation required to minimize heat losses during operation of a transportable boiler plant has been determined. Modeling of the design of the feed water tank and heat losses through its surface is carried out. A 3D model of the designed tank is presented, as well as heat losses through the surface of the tank walls when using a thermal insulation material. The importance of using thermal insulation of various tanks for storing feed water, petroleum products, hydrocarbons and other various media is noted.

Малоцикловая усталость 10 % Cr стали с высоким содержанием бора при комнатной температуре

High-chromium martensitic steels are a promising material for the production of elements of boilers and steam pipelines, as well as blades and rotors of steam turbines for new coal-burning thermal generating units. The use of such materials will give an opportunity for the transition to ultra-supercritical steam parameters (temperature of 600–620 °C and pressure of 25–30 MPa), which will allow increasing the efficiency of generating units to 45 %. Modifications of the chemical composition of high-chromium steels have led to significant improvements of high-temperature properties such as 100,000 h creep strength and 1 % creep limit, while resistance to softening due to low-cycle fatigue remains understudied in this field. This work covers the study of low-cycle fatigue at room temperature with different amplitudes of deformation of martensitic high-chromium 10%Cr–3%Co–2%W–0.5%Mo–0.2%Cu–0.2%Re–0.003%N–0.01%B steel. The steel was pre-subjected to normalizing at 1050 °С followed by tempering at 770 °С. After heat treatment, the steel structure was a tempered martensitic lath structure stabilised by the particles of secondary phases of M23C6 carbides, NbX carbonitrides, and M6C carbides. The average width of martensite laths was 380 nm, and the dislocation density was 1.4×1014 m−2. At low-cycle fatigue, with an increase in the strain amplitude from 0.2 to 1 %, the number of cycles before failure significantly decreases, and the value of plastic deformation in the middle of the number of loading cycles significantly increases. Maximum softening (18 %) is observed at a strain amplitude of 1 % in the middle of the number of loading cycles. In general, the steel structure after low-cycle fatigue tests does not undergo significant changes: the width of the laths increases by 18 % at a strain amplitude of more than 0.3 %, while the dislocation density remains at a rather high level (about 1014 m−2) at all strain amplitudes.

Technical and Business Evaluation of Geothermal Dryhouse for Coffee in Kamojang, West Java, Indonesia

The coffee farmers in Kamojang still currently rely on conventional drying method using direct sun radiation. However, the cold ambient temperature and fluctuative weather in Kamojang brings challenges to this method. Therefore, PT PGE Area Kamojang built a trial geothermal dryhouse with a heating pipe connected to a blowdown on the existing geothermal steam pipeline as the heat source. In this study, the existing geothermal dryhouse is evaluated from the technical and business aspects. The technical evaluation studies the thermal performance of the heating pipe to calculate the dryhouse heating load, the required heating pipe length, the effect of heating pipe operation on the dryhouse temperature, and the suggested technical improvements. Meanwhile, the business evaluation studies qualitatively about the relationship between the potential farmer profit enhancement and the possible coffee-drying duration reduction from previously 2-3 weeks to 1-2 weeks by substituting conventional drying method with the use of geothermal dryhouse. Aside from that, it was expected to retain the coffee’s pleasant flavor and not have any sulfur odor problems. The technical evaluation is performed using analytical and experimental methods. The analytical results show that the required heating load is 10.94 kW and the heat transfer rate per unit length of the heating pipe is 0.2618 kW/m. Hence, the required heating pipe length is 41.79 m. The Subsequently, the heating pipe was tested operational three times on 16 – 18 January, 27 April – 4 May, and 31 May – 5 June 2023. On Trial 1, the heating pipe performance was not optimal due to condensate built-up inside the heating pipe. Therefore, steam traps were installed to reduce the condensate built-up. On Trial 2, the heating pipe performance was better, which was indicated by the higher and stable dryhouse temperature during the night. Hence on Trial 3, the technical improvement involving rearrangement of steam trap and bypass valve considerably improved the heating pipe performance. It reaches the design temperature and being maintained above 40°C for a maximum of 50°C longer than it did previously. The business evaluation expects a significant profit enhancement for the farmers if the drying duration could be cut into 1-2 weeks using the geothermal dryhouse.

Estimation of the effective length of microcracks occurring in the water-steam pipeline at cyclic operation mode of NPP steam generator

During operation of water-water reactors including KLT-40 type reactors widely used nowadays on icebreakers and floating power units (FPU), the issue of the duration of safe operation of steam generators is acute. The problem is connected with the formation of microcracks in the steam generator water and steam piping during normal operation at power, through which radioactive nitrogen 16N7 enters the steam piping, the content of which in the steam is just a sign of leakage failure of the steam generator second circuit water and steam piping. This effect, further named "leaks", was considered earlier in a number of works of the authors under conditions of cyclic operation of the steam generator water-steam mode. In the present work the main attention is paid to mathematical and physical analysis of the mechanisms causing the formation of microcracks in the steam pipeline of a steam generator arising in the steam pipeline region in which water and steam pressures are balanced, and their effective length is estimated. Calculations of temperature distribution along the steam-pipe thickness in the steam-water transition region at periodic "slamming" of this region with water are carried out. It is shown that depending on the time period of steam-water oscillations, the radial temperature distribution along the tube thickness shows a significant difference in the distribution at a constant temperature on the outer surface of the tube, and the maximum temperature difference is observed in the area of the inner surface of the tube. The distribution of mechanical stresses arising in the tube metal is characterized by a linear dependence of stresses on temperature, the maximum value of which corresponds to the maximum temperature difference characteristic of the area of the inner surface of the tube. This allows us to state that the formation of cracks starts exactly from the area of the inner surface of the tube of the steam generator in the specified transitional area of the tube.

The Diagnostics of Power Boilers in Terms of Their Sustainability

Diagnosing steam pipelines is crucial because they are subjected to a water vapor environment and exhaust gases. Layers of oxides/deposits formed on steel utilized at elevated temperatures for long time periods have a significant impact on elements operating in power plants as well as in combined heat and power plants. Currently, these devices are an important topic of sustainable energy development. The aim of this work was to characterize the structure of the steel and of the oxides/deposit layer formed on the steam superheaters of power boilers and its impact on the durability of power equipment. The tests were carried out on 13CrMo4-5 steel utilized at various temperature and time parameters. In order to assess the degradation of the material, the following research methods were used: light microscopy, X-ray structural analysis, and infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform. The use of the FTIR method in this type of diagnostics has deepened the existing analysis of oxide/sediment layers. The obtained test results showed that the kinetics of the corrosion process on steel being used for long periods at elevated temperatures is complex and depends, among others, on the element’s operating temperature, the operating time, and the flow medium.

Main Steam Pipeline Support Hanger Failure and Pipeline Vibration Treatment

There are 19 faults in the main steam pipeline of a power plant, including structural failure, abnormal load bearing, abnormal displacement and other faults. Due to the low horizontal stiffness of the main steam pipe superheater header outlet, the pipe is subjected to periodic pulsation shock and resonates with the fixed frequency of the pipe. The failure of the main steam pipeline support hanger and pipeline vibration seriously affect the safe and stable operation of the unit. Through the calculation of piping stress and pipeline vibration test, a reasonable treatment scheme is formulated to solve the abnormal state of pipeline support and hanger and the pipeline vibration fault. It can provide reference for the maintenance of pipe system support and hanger and pipe vibration control of the same type of unit.

Detection of defects initiation in weld joints

Welded joints on various pipelines, especially steam pipelines of fossil power plants, are exposed to high pressure and temperature of steam during operation. The applied stress and temperature together with the chemical composition and microstructure of the material have a major influence on the damage growth in these joints. Growth of defects as a time-dependent event, the sensitivity of the material to damage due to stress temperature and others plays a major role. In the case of steam pipes of fossil power plants, this is mainly creep damage. Early detection of these defects, especially at their initial stage, can help in managing the service life and thereby reducing the costs for operation, both by minimizing unplanned shutdowns as well as by planning any repairs in time. The work is focused on the detection of defect indications, especially creep damage occurring in weld joints and heat-affected areas. The aim is to distinguish manufacturing defects of welded joints from indications of early crack growth by ultrasonic testing. Indications from manufacturing defects may also be detected during testing and, if detected, will be evaluated in the same way as defects that are primarily targeted by the testing techniques. Several different techniques were tested on samples cut from the operated steam pipeline systems and compared with the results of metallographic analyses on selected parts.

Aspects of Thermal Protection of Machine-Building and Power Equipment: Application of Oxidation-Resistant Combined Nickel-Based Coatings

Introduction. In the areas of power engineering where the thermal energy of superheated steam is used, an important aspect of providing the reliability and safety of equipment is the heat resistance of the materials employed. In the manufacture of induction superheaters, the optimal material for the steam pipe (coil) is copper. However, its ultimate resistance to oxidation does not exceed 400 °C, which significantly limits the efficiency of steam generators. Therefore, the objective of the work was to study the kinetics of oxidation of the combined galvanic coating of the Mo-Ni-Cr system applied to copper tubular samples and intended for thermal protection of steam generator coils.Materials and Methods. A combined electroplating of the Mo-Ni-Cr system with a total thickness of 12–35 μm was formed on the experimental copper tubular samples. A Mo sublayer with a thickness of about 1.5 μm on the surface of the copper tube was formed to prevent the diffusion of Cu into the Ni coating. A 1.5 μm thick chromium layer on the coating surface acted as an indicator of the oxidation process. A comparative analysis of the oxidation processes of the copper surface and the combined coating of the Mo-Ni-Cr system on a copper substrate was carried out using the methods of optical and electron microscopy, energy dispersive analysis, and precision determination of the growth parameters of oxide films.Results. The intervals of thermal stability of the copper substrate and nickel coating were experimentally determined. The obtained experimental dependences characterized the parabolic law of copper oxidation with the formation of a single-phase diffusion zone of CuO at temperatures above 350 °C, and nickel at temperatures above 750 °C, when the transition of NiO monoxide into oxide Ni2O3 began. The growth of oxide films according to quadratic laws provided a rapid increase in the thickness of the films, the accumulation of stresses in them, cracking, and chipping.Discussion and Conclusion. It is shown that the Mo-Ni-Cr electroplating is resistant to heating during long-term operation up to temperatures of 750–800 °C. The functional roles of Mo and Cr in the coating architecture were described. The work focused on the applied aspect of using the coating under study to increase the thermal stability of the steam pipelines of industrial induction superheaters with low and medium power.

Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Branch and Looped Steam Pipeline Networks

Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Branch and Looped Steam Pipeline Networks