Steam Autoclave Sterilization Research Articles

Influence of Material, Sterilization, and Disinfection on the Accuracy of Three-Dimensional Printed Surgical Templates: An InVitro Study.

To evaluate the influence of the three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, material, sterilization, and disinfection on the accuracy of guided surgical templates. Fifty printed resin surgical templates were designed and fabricated using a digital light processing 3D printer with a photopolymerizing resin, and 50 printed metal surgical templates were designed and fabricated using a selective laser melting 3D printer with a titanium alloy. Templates from both groups were randomly divided into five subgroups involving different sterilization and disinfection procedures. The group without any sterilization or disinfection procedure served as the control group, whereas the other groups were used as the study groups (hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization, 5% povidone-iodine disinfection, 75% ethyl alcohol disinfection, and steam autoclave sterilization). Implant simulations were performed on the 3D-printed resin models, and postoperative impressions were acquired with scan bodies attached to the implants. All surgical templates were digitally scanned. The root mean square was used to determine and quantify fabrication accuracy and reproducibility, and the definitive and planned implant positions were compared. The printed resin templates exhibited lower fabrication accuracy and reproducibility, as well as higher 3D deviations, after steam autoclave sterilization (p < 0.001); however, the printed metal templates were not affected by the different sterilization or disinfection procedures (p > 0.05). Printed metal surgical templates are viable alternatives for guided implant surgery. Preoperative steam or gas plasma sterilization is recommended, especially for metal templates, as resin templates show deformation and decreased accuracy after steam sterilization. chictr.org.cn number: ChiCTR2400081334.

Accuracy of Impression Material During COVID-19 after Sterilization- In vitro Study

Aims: The goal of this research is to assess the effect of steam autoclave sterilization due to the impact of Covid-19 on the accuracy of the elastomer impression materials.&#x0D; Study Design: In vitro study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah; Saudi Arabia, between June 2021 and November 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: The following materials were used in this study: fully dentate master cast, metal trays, elastomer impression material (addition silicon), type IV stone. Forte impressions made using the metal tray and elastomer impression materials. The impressions were separated equally into two groups: Control group (C.G), untreated impressions. Sterilized group (S.G): Impressions were sterilized by using the steam autoclave. To make stone castings for each group, they were poured with type IV stone. The traveling microscope was used to evaluate the impression material's dimensional accuracy and detail reproduction with and without autoclave sterilization.&#x0D; Results: The cross-arch distance (X) of the master model was measured (41.29 mm), While the cross arch distance (X) in the control group (C.G) of the untreated impressions had a mean and standard deviation of 41.492 ± 0.150 mm. In the tested group (S.G) : the sterilized impression, we found the cross-arch distance (X) had a mean and standard deviation of 41.628 ± 0.223 mm. The master model's Anteroposterior distance (A-P) was measured (21.12 mm). For the control group (C.G) : we found the mean and standard deviation value reading of the A-P distance were 20.899 ± 0.79 mm. For (S.G) group: we found the mean and standard deviation reading of the A-P distance were 19.992± 0.482 mm.&#x0D; Conclusion: Steam autoclave sterilization of the elastomer impression material should be considered carefully, especially when fabricating fixed partial dentures. If the impression material is to be used in making diagnostic castings, conventional steam autoclave sterilization of the elastomers impression material may be sufficient for patients.

Safety and efficacy of cold atmospheric plasma for the sterilization of a Pasteurella multocida–contaminated subcutaneously implanted foreign body in rabbits

To determine whether a stainless steel implant sterilized with a novel cold atmospheric plasma sterilization (CAPS) device adversely affects local tissues in rabbits and whether CAPS was as effective as steam sterilization with an autoclave to inactivate Pasteurella multocida. 31 healthy New Zealand White rabbits. Steam-autoclaved stainless steel implants inoculated with P multocida underwent a second steam autoclave sterilization (AIA) or CAPS (AICAPS). One AIA implant and 3 AICAPS implants were randomly placed subcutaneously at 4 sites in 21 rabbits (84 implants). These rabbits were monitored daily for 5 days for evidence of systemic illness and local tissue reactions at the implantation sites and then euthanized. Samples were taken from each implant site for bacterial culture and histologic examination. Cultures of samples obtained from all sites were negative for bacterial growth. No significant difference was observed in mean skin thickness or erythema between AIA and AICAPS implant sites on any observed day. Also, individual histologic grades for the epidermis, dermis, subcutis, and muscle and total histologic grade were not significantly different between AIA and AICAPS implant sites. Cold atmospheric plasma sterilization was noninferior to steam sterilization of P multocida-contaminated stainless steel implants in the rabbits in the present study. However, studies of the efficacy of CAPS for inactivation of other important bacteria are needed.

Effect of Steam Autoclaving on the Tensile Strength of Resin Cements Used for Bonding Two-Piece Zirconia Abutments.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of steam autoclave sterilization on the tensile strength of two types of resin cements used to bond customized CAD/CAM zirconia abutments onto titanium bases. Forty sets of zirconia abutments cemented to screwed titanium bases of implants analogs were divided into 4 groups (n = 10). Two groups were treated with a conventional chemically activated resin cement (ML, Multilink Ivoclar Vivadent) and the other two groups with a self-adhesive dual resin cement (RelyX U200, 3M ESPE). One group from each cement was submitted to steam autoclaving. The autoclave sterilization cycle was performed after 72 hours of cementation for 15 minutes at 121°C and 2.1 Kgf/cm2. The samples were subjected to tensile strength testing in a universal testing machine (200 Kgf, 0.5 mm/min), from which the means and standard deviations were obtained in Newtons. Results showed (via ANOVA and Tukey's test; α = 0.05) that in the absence of steam autoclaving, no difference was observed in tensile strength between the cements tested: ML: 344.87 (93.79) and U200: 280 (92.42) (P = .314). Steam autoclaving, however, significantly increased tensile strength for the ML: 465.42 (87.87) compared to U200: 289.10 (49.02) (P < .001). Despite the significant increase in the ML samples (P = .013), autoclaving did not affect the tensile strength of the U200 samples (P > 0.05). The authors concluded that steam autoclaving increases the mean tensile strength of the chemically activated cement compared to the dual-cure self-adhesive cement. The performance of both cements evaluated was similar if the sterilization step was disconsidered.

Effects of steam autoclave treatment on Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores.

To determine the mechanism of autoclave killing of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores used in biological indicators (BIs) for steam autoclave sterilization, and rates of loss of spore viability and a spore enzyme used in BIs. Spore viability, dipicolinic acid (DPA) release, nucleic acid staining, α-glucosidase activity, protein structure and mutagenesis were measured during autoclaving of G.stearothermophilus spores. Loss of DPA and increases in spore core nucleic acid staining were slower than loss of spore viability. Spore core α-glucosidase was also lost more slowly than spore viability, although soluble α-glucosidase in spore preparations was lost more rapidly. However, spores exposed to an effective autoclave sterilization lost all viability and α-glucosidase activity. Apparently killed autoclaved spores were not recovered by artificial germination in supportive media, much spore protein was denatured during autoclaving, and partially killed autoclave-treated spore preparations did not acquire mutations. These results indicate that autoclave-killed spores cannot be revived, spore killing by autoclaving is likely by protein damage, and spore core α-glucosidase activity is lost more slowly than spore viability. This work provides insight into the mechanism of autoclave killing of spores of an organism used in BIs, and that a spore enzyme in a BI is more stable to autoclaving than spore viability.

Effect of sterilization process on surface characteristics and biocompatibility of pure Mg and MgCa alloys

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of various sterilization methods on surface characteristics and biocompatibility of MgCa alloy, with pure Mg as a comparison, including steam autoclave sterilization (SA), ethylene oxide steam sterilization (EO), glutaraldehyde sterilization (GD), dry heat sterilization (DH) and Co60 γ ray radiation sterilization (R) technologies. The surface characterizations were performed by environmental scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, water contact angle and surface free energy measurement, whereas the cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility were evaluated by cellular adhesive experiment, platelet adhesion and hemolysis test. The results showed that the five sterilization processes caused more changes on the surface of MgCa alloy than that on the surface of pure Mg. The GD sterilization caused the most obvious changes on the surface of the pure Mg, and the SA sterilization made the largest alteration on the MgCa alloy surface. The GD and DH sterilization processes could cause increases on surface free energy for both pure Mg and MgCa alloys, while the other three sterilization processes reduced the surface free energy. The DH and GD sterilization processes caused the least alteration on the cell adhesion on pure Mg surface, whereas the EO sterilization performed the greatest impact on the cell adhesion on the Mg–Ca alloy surface. The hemolysis percentage of pure Mg and MgCa alloys were reduced by SA sterilization, meanwhile the other four sterilization processes increased their hemolysis percentages significantly, especially for the EO sterilization.

Effects of multiple sterilization on surface characteristics and in vitro biologic responses to titanium

Purpose: This study evaluates the surface changes and effects on in vitro cell attachment and spreading brought about on prepared commercially pure titanium by multiple exposures to common sterilization methods. Materials and Methods: Discs of commercially pure titanium were prepared to approximate the surface roughness of commercially available bone miniplates. Samples underwent sterilization by exposure to ultraviolet light; ethylene oxide sterilization (1, 5, or 10 cycles); or by steam autoclaving (1, 5, or 10 cycles). Representative surfaces from these sterilization groups were examined using a series of surface analytical techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and contact angle measurements. Cell attachment assays using murine fibroblasts were then performed on titanium surfaces from each sterilization group and on tissue culture plastic controls. Sterilized surfaces contained O, C, and N contaminants, which affected surface energetics. Mean percent cell attachment values for each group were obtained for periods of up to 1 hour. Representative samples from each group were examined using SEM to ascertain cell spreading and morphology for each sterilization group. Results: Ultraviolet (UV) sterilized surfaces showed no changes from the unsterilized state macroscopically or under SEM. UV surfaces showed cell attachment levels similar to control surfaces at all intervals, and a chronologic progression of cell spreading. Ethylene oxide-sterilized surfaces showed occasional bluish discoloration and a microscopic particulate contaminant, resulting in modest decreases in cell attachment levels without strong correlation to numbers of sterilization cycles. Autoclaved surfaces generally showed the greatest discoloration and heaviest particulate contamination. Cell attachment levels were lower, and cell spreading was diminished compared with the ethylene oxide-treated group. Conclusions: Both ethylene oxide and steam autoclave sterilization contaminated and altered the titanium surface, resulting in decreased levels of cell attachment and spreading in vitro. Although corroborative in vivo experiments should be conducted, the results of this study indicate that some multiple sterilization regimens for metallic materials may pose serious biologic concerns.

Mercury release during autoclave sterilization of amalgam

Natural teeth are an invaluable teaching tool for preclinical instruction in operative dentistry and endodontic techniques. Cavity preparation in teeth containing amalgam restorations is a realistic simulation of an often experienced clinical situation. As various pathogens are contained in saliva, teeth must be disinfected before use by students. The purpose of this study is to indirectly evaluate whether mercury vapor is released from amalgam restorations in such teeth during steam autoclave sterilization. Mercury vapor detection, sample mass changes and x-ray fluorescence data were collected from experimental steam autoclave sterilization of amalgam samples sealed in autoclave bags. All of the data showed evidence of mercury vapor generation coincident to steam autoclave sterilization. Mercury vapor levels within the room where amalgam was exposed to steam autoclave sterilization reached levels that constitute an unnecessary health risk to dental personnel. The volume of amalgam tested simulated that contained in 175 amalgam restored teeth. Initial venting of the autoclave chamber produced mercury vapor concentrations significantly in excess of OSHA vapor concentration ceiling levels. Thus, the use of a steam autoclave for sterilization of amalgam containing teeth for use in preclinical laboratory exercises may be harmful to personnel involved.