Steady-state Simulation Research Articles

Investigation of the influence of morphology on thermal conductivity in hexagonal honeycomb structures and computational models with varied volume fraction and conductivity ratio

The effective thermal conductivity (ETC) is a critical parameter for simulating macroscopic heat transfer processes in composite materials, which estimation is particularly critical where the thermal conductivity of the composite phases is completely different. The huge difference in thermal conductivity of the composite phases makes their volume fraction modulation a classical way to reach the desired thermal conductivity. Nevertheless, the typical manufacturing process of honeycomb cellular structures allows various degrees of stretching of the structure, leading to various honeycomb geometries. In these ‘real’ structures some of the honeycomb wall sides are twice as thick as other parts, modifying the symmetry of the system with respect to honeycomb with uniform wall side thickness. A noticeable example of these composites is that of a hexagonal metallic honeycomb structure filled with phase change material (PCM) which is a widely utilized material in the field of thermal storage and thermal management by exploiting the heat absorbed/released by the PCM phase during its melting/solidification. While the thermal response of a PCM composite during a thermal cycle is not only defined by thermal conductivity (but also by cell size), this represents the basis for the with the optimization of a system based on a composite PCM.For this reason, in this study, steady-state simulations of heat transfer in unit honeycomb cells in different directions perpendicular to the cell axis are conducted to quantify the impact of morphology on the thermal property of the different wall types within honeycomb structures. The results demonstrate that in both SHS and DHS, the porosity exhibiting maximum anisotropy of ETC decreases as the thermal conductivity ratio increases. Moreover, simple predictive models for calculating the ETC in all directions are proposed for each type of honeycomb, considering a wide range of porosity and thermal conductivity ratio, with a relative error limited to 2 %.

Fidelity of Finite Element–Based Virtual Tire Assembly Models Used for Vehicle Noise, Vibration, and Harshness Structural-Borne Noise Performance Considering Vibrational Modal and Steady-State Dynamic Simulation

ABSTRACT The increasing presence of battery electric vehicles brings about new challenges to the noise, vibration, and harshness performance of tires. One of the new challenges involves the expansion of frequency range for structural-borne noise virtual predictions. Current standard virtual tire simplifies the tire geometry as an axisymmetric body, neglecting the effect of complex tread pattern. It is perceived that this simplification can lead to prediction error for a tire’s structural-borne noise performance at mid-frequency range (250∼500 Hz). This study investigates how different tread pattern representation affects the structural-borne noise prediction. This study uses linear, steady-state dynamics finite element simulations of a modified SAE J2710 test and traveling sinusoid test. The resulting frequency responses of the virtual tires and the computational time to obtain each frequency response are compared. The comparison shows that while including the 3D tread pattern does show some differences under certain conditions, it is not necessary to use this technique for every case, especially during the early evaluation stage.

Insulation performance evaluation of stone-finished exterior insulation systems with insulation frames for green remodeling of concrete exterior walls

This study aimed to evaluate the thermal bridge reduction effect of insulation frames applied to a stone-finished exterior insulation system, which is commonly used in green remodeling projects. The insulation performance of the exterior walls and the energy performance of the building in a baseline case in which an existing steel pipe frame was applied were compared with those in cases alt 1 and alt 2, which included application of double- and single-wired truss-shaped insulation frames, respectively. First, a three-dimensional steady-state heat transfer simulation was conducted for the exterior wall-floor joint of the model building, and the effective U-factor was obtained. Next, mock-ups were constructed and the U-factor was tested to verify the insulation performance of cases alt 1 and alt 2. The heat loss decreased as the effective U-factors of alt 1 and alt 2 decreased by 19.0 % and 19.7 %, respectively, compared to the baseline case, according to the heat transfer simulations. In the mock-up test, the U-factors of alt 1 and alt 2 were similar to design U-factor, indicating almost no heat loss caused by the thermal bridges. Notably, the U-factor of alt 2 was 2.4 % lower than that of alt 1. Finally the energy performance of the entire building was compared through dynamic building energy simulations by reflecting the thermal bridging effect. The annual heating and cooling energy use of alt 1 and alt 2 were 2.5 % and 2.6 % lower than those of the baseline case, respectively, confirming the energy-saving effect of reducing thermal bridges.

Experimental and numerical investigation of jet impingement cooling onto a rib roughened concave internal passage for leading edge cooling of a gas turbine blade

Considered is thermal protection of the concave surface within an internal passage, which models the leading edge cavity of vanes or blades of stationary or aero engine gas turbines. Included along the internal surface are different arrangements of V-shaped ribs to further augment surface cooling heat transfer rates. Impingement jets are employed for the cooling, which are configured so that associated cooling air exits the cavity through a crossflow outlet and an array of staggered film cooling holes. The curved part of the asymmetric, concave target plate features a constant radius and connects to straight lines on the pressure and suction sides. Addressed are H/Djet values of 2.7 and 4.0, and Reynolds number Re values of 18,000, 24,000, and 30,000. A maximum crossflow configuration is utilized wherein the coolant flow exits the cooling passage through the film cooling holes and from one end of the passage, as the opposite end is blocked. Different surface configurations are investigated, including 4 V-ribs in four different positions, 8 V-ribs in one position, and a smooth surface of the leading edge cavity. Each V-rib geometry consists of a regular V-rib pointing upstream. A transient thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) technique is employed to obtain spatially-resolved surface heat transfer data on the internal wall of the leading edge cavity. Resulting experimental heat transfer data are used to validate and verify CFD simulations. Employed for this purpose are steady-state 3D RANS simulations obtained using the OpenFOAM Version 7 numerical code with a kω-shear-stress-transport (SST) turbulence model. Experimentally-measured surface Nusselt number results indicate significant local enhancements adjacent to rib wakes, provided local crossflow velocity values are substantial. Local surface Nusselt number enhancements thus depend upon rib position, but local surface heat transfer increases are most strongly tied to magnitudes of local crossflow velocity. In contrast to these experimental results, CFD simulation results do not show significant variations as rib position is altered. The best thermal performance is associated with 4 V-rib arrangements in two positions, and 8 V-ribs in one position.

Steady state analysis of Multiport Interline DC Current Flow Controller integrated meshed MTDC grids

Flexible DC Transmission Systems (FDCTS) devices offer the most promising solution for Power Flow Management (PFM) problem in complex meshed MTDC grids. This paper proposes a new formulation for steady state analysis of a MTDC grid, integrated with the multiport version of the FDCTS device called Multiport Interline DC Current Flow Controller (MIDCCFC). MIDCCFC can regulate the current flow of two or more lines, thereby achieving line power flow regulation and aid for DC line breaking in a MTDC system. The proposed formulation integrates the steady state operating point of MIDCCFC with the MTDC system. The proposed formulation is tested on a 5 bus 320 kV meshed MTDC grid with 5-port MIDCCFC. A criterion is evolved to ensure the feasibility of the operating point obtained from the proposed formulation. The line current regulation range offered by MIDCCFC for line-12 in the test system is (30-3086) A. The impact of line-12 current variation on the system variables over the obtained range is investigated. The application of MIDCCFC for DC breaking is also investigated. The results are validated by performing steady state simulation of the test system in MATLAB/Simulink and real time simulation of the test system in Real Time Digital Simulator.

Stochastic inversion of fracture networks using the reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm

Characterization of fracture networks is essential in the production optimization or storage calculation for enhanced geothermal systems or geologic carbon storage. A novel inversion approach is proposed for estimating the fracture networks in this research. The discrete fracture network technique is adopted to probabilistically describe various fracture parameters such as trace length, midpoint position or azimuthal angle. The reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is applied to explore the target posterior distribution of model parameters of differing dimensionality, in which the number of fractures is assumed to be unknown. More specifically, the birth-death strategy is utilized to perturb the fracture number iteratively in the sampling process. The proposed methodology is applied with two different types of observational datasets, namely the head records from steady-state flow simulation and the acoustic impedance obtained from seismic inversion. The sampling results can successfully recover the fracture geometry in the observed domain, and the number of fractures in the system can be retrieved as well. Benchmarked on multiple Markov chain trials, the technique of parallel tempering can greatly improve the convergence efficiency and increase the diversity of sampled posterior models, through the random swapping of model states across the whole temperature ladder.

Transonic leading-edge stall flutter: modelling, simulations and experiments

This work is a numerical and experimental study of a rectangular thin plate undergoing stall flutter at Mach 0.8. This constitutes one of the first studies of this kind where three-dimensionality is fully implemented in a numerical simulation including the test-section effects characterizing wind-tunnel experiments. In order to break down the fluid–structure interaction to its main driving phenomena, an aerodynamic model is proposed that is based on computationally inexpensive steady-state simulations. Two types of dynamic instability are observed in the numerical simulations; Flutter by mode coalescence is promoted at zero flow incidence, however, high bending precludes this from happening for higher values of angle of attack. Stall flutter is instead a nonlinear one-degree type of instability. Both of these instability mechanisms can be explained in terms of hysteretic behaviour of the pressure distribution, which becomes more pronounced at high angles of attack, when a large separation region is formed. Tests were conducted employing titanium alloy plates in order to survive the aerodynamic loads characterizing the wind-tunnel initial transient. However, due to wall interference, high bending was promoted so that the internal stress exceeded the yield values before flutter could be measured. Numerical simulations were in general agreement with the experiment in terms of both amplitude and oscillation frequency.

Accurate Time-Efficient Thermal Modeling and Discretization Methodology Applied to Electric Machines

The increasing power density of electric machines for electric vehicles necessitates accurate thermal analysis in design and real-time condition monitoring through simulations with computation times not exceeding one minute. Existing thermal models are either accurate and complex while requiring large computation times or they are fast but lack accuracy. To address these challenges, a novel hybrid modeling methodology is proposed, combining 3D lumped parameter thermal networks with thermal resistances extracted from 2D finite element models (FEM) to reduce computation demands while preserving accuracy. Further, a methodology is introduced to define the thermal network discretization for a desired threshold accuracy while minimizing computation time. Analysis of this discretization methodology demonstrates that the desired accuracy can be reliably achieved with limited computational effort. Verification of the modeling methodology against 3D FEM in OpenFOAM shows key component temperature deviations of less than 0.67 °C in steady-state simulations and 0.75 °C in transient simulations, comparable to the 3D FEM uncertainty of 0.39 °C. The computation times for steady-state and transient simulations are 18.3 s and 43.5 s respectively compared to 44 h and 175 h for 3D FEM. This highlights the time efficiency of the proposed methodology while maintaining accuracy for key component temperatures.

Flow stability and distribution in horizontal serpentine tube bundles with vertical headers

Particle-based systems have immense potential for combining thermal energy storage (TES) with renewable energy sources. The so-called sandTES system, which is an active TES system, utilizes sand or other small particles as a storage material and consists of a hot tank, a cold tank, and a reversible fluidized bed heat exchanger. In the preferred design, the tubes are arranged in horizontal serpentine tube bundles; thus, the headers are positioned vertically, for one phase subcritical, two-phase and supercritical water/steam conditions. So far, no design principles have been published for macro-sized vertical headers and horizontal tube bundles. This paper investigates the unbalance in flow distribution and other flow instabilities of such an unusual heat exchanger and its scale-up using APROS simulations.The steady-state simulations of the tallest investigated heat exchanger show a strong unbalance in the mass flows between individual heat exchanger tubes: the smallest mass flow was only 55% of the largest one when generating steam. Smaller heat exchangers experience less pronounced unbalance factors in the order of 88%. When steam is condensed, the unbalance is insignificant. Dynamic simulations of start-up and shutdown revealed instabilities and that the flow maldistributions even lead to flow reversals in most investigated cases although neither last for stationary operation. Part-load cases show higher unbalances than their respective full-load case by 9 to 17 percentage points. Header design modifications – secondary headers with submodules and orifices – improve the unbalance factor from 55% to 88%.

Numerical studies of sCO2 Brayton cycle

This work describes the one-dimensional, thermo-hydraulic model of the sCO2 cycle Sofia developed to investigate optimal control methods and the behaviour of the cycle during operation. This dynamic model includes all devices such as turbomachinery, heat exchangers, valves, and piping including heat loss, in line with concept of the 1 MWe sCO2 cycle, to be realised in the site of a fossil power plant in the Czech Republic.The model assembly and calculations were conducted using the commercial Modelica-based library ClaRa + using the simulation environment Dymola and in combination with another Modelica-based library, UserInteraction; the real-time simulations, with some parameter changes during the calculation, are made and described in this paper.Nominal parameters were achieved during the steady-state simulation, except for the lower mass flow of sCO2. Transient simulation of power turbine start-up from standby state and results are also presented in this paper. The nominal state is achieved with the semi-automatic procedure in approx. 3 h. The simulation results allow more detailed analyses of control methods and a better understanding of real device control and behaviour during start-up, shutdown, or other transients.Careful manipulation of turbine valves in coordination with the pressuriser operation was identified as crucial for optimal control of the system. Also, the initial amount of CO2 in the pressuriser affects its behaviour during transients.

WR21 marine gas turbine thermodynamic simulator for ship propulsion studies

An original modular mathematical model, based on physical laws, for steady state and dynamics performance simulation of the WR21 gas turbine is presented in the paper. The model, developed in Matlab-Simulink language, is organized in modular form. Each gas turbine component (i.e. compressor, turbine, combustor, heat exchanger) is modelled in a specific simulator block, that simulates the performance of its pertinent component by means of steady state performance maps and/or correlations, time dependent momentum, energy and mass equations, nonlinear algebraic equations. The great application flexibility of the component simulator modules, allows to modelling any gas turbine layout (i.e. axial or radial flow compressor and turbine, rotating shafts number, heat exchangers). The WR21gas turbine, developed mainly for marine propulsion application, is a three shafts gas turbine with thermal regeneration. It is characterized by a high thermodynamic efficiency, which remains high up to 30% of the design power. The WR21 simulator results are validated by comparison with manufacturer or literature data. The WR21 gas turbine main performances are compared to those of the LM 2500 gas turbine, obtained by a previously author paper. The LM 2500 is the gas turbine currently most used in naval propulsion plants. In the article, a comparison between the steady state working data of the two gas turbines is reported in tabular and graphical form and commented.

Energy Consumption Optimization Analysis of LNG Receiving Station Based on Genetic Algorithm

In response to the problem of high energy consumption in LNG receiving stations, based on literature research, numerical simulation combined with genetic algorithm optimization methods were used to establish a calculation model and ASPEN HYSYS steady-state simulation model for the LNG receiving station equipment, each unit process and the overall receiving station process. The various parameters in the LNG receiving station will have a certain impact on the overall energy consumption of the LNG receiving station. Combined with the operating requirements of the LNG receiving station site under different working conditions, and considering the coupling effect of multiple factors, the technology of optimizing the operating parameters of the LNG receiving station to reduce energy consumption is selected, and the adjustable decision-making parameters and their range of changes are selected, and the constraints are set according to the actual situation and Establish the energy optimization objective function of the LNG receiving station process system, and evaluate and analyze the energy consumption indicators of the optimized process system.

Development of Correlations Based on CFD Study for Microchannel Condensation Flow of Environmentally Friendly Hydrocarbon Refrigerants

A CFD simulation of the condensation flow of R600a and R290 within microchannels was conducted to explore the effect of mass flux, hydraulic diameter, and vapour quality on heat transfer rate and pressure drop. Data obtained from CFD simulations were used to develop new heat transfer and pressure drop correlations for the condensation flows of R600a and R290, which are climate-friendly refrigerants. Steady-state numerical simulations of condensation flow of refrigerants were carried out inside a single circular microchannel with diameters varying between 0.2 and 0.6 mm. The volume of fluid approach was used in the proposed model, calculating the interface phase change using the Lee model. The CFD simulation model was validated via a comparison of the simulation results with the experimental data available in the literature. It is found that the newly developed Nu number correlation shows a deviation, with an Ave-MAE of 11.16%, compared to those obtained by CFD simulation. Similarly, the deviation between friction factors obtained by the newly proposed correlation and those obtained by CFD simulation is 20.81% Ave-MAE. Widely recognized correlations that are applicable to the condensation of refrigerants within small-scale channels were also evaluated by comparing newly developed correlations. It is concluded that the newly proposed correlation has a higher accuracy in predicting the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. This situation can contribute to the creation of a sustainable system via the use of microchannels and climate-friendly refrigerants, like R600a and R290.

Non-steady-state stomatal conductance modeling and its implications: from leaf to ecosystem

Abstract. Accurate and efficient modeling of stomatal conductance (gs) has been a key challenge in vegetation models across scales. Current practice of most land surface models (LSMs) assumes steady-state gs and predicts stomatal responses to environmental cues as immediate jumps between stationary regimes. However, the response of stomata can be orders of magnitude slower than that of photosynthesis and often cannot reach a steady state before the next model time step, even on half-hourly timescales. Here, we implemented a simple dynamic gs model in the vegetation module of an LSM developed within the Climate Modeling Alliance and investigated the potential biases caused by the steady-state assumption from leaf to canopy scales. In comparison with steady-state models, the dynamic model better predicted the coupled temporal response of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to changes in light intensity using leaf measurements. In ecosystem flux simulations, while the impact of gs hysteresis response may not be substantial in terms of monthly integrated fluxes, our results highlight the importance of considering this effect when quantifying fluxes in the mornings and evenings, as well as interpreting diurnal hysteresis patterns observed in ecosystem fluxes. Simulations also indicate that the biases in the integrated fluxes are more significant when stomata exhibit different speeds for opening and closure. Furthermore, prognostic modeling can bypass the A-Ci iterations required for steady-state simulations and can be robustly run with comparable computational costs. Overall, our study demonstrates the implications of dynamic gs modeling for improving the accuracy and efficiency of LSMs and for advancing our understanding of plant–environment interactions.

Steady State Simulation and Analysis of Crude Distillation Unit at Baiji Refinery

Abstract In this research work, the main distillation column of Salahadin 1 refinery in Baiji Refineries is simulated and analyzed using Aspen HYSYS. Kirkuk, Basrah and Ajeel crudes are mixed together (with unknown mixing ratio) to create the feed stream of this unit. The determination of the blending ratio of these streams beside performance analysis of the system using actual plant data to increase the operating capacity are the main objectives of this research work. So, this work is very helpful to the refinery because it can be applicable to manage these blending ratios to obtain desired product quality. Also, this work enables the CDU unit at the refinery to work at full capacity. The validation results show that the system is perfectly simulated with Aspen HYSYS and the mixing ratio of (Ajeel, Basrah, and Kirkuk) crudes are (0.102,0.5, and 0.398) respectively; Furthermore, this study suggested that, it is important to replace the transfer line pipe diameter between the furnace and the distillation column according to the design specifications which enables the operators to rise the feed volumetric flowrate into full capacity.

Dynamic analysis of lift-off operation of offshore wind turbine jacket foundation from the transportation barge

The lift-off operation of the offshore wind turbine jacket foundation from a barge is investigated in this study. Firstly, the hydrodynamic analysis of the two ships is carried out via AQWA, considering the series configuration and L-shaped configuration. The damping lid method is introduced to address viscous correction and validated by a frequency-time-domain validation. The damping lid factor for the two configurations are set to be 0.02 and 0.04. The time-domain simulation of multi-body lifting system, including lifting wires, slings, and deck fenders, are then carried out. In the nonstationary time-domain simulation, the sensitivity of wave direction, vessel configuration and deck fender stiffness are investigated, indicating that the most critical stage during the lift-off operation corresponds to when about 70% weight of the jacket is lifted by the heavy-lift vessel. The series configuration under head sea in 70% load transfer stage is chosen for subsequent steady-state simulations. Extreme value analysis is carried out based on the Gumbel distribution. The allowable sea states are then evaluated. The operability is obtained by using the 20-year hindcast wave data of three certain sites off Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang coast, which are 60%, 55% and 65%, respectively.

Advancements in Iso-Diameter seeded growth of CdZnTe crystals: A numerical modeling approach and applications in liquid phase Epitaxy

CdZnTe (CZT) is the preferred material for HgCdTe (MCT) infrared detectors and room temperature nuclear-radiation detector applications. However, their widespread application is hindered by the low yield, attributed to intrinsic thermophysical properties like extremely low thermal conductivity and stacking fault energy, complicating the growth of large-volume crystals. Based on steady-state computer numerical modeling simulation, this paper examines the impact of seed size variations (from 15 mm to 90 mm) in the crystal growth process on the initial growth surface morphology, simulations indicate that larger seed crystals are predisposed to developing more convex interfaces, which are conducive to enhanced crystal growth. An optimized Vertical Gradient Freeze (VGF) method employing iso-diameter seed (having the same diameter as the grown crystals) of approximately 90 mm has been developed to grow single crystals with reduced defect density in a VGF furnace, and the applications in liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) are also discussed.

Transient and Dynamic Simulation of the Fluid Flow through Five-Way Electric Coolant Control Valve of a 100 kW Fuel Cell Vehicle by CFD with Moving Grid Technique

In order to maintain the performance of a fuel cell vehicle, it is essential to maintain a constant temperature of the stack. Therefore, it is very important to distribute the optimal coolant flow rate to each major component under very diverse and rapidly changing dynamic operating conditions. The part responsible for this is a five-way electric coolant valve. Therefore, this study aims to investigate transient dynamic flow characteristics of the fluid flow through a five-way electric coolant valve (PCCV: Penta-Control Coolant Valve). To achieve this goal, this paper attempts a three-dimensional dynamic simulation of the fluid flow through the valve using a commercial CFD solver with moving mesh technique to consider flow inertia and dynamic flow in the opening and closing stages of the ball valve rotating motion. The dynamic flow characteristics and the thermal mixing inside the PCCV ball valve during the opening and closing stages are analyzed. It was found that the discrepancies between dynamic and steady-state simulations are remarkable when fluxes with different levels of enthalpy and momentum flow into the PCCV, leading to strong flow interference and flow inertia, while the discrepancies are relatively small at low rotation speed and weak flow interference. Subsequently, the effect of the dynamic flow characteristics of the valve on the dynamic thermal mixing characteristics at two different ball valve rotation speeds and rotation directions are investigated. It was found that the dynamic flow and thermal mixing characteristics inside the PCCV are greatly affected by the rotation speed, rotation direction, and degree of flow interference between fluxes. It also helps design better coolant control strategies and improves the FCEV thermal management system.

Effects of Mucosal Decongestion on Nasal Aerodynamics: A Pilot Study.

Mucosal decongestion with nasal sprays is a common treatment for nasal airway obstruction. However, the impact of mucosal decongestion on nasal aerodynamics and the physiological mechanism of nasal airflow sensation are incompletely understood. The objective of this study is to compare nasal airflow patterns in nasal airway obstruction (NAO) patients with and without mucosal decongestion and nondecongested healthy subjects. Cross-sectional study of a convenience sample. Academic tertiary medical center. Forty-five subjects were studied (15 nondecongested healthy subjects, 15 nondecongested NAO patients, and 15 decongested NAO patients). Three-dimensional models of the nasal anatomy were created from computed tomography scans. Steady-state simulations of airflow and heat transfer were conducted at 15 L/min inhalation rate using computational fluid dynamics. In the narrow side of the nose, unilateral nasal resistance was similar in decongested NAO patients and nondecongested healthy subjects, but substantially higher in nondecongested NAO patients. The vertical airflow distribution within the nasal cavity (inferior vsmiddle vssuperior) was also similar in decongested NAO patients and nondecongested healthy subjects, but nondecongested NAO patients had substantially less middle airflow. Mucosal cooling, quantified by the surface area where heat flux exceeds 50 W/m2, was significantly higher in decongested NAO patients than in nondecongested NAO patients. This pilot study suggests that mucosal decongestion improves objective measures of nasal airflow, which is consistent with improved subjective sensation of nasal patency after decongestion.

Optimization of temperature distribution in building envelopes of Ahmedabad region using nano-encapsulated phase change material

The incorporation of Phase Change Materials (PCM) into the building envelopes helps to increase indoor thermal comfort while lowering energy usage. The selection of PCM is directly related to its performance and might be viewed as an optimization challenge. The manuscript highlights the optimization of temperature distribution in building envelopes (walls and roofs) of Ahmedabad by choosing the suitable PCM and Nano-particle. Three different PCMs (RT31, RT 35, and RT42) and Nano-particles (Al2O3, CuO, and ZnO) with different concentrations (12 %, 16 %, and 20 %) are considered for the optimization. The PCMs are encapsulated into the building layer thickness to examine their characteristics like effective thermal conductivity, concentration, melting point, etc. These parameters are evaluated in a room that measures 5 m x 4 m x 3.5 m (L x W x H). The design-builder software (Version 7.0.2.006) is used to carry out the steady-state numerical simulations for this building envelope. The results suggest that the integration of PCM reduces the building's overall energy consumption by 7.92 kWh/m2 per year. The optimal design is proposed by establishing a temperature difference (ΔT) in building envelopes and utilizing a hybrid optimization technique (a combination of Artificial neural network (ANN) and Genetic algorithm (GA)). This temperature difference of the building envelope is confirmed to be dependent on their PCM melting point, effective thermal conductivity, concentration (in%), and PCM layer thickness. Hybrid optimization is found to be the most stable strategy for predicting temperature dilation and energy storage in building envelopes. Thus this paper gives a systematic understanding of the selection of PCM and Nano-particles and identifies the suitable PCM layer thickness for encapsulation.