Steady Process Research Articles

Honourable Businessmen: Respectability and ‘Gentlemanly Capitalism’ in Spain, 1840–1880

AbstractRevolution can lead to the complete political and social reconfiguration of a society. Such readjustment is often especially significant amongst the society's elites, as when ancient aristocrats had to converge with a newly emerging bourgeoisie. This article argues that over the course of the nineteenth century there was a steady process of negotiation that saw the evolution of a new form of elite, one defined by a new characteristic: respectability. This change saw successful businessmen, particularly magnates or tycoons, climbing to the top of the social ladder, as the culmination of a process that began in the eighteenth century. To illustrate this thesis, I discuss the case of Spain. I draw upon the lives of a large and diverse range of great Spanish bankers, industrialists, and businessmen. Traditionally, historiography has studied such men individually and from an economic history perspective. Here, a global, cultural approach is adopted. The chronology of the events described is not straightforward. Although the men studied are not all from a single birth cohort or even the same generation, I consider that they lived through the same social processes. The years between 1840 and 1880 were a period of intense industrial and business development in Spain during which modern economic practices were introduced. For the purposes of this article, I first situate the concept of respectability within the Spanish historiographical context, before analysing the discursive strategies that Spanish business magnates used to turn themselves into legitimate members of the county's new social elite. Finally, I study the three main symbolic tools that they employed to demonstrate their respectability and prove their status.

High-order shallow water expansions in free surface flows: Application to steady overflow processes

Free surface flow modeling in the natural environment is frequently conducted within a depth-integrated framework using the non-linear shallow water equations or Saint-Venant equations. However, these equations underestimate the discharge in overflow processes over obstacles, such as during the flooding of coastal levees. Alternative models are constructed by expansions in terms of a shallowness parameter σ, with the 2nd-order results being the so-called Serre-Green-Naghdi theory, widely used in ocean research. Higher-order expansions are required in some instances to obtain more accurate results or to set the validity limit of the leading order term of these perturbation results. However, most of the high-order results available apply to water wave problems over horizontal beds, yet not to the overflow over obstacles of generally uneven bathymetry. High-order shallow water expansions for open channel flows over uneven beds are developed in this work by an iterative procedure to generate the corresponding asymptotic expansions up to the high-order O(σ6), resulting in high-order ODEs when the Bernoulli equation at the free surface streamline is invoked to include gravity effects. These new equations are applied to the overflow process, as occurs during the coastal flooding in a levee-protected area. A perturbation solution to this problem is presented up to O(σ6) for the main overflow variables, which are successfully and systematically compared with a new set of experiments conducted in a large scale obstacle model. The novel theoretical solutions presented are further demonstrated to be better than former theories available in the literature.

Radicalizing Feminism: The Mexican and Cuban Associations within the Women's International Democratic Federation in the Early Cold War

AbstractThis article analyses the interactions between the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) and its Mexican and Cuban national chapters and affiliated organizations. Focusing on the National Bloc of Revolutionary Women, the Democratic Union of Mexican Women, and the Democratic Federation of Cuban Women, this article studies the ideological foundations these organizations defended and the action programmes they used to materialize them. One of its main contributions is to argue that Mexican and Cuban socialist and communist women contributed to the struggle for women's emancipation within the Eastern Bloc through grass-roots contributions that did not simply emulate European communist organizations, but drew on, and were informed by, national contexts, material conditions, and historical backgrounds. The increasing number of requests, demands, and proposals emerging from Latin America, and more specifically from Mexico and Cuba, ultimately fostered a steady process of decentralization that broadened visions of women's progress within the global leftist feminist movement during the early Cold War.

Phase-field lattice Boltzmann method for the simulation of gas-liquid mass transfer

The present work establishes a lattice Boltzmann (LB) method to simulate the gas-liquid mass transfer process. In this work, the flow field is solved by the conservative phase-field method proposed by Fakhari et al. (2016), which contains two LB equations to track the interface and calculate the pressure distribution. The concentration field, together with the concentration jump across the interface described by Henry’s law, is implemented by the continuous species transfer method through a LB equation. To couple these two methods, a source term for the phase-field equation is derived in the cases of static and moving interface. Four test cases containing both the steady and transient gas-liquid mass transfer processes with straight or curved interfaces are conducted to validate the proposed method. The results show that the present method is competent to describe the evolution of mass transfer coefficient in the gas-liquid mass transfer processes.

Surface-engineered sulfonation of ion-selective nanofiltration membrane with robust scaling resistance for seawater desalination

Inorganic fouling is one of the most critical issues in the seawater desalination process; it significantly deteriorates the desalination performance of the current seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membranes. Conventional nanofiltration (NF) membranes, which act as the pretreatment medium, are unable to effectively fractionate the scaling ions, Ca 2+ and SO 4 2− , resulting in fouling transfer from SWRO to the NF membranes. To address this issue, a new class of nanofiltration membranes was proposed and designed by surface engineering a custom-made sulfonated polyamide thin-film composite. Specifically, a new functional monomer, 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (ABSA), was chemically grafted onto a membrane surface via carbodiimide crosslinking chemistry. Due to the intentional optimization of mean pore sizes and surface charges, the as-prepared NF membranes (named BM-ABSA) exhibited extremely low Ca 2+ rejections (6.1 ± 0.4%) and moderate SO 4 2− rejections (57.5 ± 0.1%), corresponding to a higher ion selectivity (9.5) toward seawater compared to that of the benchmark commercial NF270 membrane (1.5). More importantly, the replacement of carboxylate groups in the substrate membrane matrix with the sulfonate groups considerably lowered the probability of the Ca–COOH chelation effect, which, in turn, facilitated steady NF-pretreatment processes without significant fouling. The subsequent SWRO process, using the BM-ABSA membrane-pretreated permeate as the feed solution, also proceeded well over a short-term operation with limited gypsum fouling. Overall, this study highlighted the effective inhibition of scaling by sulfonated NF membranes in the pretreatment process, validating their potential application for robust and efficient seawater desalination. • ABSA was chemically grafted onto the surface of NF membrane through EDC/NHS coupling reaction. • BM-ABSA-5 membrane showed a high ion-ion selectivity toward Ca 2+ and SO 4 2− . • The anti-scaling mechanism of –SO 3 H groups was investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. • Gypsum scaling on NF membrane and RO membrane was both inhibited in the hybrid NF-RO process for seawater desalination.

Thermocapillary droplet migration in a vertical temperature gradient controlled by thermal radiations

Thermocapillary migration of a droplet in a vertical temperature gradient controlled by uniform and non-uniform thermal radiations is theoretically analyzed and numerically investigated. A non-dimensionlized thermal radiation number is proposed to quantitatively depict the intensity ratio of the thermal radiation flux to the uniform temperature gradient. From the momentum and energy equations at zero limits of Reynolds and Marangoni numbers, analytical results for the uniform and non-uniform thermal radiations are determined. The steady migration velocity raises with the increasing of the thermal radiation number. By using the front-tracking method, it is observed that thermocapillary droplet migration under the uniform thermal radiation at moderate Marangoni and moderate thermal radiation numbers reaches a steady process. The steady migration velocity decreases with the increasing of Marangoni number and increases with the increasing of thermal radiation number. Moreover, the intensity of thermal energy transferred from the interface to both fluids depends on the volume heat capacity ratio. For the larger/smaller volume heat capacity ratio, more heat is transferred into the continuous phase fluid/the droplet. Furthermore, when the uniform thermal radiation is replaced by the non-uniform ones, the time evolutions, the structures of temperature fields, and parameter dependencies of thermocapillary droplet migration at moderate Marangoni and moderate thermal radiation numbers remain qualitatively unchanged. This study provides a profound understanding of thermocapillary droplet migration in a vertical temperature gradient controlled by thermal radiations, which is of great significance for practical applications in microgravity and microfluidic fields.

Displacement Efficiency in Tight Sandstone Based on Fractional Flow Curve Using Relative Permeability Data

In tight gas sandstone, relative permeability is an essential special core analysis dynamic test that can be used to estimate injectivity, secondary recovery, production rate, reservoir simulation, residual gas saturation, and effective water management. Having about 65% of hydraulic fracturing fluid not to flow back and stay in the reservoir results in having the tight sandstone gas reservoir to involve multi-phase flow, namely water and gas. During the hydraulic fracturing job both imbibition and forcibly imbibition processes take place while during fracturing fluid cleanup and gas production drainage flow becomes dominant.
 The steady state flooding process was used to measure the relative permeability curves for tight sandstone core sample collected from Travis Peak Formation at a depth of 8707 ft. The measurement process involved the performance of a series of steady state experiments with different gas-water injection ratio. The fractional flow curve has been plotted, based on the measured relative permeability, and used to calculate the displacement efficiency for the flow through such type of tight porous media. The measurement showed relatively high irreducible water saturation (31%) and low residual gas saturation (6%). The measured gas relative permeability decreased slowly at a constant rate with increased wetting fluid saturation. The obtained fractional flow curve does not follow the s-shape behavior observed in conventional reservoir. The obtained results showed that displacement efficiency can be enhanced by increasing water viscosity.

Music as a blend of spirituality, culture, and mind mollifying drug

Science inspires music more often than human imagination. Music is an integral part of all societies, including animal ones. It is behaving like an instrument for digesting information. It has been proven to help in healing the body, mind, and culture. Music can maintain and regulate emotion. It is a common thread among large social groups and is used as a tool to navigate through life. Real science and real music require a steady thinking process. It is a way of finding compatibility within a society as well as developing a link with other societies. Music plays a developmental role in a person’s identity, cultural worldview and permeates through life. In nutshell “Science explains Music and Music makes us The Human”

Research on Visual Design of Virtual Reality Based on Eye Tracking Research

Intangible cultural heritage refers to the manifestations of numerous traditional cultures, as well as connected entities and locations, which are passed down from generation to generation by people of all ethnic groups and are considered part of their cultural legacy. Music, dance, singing, drama, human talents, handicrafts, and other forms of expression are examples. Folk artists learn the inheritance method from the Master, which is how intangible cultural legacy is usually spread. It lacks a steady inheritance process and is on the verge of extinction. The protection situation is projected to deteriorate dramatically. However, it might be challenging for young people to recognize and experience the allure of intangible cultural heritage. As a result, several governments and UNESCO strongly advocate digital intangible cultural heritage conservation, and digital protection has become an essential mechanism of intangible cultural heritage inheritance. As one of the major technologies of digital information, VR (Virtual Reality) may employ digital technology to allow people to experience intangible cultural heritage in a 360-degree immersion and interact with characters and objects in VR to gain a multi-channel perception experience. The use of virtual reality technology to safeguard and restore intangible cultural assets is becoming a hot topic and academic frontier.

Development of a two-dimensional mathematical model of flow boiling heat transfer in micro- and minichannels

The paper concerns flow boiling heat transfer in micro- and minichannels. In the mathematical model, the steady state heat transfer process in a single asymmetrically heated minichannel was considered. Calculations with the use of Trefftz functions were based on the data from own experiments. The temperature of the heater and the refrigerant were assumed to satisfy the Laplace equations and the energy equation respectively. The problem was solved by the Trefftz method using two sets of Trefftz functions. The known heater and refrigerant temperature distributions were used to determine the heat transfer coefficient at the heater – refrigerant contact. To verify the proposed mathematical model, data from experiments were applied to calculations. The essential part of the experimental stand was the test section which comprises a minichannel heat sink. The heated element for Fluorinert FC-72 flowing along minichannels was a thin foil. The temperature of its outer side was measured using infrared thermography. Thermocouples and pressure transducers installed at the inlet and outlet of the test section monitored fluid temperature and pressure. Mass flow rate, the current supplied to the heater and the voltage drop were also recorded. The resulting graphs presented thermograms of measured temperature on outer surface of the heater, temperature distributions of fluid temperature and local values of the heat transfer coefficient.

Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapies and their Potential use in Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells, which are resident or proliferating in organs. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I and II on DCs in normal steady conditions process and present antigens including cancer antigens. Many approaches are used to enhance antigen presentation process of DCs and capture cancer cells. DCs are harvested from cancer patients and manipulated ex vivo in DC-based cancer immunotherapy. In addition, DCs' vaccines and other anticancer therapy combinations were discussed to optimize DCs' efficiency for cancer immunotherapy. This review addressed the use of the human conventional type-1 DCs, OX40+ plasmacytoid DCs, and DCs-derived exosomes. In addition, different combinations with DCs therapy such as combination with the monoclonal antibody, cytokine-induced killer cells, adjuvants, chemotherapy (DCs-based chemoimmunotherapy), and nanoparticles were listed and explored for their effectiveness against cancer, and mainly against colorectal cancer.

К вопросу об отнесении российской правовой системы к романо-германской правовой семье

Russian legal system is like the legal systems of the countries of the Romano-Germanic legal family on formal grounds. The Russian legal system, as well as the legal systems of the Romano-Germanic legal family, are characterized by such features as the influence of Roman law on the formation of the legal system; recognition of a normative legal act as the main source of law, among which the law occupies the supreme position; codification of the current legislation; division into public and private law and division of law into branches. When writing the article, the author used the following methods: system analysis, dialectical, logical, comparative, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. She got the following results: - the Romano-Germanic legal family developed regardless of the tendencies of increasing the centralization of power and the achievement of political goals; - civilizational flows from Europe and Asia influenced the development of Russia. The Golden Horde also had a considerable influence. In society, relations of citizenship were established, as in the East, and not those of vassalage, as in the West. The main difference between the formation of Russian society and the West lies in the fact that in the Russian state there was a steady process of leveling the individual, destroying the autonomy of society and complete subordination of the subjects to the power of the Grand Duke and Tsar; - the most important feature of the Romano-Germanic legal family is the reception of Roman law; - Roman law had less influence on the Russian legal system; - the peculiarity of historical development led to the differences in the essence, content and structure of Russian law and the legal systems of the Romano-Germanic legal family; - the Romano-Germanic legal family is based on natural law. A clear division into private and public law and branch division is typical; - the law in the countries of the Romano-Germanic legal system is considered as a means of maximally clear presentation of the rules of law based on natural law principles that ensure their uniform implementation and application; - in the Russian legal system since the days of the USSR, the importance of a law was the most natural way of creating the law, which at the same time is identified with the will of the ruling class, which does not always meet the real needs of society, its level of development; - a tendency to legal nihilism has always characterized legal consciousness in Russia; - the presence of formal and legal similarities between the Russian legal system and legal systems of the Romano-Germanic legal family makes it possible to move toward their rapprochement not only in terms of formal but also on substantive characteristics. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

Procena rizika sadržaja pesticida u zemljištu kao funkcija osobina zemljišta, pesticida i padavina (kiše), upotrebom numeričkog modela HYDRUS 1D

It has been observed through experiments that many chemicals especially pesticides found in streams and groundwater bodies are transported through surface runoff and/or preferential flow processes. Researchers have also proved that the timing and nature of rainfall since the last pesticide application are often described as significant controls on pesticide transport through flow processes. Rainfall variability is now considered as the climate drivers on contaminant transport. The amount of pesticides transported through surface runoff and/or preferential flow pathways to streams and groundwater respectively has been shown to be strongly correlated with the concentration of that chemical in a thin near-surface layer of the soil immediately prior to such an event. The thin near-surface layer of a soil is regarded as the source where all the dynamics of solute transport starts. The thin near-surface layer is the store of pesticide from which they are leached by both fast episodic as well as slow steady processes. In this research, we seek to better understand the idea of driver-source-trigger concept of pesticide solute transport in the subsurface. The driver (rainfall variability) triggers (surface runoff and/or preferential flow) from the source (a thin near-surface layer) for pesticides transport to stream and/or groundwater. The methodology for this study is by the use of HYDRUS 1D Numerical Model.

Sustainable transport for border areas in the European Union

This paper seeks to offer a critical discussion of conceptual ideas of sustainability that link transport with borderlands. In recent decades, European border regions have been subject to a steady process of transformation. New sustainable ideas are among the most important paradigms where the future development of borderlands is concerned, with transport considered key. In this paper, the author seeks to demonstrate the way in which sustainability has been characterised by environmental, economic and social aspects that each have their own special relevance to borderland development of transport.

Cassava Mash Process Handling

Several efforts have been made to develop suitable indigenous machines for cassava processing; this attempt was made to make the cassava mash process more energy-efficient and to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), aimed at poverty reduction over a stipulated period of time. A suitable machine was developed to handle cassava mash processing in High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF) production. The development was done by using basic scientific outcomes, engineering discoveries, well-known principles and existing cassava mash handling practices in HQCF production. The development involves survey of existing methods, conceptual design sketches, components design, machine drawings, calculations, prototype fabrication and testing. The laboratory investigations were carried out on handling and materials interactions with the cassava mash containing starch and fibre. Mash flowability on steel, plywood and Aluminum was conducted. Resistance of cassava mash to applied pressure during filtration and expression dewatering was handled with steady volume reduction process. A pressure setting for first stage of dewatering was based on the back pressure crated by spring with a known force. Screw conveying capacity reduction creates pressure as a result of tapered shaft. The parameter settings were determined experimentally before the combination of the operating units. Results of test carried out gave a mash residing time of 7minutes. The emerging mash paste from the screening unit contains 57%mcwb from 72% mcwb cassava mash sample. Further movement of the mash paste was accomplished with continuous variable volume expression dewatering. The final obtained mash cake has a moisture content of 43-48% mcwb. The mash cake formation depends on the strength of the back up spring. Pulverization unit receives mash cake through gravity via conveying tube inclined at 45 degree. A high-speed size reduction unit breaks the mash cake into particles then allows it to flow out into a reciprocating sieve. The machine produces the desired mash of fine particles less than 1mm thickness ready for flash drying. The combined handling movements resulted in using small space, reducing unnecessary human handling, it eliminates drudgery. The prototype was powered with a single 35W electric motor there by minimizing the power requirement; the product obtained compared well with the existing HQCF mash data. The machine product could perform better than the local ones at a reasonable time when commercially adopted.

MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OF THE HEATING SYSTEM RADIATOR OF AS A CONTROL OBJECT

The problem of mathematical modeling of a heating system radiator as a control object is considered. The purpose of its development is to create a generalized mathematical model of thermal processes in a room heated by means of water radiators. A calculation scheme of heat transfer processes between the heat carrier of the radiator and the air of the room has been developed, on the basis of which the heat balance equations are writt en. This takes into account both steady and unsteady heat transfer processes between the coolant, radiator and room air. A block diagram of the mathematical model of a heating radiator has been developed. After the introduction of assumptions and transformation of the structural diagram of the nonlinear model, the structural diagram of the linear mathematical model of the heating radiator was obtained. On its basis, the transfer function of the heating radiator is derived, the output coordinate of which is the thermal power. The resulting transfer function can be used in a generalized mathematical model of a heated room. The analysis of the transfer function of the heating radiator is carried out and it is shown that its dynamics is determined not only by geometric parameters, but also by the fl ow rate of the heat carrier.

High pressure shear induced microstructural evolution in nanocrystalline aluminum

The microstructural evolution of 4.5 nm grain-sized nanocrystalline aluminum under high pressure shear loading is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. A compression of 15 GPa is applied to the system concurrently with a shear deformation rate of 3.21 × 109 s−1. Results show that the microstructural evolution is marked by a transient grain refinement regime followed by a steady grain growth process within 1 ns, coarsening the microstructure from 4.5 nm to 5.8 nm average grain size. The grain growth process is mediated by three independent deformation mechanisms: i) grain rotation; ii) grain boundary sliding; iii) and grain boundary migration. While the first two mechanisms are inherent grain boundary deformation mechanisms, the latter is driven by intense dislocation activity. Data indicates that during the deformation the dislocation density surges from 5 to 15 × 1011 cm−2, highlighting the important role of dislocation dynamics in the evolution of the microstructure. These atomistic insights shed light on the underlying complex incipient deformation processes, which are activated during severe plastic deformation of nanocrystalline materials.

Wild Boar Events and the Veterinarization of Multispecies Coexistence

By considering the emergence and threat of African Swine Fever (ASF) in Europe, this paper demonstrates the growing role of veterinary rationales in reframing contemporary human-wild boar coexistence. Through comparative ethnographies of human-wild boar relations in the Czech Republic, Spain and England, it shows that coexistence is not a predictable and steady process but is also demarked by points of radical change in form, course and atmosphere. Such moments, orwild boar events, can lead to the (re-)formation or magnified influence of certain discourses, practices and power relations in determining strategies of bio-governance. Specifically, this paper highlights how the spread of ASF in Europe has accelerated an already ongoing process ofveterinarization, understood as the growing prominence of veterinary sciences in the mediation and reorganization of contemporary socioecologies. This example highlights how veterinary logics increasingly influence localized human-wildlife relations and, through analogous practices of biosecurity and control, also connect different places and geographic contexts.

Features of the Formation of Technological Expectations in Russia: Analysis of the Results of Business Tendency Surveys of Digital Transformation of Manufacturing Enterprises

The purpose of the article is to analyze the technological expectations of managers of Russian enterprises from the manufacturing industry in the face of changes in the external economic environment. Firstly, the authors have calculated a specially developed «index of fulfillment» of technological expectations, reflecting the ratio of the expectations of the introduction of digital technologies formed in the previous period and an increase in the real level of implementation. Secondly, using regression analysis, the authors investigated the mechanisms of the formation of technological expectations of managers in various conditions: non-crisis 2018, pre-crisis 2019, and crisis 2020. The influence of the three mechanisms was tested in intertemporal context: the «inertial» one, which presupposes the preservation of the expectations formed in the past in the current period; «adaptive» which involves adjusting expectations in accordance with the current dynamics of technology implementation; «predictive» which implies the connection of expectations with the future level of implementation.The basis for empirical calculations was the data of annual business tendency surveys of digital activity of Russian manufacturing enterprises for 2018–2020. The aggregate sample of surveyed enterprises for three years included more than 3000 enterprises from 23 manufacturing industries. The paper studied patterns of implementation of 19 digital technologies, most of which, according to specialists, belong to Industry 4.0.The results obtained indicate that technological expectations are characterized by great heterogeneity in terms of feasibility. Regression analysis showed that all three identified mechanisms can play a role, but their influence varies. In particular, when a crisis occurs, the adaptive mechanism plays a key role, and the inertial mechanism becomes irrelevant.The results of this study indicate that Russia is characterized by the initial and transitional nature of digital transformation in the manufacturing industry, with technological development achieved through «breakthroughs» rather than a steady process of modernization. The main conclusion of the work is that external uncertainty greatly affects the evolution of technological expectations, destroying their continuity from previous plans and negatively affecting the predictive capabilities.

Shortcuts to Adiabaticity for Open Quantum Systems and a Mixed-State Inverse Engineering Scheme

We propose a fast mixed-state control scheme to transfer the quantum state along designable trajectories in Hilbert space, which is robust to multiple decoherence noises. Starting with the dynamical invariants of open quantum systems, we present the shortcuts to adiabaticity (STA) of open quantum systems at first, then apply the STA to speed up the adiabatic steady process. Our scheme drives open systems from a initial steady state to a target steady state by a controlled Liouvillian that possesses the same form as the reference (original) one that is accessible in present-day experiments. An experimental design with currently available parameters for the nitrogen-vacancy (N-$V$) center in diamond is suggested and discussed.