Steady Increase In Population Research Articles

Blood pressure variability in elderly and senior hypertensive patients

Background. In recent years the deterioration of the demographic situation has been noted in most countries of the world that is due to the steady increase in population of arterial hypertension and the aging of the population. According to the statistical forecast of the UN by 2025, the number of people over 60 will exceed 1 billion which is 15% of the entire global population. In Ukraine, according to epidemiological studies, the prevalence of hypertension among circulatory system diseases in adults (18 years and older) is 46.8% and almost half of patients with circulatory system diseases have elevated blood pressure. In patients aged 65 years and older, the prevalence of hypertension varies in the range of 53-72%. It has long been proven that the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications in hypertensive patients depends not only on the absolute blood pressure level but also on fluctuations in blood pressure over different periods that is blood pressure variability. Blood pressure is not a static parameter but rather undergoes continuous fluctuations over time due to the interaction between environmental factors and behaviour on the one hand and the internal regulatory mechanisms of the cardiovascular system on the other hand. Elevated blood pressure may indicate cardiovascular dysregulation and itself may be a cardiovascular risk factor associated with increased all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality, stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, end-stage renal disease and incidence of dementia. Aim. The study aimed to improve the system of prevention and diagnosis of elderly and senior hypertensive patients at the ambulatory-polyclinic stage due to the study of the contribution of blood pressure variability. Materials and methods. The group of examinees was formed taking into account 27 elderly and senile hypertensive patients including those combined with coronary artery disease. For this purpose, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was used. Results. Systolic blood pressure variability (SD) in hypertensive patients was higher than in the control group (p<0.001). So, during the study, SD was 17.9±7.1 mm Hg. while in the control group 12.1±2.6 mm Hg. The frequency of high blood pressure variability detection in elderly and senile hypertensive patients was 51.9% (n=14). High blood pressure variability compared to low blood pressure variability and control was associated with a more pronounced systolic blood pressure variability (during the active monitoring period), and it was equalled 23.7±5.2 mm Hg compared to 14.8±6.5 mm Hg (p<0.001) and 12.1±2.6 mm Hg. (p<0.001). In elderly and senile hypertensive patients with high and low blood pressure variability, the non-dipper group prevailed over the dipper group in the structure of daily blood pressure rhythm (71.4% vs. 28.6% and 84.6% vs. 15.4% respectively). According to the ambulatory blood pressure monitoring data high blood pressure variability group compared to low blood pressure variability and controls was characterised by higher average values of the number of blood pressure indicators. In the group of high blood pressure variability patients, the average daily systolic blood pressure exceeded the control value by 10% (р<0.05). The daily index of systolic blood pressure in the group of high blood pressure variability patients was 111% higher than in patients with low blood pressure variability (p<0.05). The daily index of diastolic blood pressure in the group of high blood pressure variability patients was 140% higher than in patients with low blood pressure variability (p<0.05). The daily index of average blood pressure in the group of high blood pressure variability patients was 191% higher than in patients with low blood pressure variability (p<0.01). Conclusions. 1. High blood pressure variability has occurred in 16 out of 27 (51.9%) hypertensive elderly and senile patients. 2. The non-dipper group has predominated in the structure of blood pressure diurnal rhythm in elderly and senile hypertensive patients with high and low blood pressure variability patients. _________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: arterial hypertension; essential hypertension; blood pressure variability; high blood pressure variability; low blood pressure variability; elderly and senile hypertensive patients

Groundwater Quality Assessment in Pul-e-Charkhi Region, Kabul, Afghanistan

We present the results of studies conducted on the assessment of groundwater quality observed on several water samples taken from water supply sources in the Pul-e-Charkhi region, which is located near the eastern part of Kabul and has seen steady growth in population after the U.S. completed its withdrawal from Afghanistan on 30 August 2021. The water in the basin serves as the main source of water supply and it consists of water discharge from nearby local industries, automobile repair and wash, Osman House, Gradation Place, International Standards Region, and many other regional sources that create a mix of contaminants in discharge to the basin. We collected several samples from each groundwater source for this investigation and transported them carefully to the research laboratory, maintaining the integrity of the samples. The main objective of this study is to assess groundwater quality for the determination of contaminants in groundwater to see what limitations it may pose for recycling and reuse. Such a study is necessary since the region requires persistent sources of water due to a steady increase in population and an associated shortage of water supply due to arid conditions. Furthermore, there is unavailability of similar data since the region served to support military operations since 2001. The samples were analyzed for temperature, electroconductivity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, salinity, pH, color, turbidity, hardness, chemicals, and heavy metals. The results obtained suggest that the parameters can be used efficiently to design filtration strategies based on region-specific contamination for the specific catchments located in and around the Kabul Basin. An effort to add additional characterization techniques is described to detect micro/nano plastics and new and emerging contaminants. The efforts reported here are consistent with the 2030 agenda for Sustainable Development Goals.

Rebalancing Nutrients, Reinforcing Antioxidant and Osmoregulatory Capacity, and Improving Yield Quality in Drought-Stressed Phaseolus vulgaris by Foliar Application of a Bee-Honey Solution

Bee-honey solution (BHS) is considered a plant growth multi-biostimulator because it is rich in osmoprotectants, antioxidants, vitamins, and mineral nutrients that can promote drought stress (DtS) resistance in common bean plants. As a novel strategy, BHS has been used in a few studies, which shows that the application of BHS can overcome the stress effects on plant productivity and can contribute significantly to bridging the gap between agricultural production and the steady increase in population under climate changes. Under sufficient watering (SW (100% of crop evapotranspiration; ETc) and DtS (60% of ETc)), the enhancing impacts of foliar application with BHS (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) on growth, productivity, yield quality, physiological-biochemical indices, antioxidative defense ingredients, and nutrient status were examined in common bean plants (cultivar Bronco). DtS considerably decreased growth and yield traits, green pod quality, and water use efficiency (WUE); however, application of BHS at all concentrations significantly increased all of these parameters under normal or DtS conditions. Membrane stability index, relative water content, nutrient contents, SPAD (chlorophyll content), and PSII efficiency (Fv/Fm, photochemical activity, and performance index) were markedly reduced under DtS; however, they increased significantly under normal or DtS conditions by foliar spraying of BHS at all concentrations. The negative impacts of DtS were due to increased oxidants [hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2•-)], electrolyte leakage (EL), and malondialdehyde (MDA). As a result, the activity of the antioxidant system (ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, α-tocopherol, glutathione, and ascorbate) and levels of osmoprotectants (soluble protein, soluble sugars, glycine betaine, and proline) were increased. However, all BHS concentrations further increased osmoprotectant and antioxidant capacity, along with decreased MDA and EL under DtS. What is interesting in this study was that a BHS concentration of 1.0% gave the best results under SW, while a BHS concentration of 1.5% gave the best results under DtS. Therefore, a BHS concentration of 1.5% could be a viable strategy to mitigate the DtS impairment in common beans to achieve satisfactory growth, productivity, and green pod quality under DtS.

Utilization of lignocellulosic plant residues for compost formation and its role in improving soil fertility

Globally, urbanization and a steady increase in population generate a huge amount of wastes, which leads to a series of economic, social, and environmental changes, mainly in developing countries. There is an utmost need for efficient management strategies for the beneficial utilization of these wastes into useful products. Among these strategies, composting is gaining attention due to its benefits of solid waste management, such as proper sterilization, and economical and effective bioconversion of lignocellulosic wastes to valuable products. Composting is an effective and sustainable approach for the management of various lignocellulosic wastes. This process comprises a series of effective waste treatment steps to ensure sustainable agriculture. Different composting methods have been explored for solid waste management. Furthermore, the influence of various factors relevant to composting has been elucidated. Microbes play a significant role in enhancing the degradation of lignocellulosic residues by secreting different hydrolytic enzymes. Compost has been utilized for increasing soil properties and improving plant growth.

Some Theoretical and Practical Issues of Medical Geographical Research

In the context of globalization of global economy and intense competition and steady increase in population, mortality rates among people with infectious and parasitic diseases are increasing. International organizations are also paying much attention to fighting these problems and their consequences. In particular, the UN Sustainable Development Program up to 2030 emphasizes “issues related to the elimination of immunodeficiency, tuberculosis and malaria epidemics in the period up to 2030, as well as measures to combat hepatitis and other waterborne infections”. Successful implementation of these tasks requires stabilization of nosocheological and nosogeographic situations in arid climates. Medical geographical situation in the regions is one of the most important factors determining the development of society and the way of life of the population. Addressing medical geographical problems and improving public health, reducing morbidity and increasing life expectancy are of vital scientific and practical importance.

Geoelectrical Parameters for the Estimation of Groundwater Potential in Fracture Aquifer at Sub-Urban Area of Abakaliki, SE Nigeria

There is a limited availability of groundwater potential within the study area, as there is steady increase in population due to movement of various faculties to main campus of Ebonyi State University (Perm Site). Therefore new water supplies are required to meet the demands for water. A combination of resistivity and borehole data were used to identify different water bearing horizons and their protective capacity. Twenty-three Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) using the Schlumberger configuration with maximum current electrode separations of 200 m was used to map the subsurface lithology.

THE IMPACT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF LAND IMPROVEMENT AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS ON WHEAT PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMICS IN KAFR EL-SHEIKH GOVERNORATE

Agricultural land resources are considered the most important factors of agricultural production and are increasingly important in countries with limited land resources, as in the case of Egypt in addition to what has happened in recent years of increasing encroachment on agricultural lands. On the other hand, agricultural strategies that seeks to increase agricultural land, and cultivated by strategic crops. The wheat crop in Egypt is considered one of the main crops, where the Egyptian citizen relies on it for his basic food. The wheat grains are used in the production of bread, pasta, pies and sweets. Wheat straw is used as a fodder for farm animals and it is used in some wood industries. As a result of the steady increase in population and insufficient domestic production of wheat, there is a large gap between local production and consumption of the population.so Egypt must be imported large amounts of wheat to meet the consumption of local market. The problem of this research is the decrease productivity of wheat crop in Kafr El-Sheikh Gover-norate and decrease in the net income of wheat cultivation in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, which led to reluctance of many farmers to grow wheat crop. Where the area of wheat grown in the governorate decreased from about 229.10 thousand feddans in 2005/2006 to about 216.7 thousand feddans in 2014/2015 with a decrease of 5.4%. The study aims to study the effect of improvement and maintenance programs of agricultural lands on productivity of wheat crops in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, 2015-2016, which helps farmers and decision-makers to increase the agricultural land area for improvement and conservation programs. One of the most important results was that all improvement processes resulted in an increase in the net yield of wheat crop, where all the measurements of the dummy variables were positively related and proved to be statistical significance. The results of analysis of variance showed the importance effect of usage agricultural land improvement and maintenance programs on increasing the net income of wheat. It is also estimated that the net income increases when more than one improvement program is used. Improvement processes, which reflects the nature of the quality of agricultural land in the governorate, which is characterized by heavy clay soil.

Water Resource Demand Analysis in the Loess Plateau Area Based on Food Security: A Case Study of Changwu County in Shaanxi Province

The shortage of water resources has been a major problem in the Loess Plateau. Under the situation of a steady increase in population, cultivated land gradation and rapid development of regional economy, how to achieve food security has been becoming an important issue in this region. Thus, a typical case study of Changwu County in Shaanxi Province was conducted. With the help of grey correlation analysis method, it concluded that the water resource is the leading factor in limiting the local food safety. Furthermore, the water consumption and water demand at various sectors are compared and analyzed. Then, the crop-water production function was introduced to optimize the irrigation water allocation. The paper finally discussed the development strategy on water resources utilization and food security, which would provide a scientific basis for the water resources exploitation and be a guarantee for the food security in Changwu County.

Cropping system innovation for coping with climatic warming in China

China is becoming the largest grain producing and carbon-emitting country in the world, with a steady increase in population and economic development. A review of Chinese experiences in ensuring food self-sufficiency and reducing carbon emission in the agricultural sector can provide a valuable reference for similar countries and regions. According to a comprehensive review of previous publications and recent field observations, China has experienced on average a larger and faster climatic warming trend than the global trend, and there are large uncertainties in precipitation change, which shows a non-significantly increasing trend. Existing evidence shows that the effects of climatic warming on major staple crop production in China could be markedly negative or positive, depending on the specific cropping region, season, and crop. However, historical data analysis and field warming experiments have shown that moderate warming, of less than 2.0°C, could benefit crop production in China overall. During the most recent warming decades, China has made successful adaptations in cropping systems, such as new cultivar breeding, cropping region adjustment, and cropping practice optimization, to exploit the positive rather than to avoid the negative effects of climatic warming on crop growth. All of these successful adaptations have greatly increased crop yield, leading to higher resource use efficiency as well as greatly increased soil organic carbon content with reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Under the warming climate, China has not only achieved great successes in crop production but also realized a large advance in greenhouse gas emission mitigation. Chinese experiences in cropping system innovation for coping with climatic warming demonstrate that food security and climatic warming mitigation can be synergized through policy, knowledge, and technological innovation. With the increasingly critical status of food security and climatic warming, further efforts should be invested in new agricultural policy, knowledge and technology creation, and popularization of climate-smart agriculture, and more financial investments should be made in field infrastructure development to increase cropping system resilience in China.

Design of Sewage Treatment Plant

Metro satellite has become as important complex locality near the place Palasuni of Bhubaneswar. As the city of temples, occupied the top position in the recent survey of 100 smart cities, there will be an increase not only economically but also there will be rise in population along with infrastructural works. So there is a substantial possibility of rise in population in Metro Satellite area of Palasuni. With this steady increase of population, there will be more generation of household and domestic sewage. So there is a basic need of construction of a Sewage Treatment Plant with a view of sufficient capacity to treat the sewage. A sewage treatment plant is quite necessary to receive the domestic and household waste and thus removing the materials which creates harms for general public. Its basic aim or objective is to produce an environmental safe atmosphere by treated effluent or sludge which will be suitable for disposal or reuse. The project mainly deals with design of STP and its stages or components which are responsible for the sewage treatment like screening, grit chamber ,skimming tank, sedimentation tank, secondary clarifier, activated sludge tank and sludge drying beds. The projects covers the various dimensions of components such as which would cover an approximate population of 10000 including every building and complex of the area for a maximum period of time. By the execution of the project the entire sewage of the proposed area can be treated effectively and efficiently. I. Function decomposition

Effect of Mega Bridge on Hydro – morphodynamics of Waterfront Facilities in Wide Estuarine Harbours- A Sustainable Development

Mumbai being traditionally the epicentre of India's commerce, the narrow stretch of land (Mumbai Island) has seen a steady increase in population despite obvious spatial constraints. Hence for easing the pressure on the island city, development of Navi Mumbai on east has been identified. However lack of easy connectivity to Navi Mumbai has stunted its growth and pressure on Mumbai's infrastructure viz. roads/bridges continues to mount. As such to cater the need of road traffic/avoid traffic jams, it is inevitable to have Mega Bridge (MTHL) connecting Mumbai to Navi Mumbai spanning across entire width (17km) of wide estuarine region, wherein major ports viz. Mumbai and Jawaharlal Nehru exist. These ports are facing problem of increased siltation. Hence to assess effect of MTHL consisting of hundreds of piers, which may have detrimental effect on existing waterfront facilities from hydro-morphodynamic aspect, studies are essential to ensure that development is sustainable. The effect of MTHL under complex hydrodynamic condition is compared by developing mathematical model for Mumbai/JN port area. The model shows 95% and 90% agreement for water level & current respectively with the prototype. The effect of Mega Bridge, studied from hydro-morphodynamic considerations on existing waterfront facilities in Mumbai/JN port area is insignificant and may not hamper smooth functioning and as such is a sustainable development.

City, Sustainability, and Social Justice: a note on Kolkata

This article offers some reflections on sustainability in Kolkata, Indian city characterized by a steady increase in population, poverty and violence. It is argued that the key issue is not the continuous increase in population, but how to square the circle between, on the one hand, social justice and the right at a decent standard of living and, on the other, environmental sustainability and the availability of resources. Questo articolo si occupa della questione di sostenibilita in Kolkata, citta indiana caratterizzata da un costante aumento di popolazione, violenza e poverta. Si sostiene che la questione fondamentale non e l’aumento continuo della popolazione, ma come far quadrare il cerchio tra giustizia sociale e diritto a un livello di vita decente, da un lato e, dall’altro la sostenibilita ambientale e la disponibilita di risorse.

Specificity of population trends in Vojvodina - the 2011 census

According to the 2011 Census, Vojvodina has the population of 1,931,809 which is by 100,183 less than in 2002. Vojvodina has fewer inhabitants today than in 1971. This decrease in number of inhabitants, according to the latest census, occurred in all municipalities except in the City of Novi Sad, where the population annually increased by 4,703. The main objective of this paper was to analyze the movement of population between two censuses, focusing on the specifics of population movements in certain areas of Vojvodina. First of all, the area of the North Banat should be pointed out because there the population has been steadily declining since 1961. On the other hand, the South Backa area records a steady increase in population in the period from the World War Two to the present, mainly due to the mechanical movement or immigration to the center of this area - the City of Novi Sad. In addition to the population decline, the population of Vojvodina is characterized by higher average age. The last census showed that the population of all municipalities was, on average, older than 40, except in the municipality of Zabalj (39.7) and the City of Novi Sad (40.0). Analysis of the data has shown that the trend of the population decline in Vojvodina, caused by very high mortality rates and low birth rates, continues and that the age structure of population is becoming less favorable.

Impact of urban planning on household's residential decisions: An agent-based simulation model for Vienna

Interest in assessing the sustainability of socio-ecological systems of urban areas has increased notably, with additional attention generated due to the fact that half the world's population now lives in cities. Urban areas face both a changing urban population size and increasing sustainability issues in terms of providing good socioeconomic and environmental living conditions. Urban planning has to deal with both challenges. Households play a major role by being affected by urban planning decisions on the one hand and by being responsible – among many other factors – for the environmental performance of a city (e.g. energy use). We here present an agent-based decision model referring to the city of Vienna, the capital of Austria, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area, the latter being more than 25% of Austria's total population). Since the early 1990s, after decades of negative population growth, Vienna has been experiencing a steady increase in population, mainly driven by immigration. The aim of the agent-based decision model is to simulate new residential patterns of different household types based on demographic development and migration scenarios. Model results were used to assess spatial patterns of energy use caused by different household types in the four scenarios (1) conventional urban planning, (2) sustainable urban planning, (3) expensive centre and (4) no green area preference. Outcomes show that changes in preferences of households relating to the presence of nearby green areas have the most important impact on the distribution of households across the small-scaled city area. Additionally, the results demonstrate the importance of the distribution of different household types regarding spatial patterns of energy use.

International Water Disputes

The challenges facing water resources world-wide stém from a multitude of factors, including the steady increase in population, urbanization, environmental degradation, and industrialization. Those challenges are compounding water shortages, and in turn, resulting in steadily increasing international disputes over water. Such disputes are getting more complex and novel, involving not only states, but also legal entities, corporations, and individuals against other states. The claims now go beyond the traditional water quantity issues, and involve water quality, border lines across boundary rivers, and water rights issues. The settlement institutions have expanded considerably and now include varied international and national tribunals, as well as third and fourth parties. This article reviews and discusses those novel claims, claimants and dispute settlement institutions, and analyzes emerging trends in this area.

IMPROVED COMBUSTION PROCESSES IN MEDICAL WASTES INCINERATORS FOR RURAL APPLICATIONS

The emergence of sustainable development programmes and the problem associated with continued steady increase in population have increased public awareness and concern for the environment. In particular, the demand for health services has increased to an extent that the health sector produces large quantities of biomedical wastes that can have severe impact on the environment if not properly disposed. Although incineration is not a clean process of disposing these wastes, it is still a preferred method especially when operated at elevated temperatures. The problem in developing countries is that several incinerators either in rural or urban areas operate at low temperatures and are therefore sources of environmental pollution. This paper describes the use of cost effective and appropriate pollution control systems to achieve acceptable combustion conditions. A small rig was designed for conducting tests on the incineration of rural clinical wastes in Botswana. Experimental results showed that if proper combustion conditions are applied to low technology rural clinical waste incinerators, the operating temperatures could increase from around 400 to above 850oC. It was concluded that by increasing the operating temperatures of the current disposal methods and using wet scrubber in rural clinical waste incinerators, the combustion conditions could be improved significantly. African Journal of Science and Technology Vol.5(1) 2004: 67-72

ED Overcrowding: Successful Action Plans of a Southern California Community Hospital

Overcrowded emergency departments threaten access to emergency care for everyone. In the last 12 years, US ED visits have risen from 89.8 million to 110.2 million, more than a 22% increase. 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services. Data and Statistics. Available form: URL: http://www.cdc.gov Google Scholar The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cites an increase of 2.7 million visits from 2001 to 2002, despite reduced hospital resources. In turn, hospitals operate fewer inpatient beds. Between 1990 and 1999, hospitals lost 103,000 staffed beds and 7800 medical/surgical intensive care unit beds. 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services. Data and Statistics. Available form: URL: http://www.cdc.gov Google Scholar Many clinical specialties in health care are facing dramatic shortages, with one of the most serious being nursing. Enrollment in California nursing schools is limited, primarily due to 2 factors: state budget cuts and a shortage of qualified nursing instructors. And the average age of the nursing workforce is 48 years. With these startling figures, there is no end in sight to today's health care crisis, and it probably has not reached its pinnacle. In addition, a steady increase in population throughout the country is occurring, particularly in the western region of the country.

A Micro View of Energy Consumption in The Household Ecosystem

Energy is the basic natural resource without which the existance of mankind is almost impossible. The human civilization started with the historic revolutionary invention of fuel energy which today has become an universal concern. Energy plays a vital role in human development and welfare, since all the important economic activities of present civilization are dependent on availabality and level of consumption of energy (Rajgopal and Mishra, 1994). Energy is the important component of ecosystem and household is the major consumer of this component for various activities like cooking, water heating and lighting. In India about 50 percent of the total energy consumption is met from the non commercial energy sources like wood, vegetable/ agricultural wastes, dried cow dung cakes etc. In Karnataka out of the total 51.41 percent energy produced from the traditional sources, fire wood alone accounts for 41.29 percent energy production. In rural areas cooking alone consumes maximum energy in the households and fire wood is the primary source for more than 90 percent of the households (Sumangala, 1997). Today the whole world, perticularly India is facing energy crisis not only due to price rise but also due to steady increase in population and the depleting availabality of the energy sources (Sharma, 1993). Some of the technologies like biogas, solar cookers, improved chulahs etc. are not readily accepted by the population for regular use in the micro ecosystem. Hence the present study is designed to gain knowledge about the use of major energy sources in the household level both in rural and urban areas and the constraints faced by the families in the procurement and use of these energy sources.

Planning and Development of Canadian Country Towns in the Nineteenth Century

Country towns are small settlements which are scattered over the rural area. Many country towns were planned and located with specific functions, especially as a basis for pioneer settlement. These towns often preceded general settlement and developed a tradition as rural service centers. In Upper Canada, in the 1780s, the British Imperial Government began a land survey and town planning along the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario to encourage settlement.The purpose of this paper is to reveal the process of formation of country towns: who had the idea of town planning, how the plan was realized and developed, and what changes the country town has undergone. The process will be assessed in the context of Canadian pioneer experience in the nineteenth century. The village of Elora in Wellington County was chosen as a typical country town in Upper Canada. It is situated in the middle of Southern Ontario, and its planning and development started in the 1830s when the development of Southern Ontario began in earnest. The following approaches were taken to examine and assess the sample village.Firstly, the general planning of Upper Canada is discussed. The Imperial government purchased the land from the indigenous people and granted it to new settlers. The administrators ordered a systematic land survey, the basic unit for which was the township. Simcoe, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada in 1792, ordered the survey of Southern Ontario from the shoreline of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Many townships were set up using several survey systems which included the rectangular land system. Simcoe thought that choosing a site with natural advantages was the most important thing in town planning. The lots in the townsite were usually based on the rectangular land system.Secondly, the planning of Elora is discussed. In Wellington County, Simcoe ordered that the base line start from Lake Ontario, and townships adjacent to the lines were surveyed. Nichol Township was purchased in 1798 and the lots were set up using the double front survey system in 1819. Gilkison, from Scotland, purchased half of the south-west portion of Nichol Township and chose the site for his town of Elora at the beautiful falls on the Grand River in 1832. He organized the survey and layout for the village.Thirdly, the development of Elora between the 1840s and 1870s is discussed. The village had been in decline for years after the death of Gilkison. However, under the direction of Allan, and with the co-operation of the residents, Elora was revitalized with some manufacturing establishments, and there was a steady increase in population. As the surrounding townships were settled, Elora became a rural service center. The data of the register and some maps show the realities of town planning at that time. The north side of the Grand River was developed rapidly as a residential area, and there was also a commercial and an industrial area. They reveal the difference between the original plan and the realities of frontier settlements.From these three approaches, the results can be summarized as follows: at the beginning, the work of the land survey and the planning of towns was carried out by Imperial officials as the main colonial policy, but gradually private entrepreneurs became interested and the work became more speculative and ambitious. The planning and development of Elora is a typical example of the latter, undertaken by some private entrepreneurs, such as Gilkison and Allan. As the number of settlers and businesses increased, country towns developed quite differently from the original plan.By the 1860s, most of the available land in Wellington County had been taken up. The population of Nichol township and Elora village peaked in 1871, but since then there has been a steady decrease until 1941. The countryside and country towns in Upper Canada were influenced by urbanization and the mechanization of agriculture on the one hand,

The A.D. 79 eruption as a future explosive scenario in the Vesuvian area: evaluation of associated risk

Due to the lack of an effective policy of planning and prevention, over the past decades the area around Mt. Vesuvio has undergone a steady increase in population and uncontrolled housing development. Consequently, it has become one of the most hazardous volcanic areas in the world. In order to mitigate the damage that the impact of an explosive event would cause in the area, the Department of Civil Defense has worked out an Emergency Management Plan using the A.D. 1631 subplinian eruption as the most probable short-term event. However, from 25 000 years B.P. to present, the activity of the Somma-Vesuvio volcano has shown a sequence of eight eruptive cycles, which always began with a strong plinian eruption. In this paper we utilize the A.D. 79 eruption as an example of a potential large explosive eruption that might occur again at Vesuvio. A detailed tephrostratigraphic analysis of the eruption products was processed by a multivariate statistical analysis. This analysis proved useful for identifying marker layers in the sequences, thus allowing the recognition of some major phases of synchronous deposition and hence the definition of the chronological and spatial evolution of the eruption. By combining this reconstruction with land-use maps, a scenario is proposed with time intervals in the eruptive sequence similar to those reported in Pliny's letter. Thus, it was calculated that, after 7 h from the start of the eruption, a total area of approximately 300 km2 would be covered with the eruption products. In the following 11 h, a total area of approximately 500 km2 would be involved. The third and last phase of deposition would not cause significant variation in the total area involved, but it would bring about an increase in the thickness of the pyroclastic deposits in the perivolcanic area.