Steady Absorption Research Articles

Efficiency-aware machine-learning driven design of solar harvester for renewable energy application

Although MIM structures have been studied for solar thermal applications for decades, the multilayer MI-MIM structure is the subject of this study's investigation for batter absorption. In order to identify an effective solar absorber, two configurations Gold-MgF2-Gold (GMGSA) and Gold-MgF2-Gold-MgF2-Gold (GMGMGSA) are examined in this work. By using machine learning approaches, this research was able to get an MSE of 2.8091 × 10−5 and an R2 value of 0.998836. The optical response and parameter optimization analysis have been examined in this work in the wavelength range of 0.4 μm–1.6 μm. When exposed to AM 1.5 spectrum radiation, the GMGMGSA absorbs 93.10 % of the radiation, compared to 88.30 % for the single-layer GMGSA. Furthermore, both structures show steady absorption that is independent of polarization up to a 70° incidence angle. The aforementioned discoveries render the structure a plausible contender for solar thermal uses, including battery-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV), commercial solar power (CSP), and solar water heating. This might lead to a future where energy is more sustainably produced.

A STUDY OF INVESTOR’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS MUTUAL FUNDS AS AN INVESTMENT OPTION

Mutual fund as an investment avenue provides a platform to the investor who does not want to take high risk on their hard-earned investment. In India, mutual fund industry is growing rapidly and this industry has emerged as an important segment of the financial market of India, especially in channelizing and mobilizing the savings of millions of individuals into the investment in equity and debt instruments. Mutual fund investment is less risky than investing directly in stocks and is therefore a safer option for risk averse investors. A competent fund manager should analyse investor behaviour, perception, and attitude and understand their needs and expectations to gear up the performance to meet investor expectations and requirements. Also, the mutual fund industry today is one of the most preferred investment options of all over the world. It plays a crucial role in the economic development of a country. Mutual fund active involvement can be seen by their dominant presence in the money market as well as the capital market. They are also found very active in the stock market by way of ensuring stability as a supplier of large funds through steady absorption of floating stocks. Investors invest directly in individual securities or indirectly through a financial intermediary. Study intends to identify the usage of schemes and level of risk on the basis of their income level. The findings of the study indicate that the majority of the selected respondents have used open ended schemes with moderate risk.

Pushing the heterometal doping limit while preserving long-lived charge separation in a Ti-based MOF photocatalyst

This study explores the nature, dynamics, and reactivity of the photo-induced charge separated excited state in a Fe3+-doped titanium-based metal organic framework (MOF), xFeMIL125-NH2, as a function of iron concentration. The MOF is synthesized with doping levels x = 0.5, 1 and 2 Fe node sites per octameric Ti-oxo cluster and characterized by powder x-ray diffraction, UV-vis diffuse reflectance, atomic absorption, and steady state Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. For each doping level, time-resolved X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy studies confirm the electron trap site role of the Fe sites in the excited state. Time scan data reveal multiexponential decay kinetics for the charge recombination processes which extend into the microsecond range for all three concentrations. A series of dye photodegradation studies, based on the oxidative decomposition of Rhodamine B, demonstrates the reactivity of the charge separated excited state and the photocatalytic capacity of these MOF materials compared to traditional heterometal-doped semiconductor photocatalysts.

Metallosupramolecular chains of diazananographene and porphyrin: synthesis, characterization and optical properties

A one-dimensional (1D) metallosupramolecular polymer, consisting of diazananographene (C76N2) and porphyrin cobalt(II) (CoTPP), was synthesized through coordination between pyridinic nitrogen and cobalt (II). Its structure was unambiguously characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Revealed by NMR spectroscopy, this complex in solution still adopted a polymeric structure. The steady and transient absorption spectroscopic measurements of metallosupramolecular polymer indicated fast vibrational relaxation of CoTPP and energy transfer from CoTPP to C76N2.

A nano-Liposomal formulation potentiates antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and fibrinolytic activities of Allolobophora caliginosa coelomic fluid: formulation and characterization

BackgroundCoelomic fluid, a pharmacologically active compound in earthworms, exhibits a range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. However, the biological activities exerted by the coelomic fluid can be restrained by its low bioavailability and stability. Liposomes are progressively utilized as an entrapment system for natural bioactive compounds with poor bioavailability and stability, which could be appropriate for coelomic fluid. Thus, the present study was designed to fabricate, characterize, and evaluate the stability of liposomal formulation for Allolobophora caliginosa coelomic fluid (ACCF) as a natural antioxidant compound.MethodsThe ACCF-liposomes were developed with a subsequent characterization of their physicochemical attributes. The physical stability, ACCF release behavior, and gastrointestinal stability were evaluated in vitro. The biological activities of ACCF and its liposomal formulation were also determined.ResultsThe liposomal formulation of ACCF had a steady characteristic absorption band at 201 nm and a transmittance of 99.20 ± 0.10%. Its average hydrodynamic particle size was 98 nm, with a PDI of 0.29 ± 0.04 and a negative zeta potential (-38.66 ± 0.33mV). TEM further confirmed the formation of vesicular, spherical nano-liposomes with unilamellar configuration. Additionally, a remarkable entrapment efficiency percent (77.58 ± 0.82%) with a permeability rate equal to 3.20 ± 0.31% and a high retention rate (54.16 ± 2.20%) for ACCF-liposomes were observed. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) result demonstrated that ACCF successfully entrapped inside liposomes. The ACCF-liposomes exhibited a slow and controlled ACCF release in vitro. Regarding stability studies, the liposomal formulation enhanced the stability of ACCF during storage and at different pH. Furthermore, ACCF-liposomes are highly stable in intestinal digestion conditions comparable to gastric digestion. The current study disclosed that liposomal formulation potentiates the biological activities of ACCF, especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and thrombolytic activities.ConclusionThese promising results offer a novel approach to increasing the bioaccessibility of ACCF, which may be crucial for the development of pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical-enriched functional foods.

Theoretical and numerical analysis of a compact structure with cutting rings for energy absorption mechanism

Structures designed based on the deformation and damage mechanisms of metals are extensively applied in the energy absorption field. Inspired by cutting metal structures, a compact energy absorption structure with cutting rings (ECR) is proposed in this paper, which absorbs energy via metal shearing, extrusion, and upsetting. To investigate the effect of the key geometrical parameters on energy absorption performances of the ECR, including ring thickness and spacing, a parametric study is conducted. The numerical model of the ECR is constructed and validated by the dropping weight impact test results. Combining the response mechanism and numerical analysis, it is found that ECRs with different structural parameters show three typical response modes during the energy absorption process. Mode B is superior to the other two modes, with a higher energy absorption EA and a lower uniformity ratio RU. Moreover, the ECR with a larger ring thickness has a higher peak contact force Fpecf, which changes Mode B to Mode C. Thus, the gradient configuration is introduced to reduce the peak and obtain a steady energy absorption process. It is demonstrated that the gradient ECR shows an approximate 16% reduction in RU and an approximate 9% reduction in Fpecf, as compared to a non-gradient ECR with a similar average ring thickness.

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of SnO<sub>2</sub> Nanosheets

Increasing the demand to explore the nanomaterials properties to be used in numerous applications have emerged considerable effort to developing synthesis methods. Herein, Tin oxide (SnO2) nanosheets have been prepared by a facile one step hydrothermal method using Teflon-lined steel at synthesis temperature of 120 C for 12 hours. As synthesis material were characterized by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) to revealing the morphology and structural properties. As a result, SnO2 nanosheets have been obtained with thickness around 15 nm with a clear sheets morphology. XRD pattern showed one phase structural with absence of impurities phases. Optical properties for nanosheets suspended in ethanol were investigated using steady state photoluminescence and UV-Vis absorption technics. The result showed four peaks centered at 380 nm, 445 nm, 475 nm, and 500 nm related to near band to band emission and defects states. Keywords: SnO2, Nanosheets, hydrothermal, XRD

Physical mechanisms on FRET and ICT for efficient Y6:PM6 as bulk heterojunction active layers.

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have emerged as a promising new energy technology because of their advantages of efficient light harvesting, comprehensive material sources, and flexible and translucent devices. In this study, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and intermolecular charge transfer (ICT) in the donor-acceptor system for efficient OSCs of the Y6:PM6 heterostructure are investigated with ultrafast pump-probe transient absorption spectroscopy, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, steady absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopy, which is significantly supported by theoretical results. The physical mechanisms of FRET and ICT in the donor-acceptor system for efficient OSCs of the Y6:PM6 heterostructure are investigated theoretically and experimentally. FRET can decrease the recombination of electron-hole in the donor's fluorescence and enhance the acceptor's fluorescence. Our study contributes to a better understanding of FRET and ICT and provides valuable references for the rational design of FRET- and ICT-based OSCs.

Design and Parametric Analysis of a Wide-Angle and Polarization Insensitive Ultra-Broadband Metamaterial Absorber for Visible Optical Wavelength Applications

Researchers are trying to work out how to make a broadband response metamaterial absorber (MMA). Electromagnetic (EM) waves that can pass through the atmosphere and reach the ground are most commonly used in the visible frequency range. In addition, they are used to detect faults, inspect tapped live-powered components, electrical failures, and thermal leaking hot spots. This research provides a numerical analysis of a compact split ring resonator (SRR) and circular ring resonator (CRR) based metamaterial absorber (MMA) using a three-layer substrate material configuration for wideband visible optical wavelength applications. The proposed metamaterial absorber has an overall unit cell size of 800 nm × 800 nm × 175 nm in both TE and TM mode simulations and it achieved above 80% absorbance in the visible spectrums from 450 nm to 650 nm wavelength. The proposed MA performed a maximum absorptivity of 99.99% at 557 nm. In addition, the steady absorption property has a broad range of oblique incidence angle stability. The polarization conversion ratio (PCR) is evaluated to ensure that the MMA is perfect. Both TM and TE modes can observe polarization insensitivity and wide-angle incidence angle stability with 18° bending effects. Moreover, a structural study using electric and magnetic fields was carried out to better understand the MMA's absorption properties. The observable novelty of the proposed metamaterial is compact in size compared with reference paper, and it achieves an average absorbance of 91.82% for visible optical wavelength. The proposed MMA also has bendable properties. The proposed MMA validation has been done by two numerical simulation software. The MMA has diverse applications, such as color image, wide-angle stability, substantial absorption, absolute invisible layers, thermal imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications.

Role of polystyrene/multiwall carbon nanotubes concentrations on the morphological properties of prepared nanofibers nanocomposites

The electrospinning technique was used to prepare nanofibers samples consisting of three groups, each group has a different polystyrene concentration (12, 14, 16 wt.%). Multiwalled carbon nanotubes were added to each group with four ratios to yield four samples comprising (polystyrene/MWCNT) constituents. The UV-Visible test was carried out to know how uniformly nanofibers and Mutli-walled carbon nanotubes were distributed in the polymeric nanofibers and their effect on the final nanofiber’s properties through the absorption peaks. The morphological test used “Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope”. The results showed that; MWCNTS has a dominant effect on prepared nanofibers in the (12 wt.% Polystyrene) group, and both (PS, MWCNT) have a shared effect, highest steady absorption curves, and uniformly scattered radiation at (14 wt.% PS) group, and random results at (16 wt.% PS) group. From FESEM results we notice that increasing polymer concentration causes an increase in the nanofiber’s diameter and beads formation chance increases at (12,16 wt.% PS) groups. In the group of (14 wt.% Polystyrene), it produces nanofibers with free beads and uniform distribution, the addition of MWCNT lowers the diameter of nanofibers much more and enhances the orientation, and improves their UV absorption, strength, and mechanical properties.

Vibrational and electronic absorption spectroscopic and density functional theoretical studies on the 2(3H)-benzothiazolone and its anion

In this paper, 2(3H)-benzothiazolone(2-BTO) was investigated in crystalloid using infrared, and Raman spectroscopies combining with density functional theoretical (DFT) calculation. Further using the steady absorption spectra, the dimer and anion structures were characterized combining with the time-dependent density functional theoretical (TD-DFT) calculations. Our results indicated that in the crystalline the dimer was stabilized due to the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds (HBs) by vibrational spectroscopic and DFT calculation, and even in methanol and water solvents, the hydrogen bonds between BTO and methanol, even and water could not catch up with the HBs strength of the dimer. However, only was the base doped into methanol and water, hydrogen bonds between the dimer would be cleavage to further produce the monomer anion, which can be determined by the steady UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy and TD-DFT calculation. A simple, convenient and pratical method is proposed to detect the structure and optical properties of benzothiazolones and its anion.

Two-Color Laser-Induced Fluorescence Thermometry In Micrometric Ethanol Droplets Using A Fluorescein And Sulforhodamine 101 Dye Mixture

In this work, two-color laser-induced fluorescence (2c-LIF) is applied to measure the temperature in micrometric ethanol droplets, containing a novel dye mixture of fluorescein (FL) and sulforhodamine 101 (SRh). A monodisperse droplet generator is used to generate 100 µm sized droplets with temperatures from 293 K to 343 K. The addition and excitation of the dye mixture allow the simultaneous detection of the fluorescence signal with two detection systems. A fiber coupled spectrometer and an imaging system with two sCMOS cameras provide both, spectral and spatial information. Measuring both signals at the same time, lasing effects (or morphology-dependent resonances) in the droplet can be clearly recognized in the spectra and circumvented in further measurements.  Additionally, absorption measurements are conducted, which demonstrate the difference in temperature sensitivity between the two dyes and show potential re-absorption effects. At high temperatures, the photon absorption of FL increases strongly while SRh shows a steady absorption at all temperatures. By measuring the emission spectra, the implied temperature dependence can be observed for FL. On the contrary, the emission signal of SRh is constant at any temperature measured. The wavelength regions with highest sensitivity are elaborated and respective filters are chosen for the color channels in the imaging system. No lasing effects were observed in these filter regions in planar and spectral measurements. Temperature-dependent signal ratios of the two channels are obtained for the detected spectra and images. The resulting calibration curves are compared and discussed. A much steeper slope and thus larger sensitivity is achieved by measuring with the spectrometer. Both calibration curves show only very little standard deviations, which proves the applicability and reliability of the setup, the method and the utilized dyes, for application in technical spray systems.

Time-Resolved Optical Pump-Resonant X-ray Probe Spectroscopy of 4-Thiouracil: A Simulation Study.

We theoretically monitor the photoinduced ππ* → nπ* internal conversion process in 4-thiouracil (4TU), triggered by an optical pump. The element-sensitive spectroscopic signatures are recorded by a resonant X-ray probe tuned to the sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen K-edge. We employ high-level electronic structure methods optimized for core-excited electronic structure calculation combined with quantum nuclear wavepacket dynamics computed on two relevant nuclear modes, fully accounting for their quantum nature of nuclear motions. We critically discuss the capabilities and limitations of the resonant technique. For sulfur and nitrogen, we document a pre-edge spectral window free from ground-state background and rich with ππ* and nπ* absorption features. The lowest sulfur K-edge shows strong absorption for both ππ* and nπ*. In the lowest nitrogen K-edge window, we resolve a state-specific fingerprint of the ππ* and an approximate timing of the conical intersection via its depletion. A spectral signature of the nπ* transition, not accessible by UV-vis spectroscopy, is identified. The oxygen K-edge is not sensitive to molecular deformations and gives steady transient absorption features without spectral dynamics. The ππ*/nπ* coherence information is masked by more intense contributions from populations. Altogether, element-specific time-resolved resonant X-ray spectroscopy provides a detailed picture of the electronic excited-state dynamics and therefore a sensitive window into the photophysics of thiobases.

Stable CsPbX3 mixed halide alloyed epitaxial films prepared by pulsed laser deposition

The pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique has been proved to be able to grow oxide thin films with high structural quality with precisely controlled composition and thickness to achieve designed optical and electronical properties established in alloyed semiconductors and heterostructures. In this Letter, inorganic halide perovskite CsPb(IxClyBr1−x−y)3 epitaxial alloyed films on (001)-SrTiO3(STO) substrates were grown by PLD. The film crystal quality, phase stability, and the epitaxial relationship between the film and substrate were characterized with a detailed x-ray diffraction technique like high-resolution reciprocal spatial mapping and ϕ-scan. In addition, the photocarrier dynamics of the alloyed epitaxial films were investigated by photophysics spectroscopy, including steady and femtosecond transient optical absorption spectroscopy and temperature-dependent and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. The bandgap of the CsPbX3 films was tuned from 1.75 to 2.98 eV by substituting X with I/Br/Cl and their mixture of different ratios. Free exciton emissions were observed at a low temperature photoluminescence spectrum (PL, 10 K), which confirmed the high crystal and optical quality of the epitaxial perovskite alloyed films except the CsPbI3 film. The femtosecond transient absorption spectra also showed that such perovskite films are of very low concentration of exciton trap states. These results indicated that PLD is a powerful technology for growing high quality inorganic halide perovskite films with a tunable bandgap covering the full visible light range, which provided more options for CsPbX3 based panchromatic LED and other optoelectronic devices.

Electronic relaxation of photoexcited open and closed shell adsorbates on semiconductors: Ag and Ag2 on TiO2.

A theoretical treatment based on the equations of motion of an electronic reduced density matrix, and related computational modeling, is used to describe and calculate relaxation times for nanostructured TiO2(110) surfaces, here for Ag and Ag2 adsorbates. The theoretical treatment deals with the preparation of a photoexcited system under two different conditions, by steady light absorption with a cutoff and by a light pulse, and describes the following relaxation of electronic densities. On the computational modeling, results are presented for electronic density of states, light absorbance, and relaxation dynamics, comparing results for Ag and Ag2 adsorbates. The aim of this work is to provide insight on the dynamics and magnitude of relaxation rates for a surface with adsorbed open- and closed-shell Ag species to determine whether the advantages in using them to enhance light absorbance remain valid in the presence of charge density relaxation. Different behaviors can be expected depending on whether the adsorbate particles (Ag metal clusters in our present choice) have electronic open-shell or closed-shell structures. Calculated electron and hole lifetimes are given for pure TiO2(110), Ag/TiO2(110), and Ag2/TiO2(110). The present results, while limited to chosen structures and photon wavelengths, show that relaxation rates are noticeably different for electrons and holes, but comparable in magnitude for pure and adsorbate surfaces. Overall, the introduction of the adsorbates does not lead to rapid loss of charge carriers, while they give large increases in light absorption. This appears to be advantageous for applications to photocatalysis.

Influence of Photon Pump Fluence on Charge Carriers in FAPbI3 and Manganite Perovskites

FAPbI3 and FA(Mn:Pb)I3 perovskite films were prepared and evaluated through steady and transient absorption spectroscopy. According to the analysis using Elliot’s model, there were no considerable differences except for the absorption intensity between FAPbI3 and FA(Mn:Pb)I3 perovskite films: the value of the optical gap (Eg) and the position of exciton resonance (E0) were the same. The femtosecond transient absorption showed biexponential relaxation properties of the charge carriers, suggesting that biexcitons are more easily generated in FA(Mn:Pb)I3 than FAPbI3 perovskite. The generation of biexcitons in FA(Mn:Pb)I3 was also confirmed by the photon pump fluence dependence. Moreover, we were able to estimate the average number of absorbed photons directly from the photon pump power dependence without needing any further experimental measurements such as photoluminescence. Our findings may offer a new way of understanding photoinduced carrier dynamics in perovskite manganites.

Characteristics of a solar-driven phase change material with sodium acetate trihydrate and Ti2O3 particle composite

Due to its capacity to alleviate the supply-and-demand mismatch in renewable energy, phase transition material-based thermal energy storage has gained considerable attention. It has been discovered that elements with photo-thermal change and heat storage characteristics can be produced to increase thermal use of solar energy. Photo-thermal conversion and broad spectrum absorption made them ideal candidates for use as photo-conversion medium. All wavelengths of sunlight are absorbed by Ti2O3 particles, making them excellent photo-thermal conversion medium. photothermal at 5 % weight and carboxymethyl cellulose at 3 % weight were utilised to reduce supercooling and limit SAT phase separation, respectively. The heat latent of 228.6–257.7 kJ kg−1 of Ti2O3 are higher in composites with varying Ti2O3 content, which have lower supercooling degrees of 0.9–1.5 °C and steady absorption capacities throughout entire solar spectra (200–2500 nm). The DSP and SAT absorb more light at 1900 nm–2500 nm than Ti2O3. Total solar absorption capacity of sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT) composite specimen with 10 % Ti2O3 is higher than that of Ti2O3 of 92.76 % because SAT and DSP have remarkable long-wave infrared absorption capability. The SAT composite phase transition materials, the 10 wt% composite had the highest photothermal storage efficiency. Thermal storage efficiency of 76.63 % is achieved by using Ti2O3. Power systems may benefit from the use of materials that undergo photothermal storage phase transition (PTC).

Experimental study on water absorption of unsaturated concrete: w/c ratio, coarse aggregate and saturation degree

Better understanding of water transport in concrete is of great significance to assess the durability and predict service life. In this study, effects of water to cement ratio (W/C), volume fraction of coarse aggregate (Va) and particle size of coarse aggregate on water absorption of concrete were investigated. Besides, more attention was paid to the effect of saturation degree (θ) on water absorption of concrete. The results showed that the process of water absorption can be divided into two stages: rapid absorption and steady absorption. The rate of water absorption increases with the increasing W/C of concrete. An increase of Va reduces the water absorption of concrete; however, the particle size of coarse aggregate has no effect on the water absorption of unsaturated concrete. The initial rate of water absorption decreases with the saturation degree of concrete increasing. According to experiment results, a model for predicting the initial rate of water absorption of concrete with any saturation degree is established. From that, the initial rate of water absorption of concrete with any saturation degree can be calculated.

PN/PAs-WSe2 van der Waals heterostructures for solar cell and photodetector

By first-principles calculations, we investigate the geometric stability, electronic and optical properties of the type-II PN-WSe2 and type-I PAs-WSe2 van der Waals heterostructures(vdWH). They are p-type semiconductors with indirect band gaps of 1.09 eV and 1.08 eV based on PBE functional respectively. By applying the external gate field, the PAs-WSe2 heterostructure would transform to the type-II band alignment from the type-I. With the increasing of magnitude of the electric field, two heterostructures turn into the n-type semiconductors and eventually into metal. Especially, PN/PAs-WSe2 vdWH are both high refractive index materials at low frequencies and show negative refractive index at high frequencies. Because of the steady absorption in ultraviolet region, the PAs-WSe2 heterostructure is a highly sensitive UV detector material with wide spectrum. The type-II PN-WSe2 heterostructure possesses giant and broadband absorption in the near-infrared and visible regions, and its solar power conversion efficiency of 13.8% is higher than the reported GaTe–InSe (9.1%), MoS2/p-Si (5.23%) and organic solar cells (11.7%). It does project PN-WSe2 heterostructure a potential for application in excitons-based solar cells.

Sublingual indocyanine green films for non-invasive swallowing assessment and inflammation detection through NIR/SWIR optical imaging

Indocyanine green (ICG) is the most commonly used FDA-approved agent for clinical optical imaging, administered through injections only, due to its poor membrane permeability. Although ICG has vast potential for non-invasive non-radioactive imaging in patients, the clinical applications are limited by the invasive administration and short half-life in blood circulation. To expand the clinical value of ICG, non-toxic chitosan-based ICG-loaded films were designed for sublingual administration for near-infrared (NIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) optical imaging. Two film formulations were developed with different ICG release rates. Mold-casted self-emulsifying films rapidly released ICG (80% in 4 h) in the form of nanosized droplets, which were mostly swallowed and produced significant contrast of upper digestive tract to enable in vivo swallowing evaluations using NIR/SWIR imaging. Regular films released ICG slowly (80% in 25 h), allowing for steady absorption of ICG to systemic circulation. Inflammation in mouse feet was detected within 30 min after sublingual administration with a 1.43-fold fluorescence increase within 1 h at the inflammation sites, comparable to a 1.76-fold increase through intravenous injection. Administering ICG using sublingual films displayed notable potential for non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory conditions and swallowing disorders, addressing a current need for alternatives to ICG parenteral administration.