Status Of Women In India Research Articles

Women Reservation Bill in Lok Sabha: A Century Long Struggle for Gender Equality

Women in India have been granted various rights over the years to establish gender equality and to improve their number in decision making. Efforts were started when the demand for separate political reservation for women was made in 1920 during the national movement for Independence. It was the Government of India Act, 1935 by which reservation of seats for women was given. The issue was debated at length during the debates of Constituent Assembly. Committee on the Status of Women in India (CSWI) 1971, recommended reservation for women in local bodies. National Perspective Plan for Women 1988-2000 recommended reservation for women in all elected bodies from Panchayats to Parliament that resulted in 73rd and 74th Amendment. To ensure their presence in national and state legislatures, a Bill seeking to reserve seats for women was introduced in 1996 in the Parliament. But due to narrow political interests of different political parties and lack of consensus among them, it could not succeed to get the approval of the Parliament. Finally, the passage of Women Reservation Bill in September 2023 with conditions is a golden moment in Indian Parliamentary history.

The National Policy of Empowerment of Women- A Critical Evaluation of Policies with Special Reference to Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2006

The simple logic about the status of women in India is “as women receive greater education and training, they will earn more money. As women earn more money they spend it in the further education and health of their children, as opposed to men. Women rise in economic status; they will gain greater social standing in the household and the village, and will have greater voice. As women gain influence and consciousness, they will make stronger claims to their entitlements - gaining further training, better access to credit and higher incomes - and command attention of police and courts when attacked. As women's economic power grows, it will be easier to overcome the tradition of "son preference" and thus put an end to the evil of dowry. As son preference declines and acceptance of violence declines, families will be more likely to educate their daughters” (Coonrod, 1998). In other words, the women need to be ‘empowered.’

Distance Education as a Catalyst for Women's Empowerment in India

The concept of distance education has been developed in various developed countries of the world. Distance education also serves dropouts, older students, and disadvantaged groups. In India, distance learning is a useful tool in closing the gender gap and empowering women. It plays a significant part in providing women with access to higher education. This paper attempts to study the enrolment of female students at higher education levels in distance education for upgrading the status of women in India. his study was qualitative and documentary in nature. Results showed that the enrolment of female students in undergraduate and postgraduate is higher than in PG diploma and certificate courses. The study concluded that distance education played a significant role in women's empowerment through female students' participation in higher education. The study suggests remedial measures to overcome constraints faced by female students in pursuing higher education.

Pandita Ramabai – An Early Nationalist in Karnataka

Pandita Ramabai was a social reformer and activist in India. She was born as Brahmin Hindu and being well learned in the languages and Hindu texts was conferred the title "Pandita' by the distinguished educators of Calcutta University in 1878. However she became disillusioned later, by the deception practiced by priests, superstition and plight of women depicted in the Hindu texts. It was at this point in time that Ramabai resolved to spend her life attempting to better the status of women in India. She later converted to Christianity, and served widows and helpless women of India.

Constitutional Status of Women in India: A Historical Perspective

Constitutional Status of Women in India: A Historical Perspective

The “Women” of Nowhere: a Study of the Women Migrants of North East India

The women in general play a very important role in every community. The status of women in India differ in each region. In most parts of India women are considered as a weaker section of the society due to various reasons like gender differences, customs, traditions, attitudes and also due to patriarchal nature of the society. However, today in most parts of the country women are outshining, and enjoying equal rights as men and striving for the best. This paper seeks to bring in some of the frames of the women in Northeast India. The idea of Northeast is too contested, at the same time constitutes a very large area, to bring into the ambit of this paper. Therefore, what it attempts to do is to take a view from afar and see from a broader lens touching the status of women in north east India with respect to dignity, rights, education, roles in the family and society, opportunities, occupation, and violence. The regions selected for the study were Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Assam Meghalaya and Tripura. The age group was approximately 12 to 40 years of age. The methodology of this paper is descriptive and required information were collected from different secondary sources like books, research articles, different government documents, etc. The implications of the study is to bring awareness about the condition of women of north east borders. Both the positive and negative aspects that they live in are explained, which provides a more comprehensive and clear picture about the overall status of women in the North East Indian regions.

Challenges and Strategies for Women Empowerment in India: Facts and Realities.

In today’s world women empowerment is an important issue of discussion because in every sector we find women which constitute half of the total population in the world are lacking behind. If about half of the nation's human resources are neglected, the overall progress of the country would obviously be hampered. Women empowerment has become one of the most central concerns and need of the hour but in reality, the situation is not good enough. In the traditional patriarchal society, women have been given a secondary status which is reflected in the economic, social and political spheres. However, women equality and empowerment has always remained a priority area and has been taken utmost care by stake holders. Gender mainstreaming propels progress towards the ultimate goal of attaining gender equality and women empowerment. In this direction policies and programmes at different levels to cover various proportions and strategies of gender development have been framed by the government of India. The paper critically examines women empowerment in India, various challenges and strategies. The paper discusses constitutional safe guards as well as plans and programmes by the government and their implementation, indicators of women empowerment in India. Finally, this paper is an attempt to examine the status of women in India and provides some policy suggestions for women empowerment.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SCREEN VERSIONS OF THE RAMAYANA EPIC IN THE CULTURE OF MODERN INDIA IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIO-POLITICAL EVENTS

The ancient Indian epic “Ramayana” despite its venerable age is of great significance to Indian cultural heritage, and the issues that are touched upon in it are still relevant in contemporary India. "Ramayana" is an integral part of modern Indian culture, a source of inspiration in various areas of creativity. In the article, the author examines and compares the ancient Indian epic Ramayana and its screen adaptations of the 20th and early 21st centuries, also reveals the changes that appeared in the context of historical reality. Particular attention is paid to gender issues, namely, the status of women in India, and the appeal of the creators of film versions to this problem. Sita and Rama, being the protagonists of the epic, are revered in India not only as gods, but also as an ideal married couple. In the course of the study, it became clear that the creators of mythological film versions, referring to the authority of the main characters, were able to show both the pressing problems of the society during the filming and to become in some way a harbinger of certain events and changes in society. To cover a wider range of issues, the authors of the films address not only the original text of the epic, but also various local versions. The material for the study was the most significant literary and film sources. The identification of the influence of historical and social processes on the plot of film versions is the main goal of the study.

Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner. Superfreakonomics: Global Cooling, Patriotic Prostitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Life Insurance. London: Penguin Books Ltd. 2009. 270 pages. Paperback. £ 14.99.

Behavioural economics is an emerging field and superfreakonomics provides useful insights into human behaviour observed with respect to issues that have economic implications. The underlying theme of the book is that human beings respond to incentives. The authors have set up a number of interesting examples to convey how different incentives work. The case studies discussed in the book are based on the authors’ recent academic research; motivated by fellow economists as well as engineers and astrophysicists, psychotic killers and emergency room doctors, amateur historians and transgender neuroscientists. Most of the stories fall into one of the two categories: things you always thought you knew but in fact did not; and things you never knew you wanted to know, but do know. The authors, with the help of data, show that drunk walking is eight times more dangerous than drunk driving. The message is that the misaligned incentives (penalties) are responsible for this—only drunk driving is penalised. To show the influence of positive incentives the authors demonstrate how cable TV might have improved the status of women in India. A baby Indian girl, who does grow into adulthood, faces discrimination in provision of education, health care and remuneration in job market. In a national health survey, 51 per cent of Indian men said that wife-beating is defensible under certain situations and more surprisingly, 54 per cent of the women agreed. But things are changing, albeit at a slow pace. The authors find that cable TV has empowered Indian rural women—families with cable TV are more likely to have a lower birth rate and more schooling.

Status Of Women In India From 1901 To 1991 A.D. As Gleaned From Census Report Historian

Status Of Women In India From 1901 To 1991 A.D. As Gleaned From Census Report Historian

नारी शक्ति: विकसित भारत की नींव

The status of women in India has undergone many major changes in the last few centuries. From equal status with men in ancient times to the low standard of living in the medieval period as well as the promotion of equal rights by many reformers, the history of women in India has been quite dynamic. In modern India, women have occupied top positions such as President, Prime Minister, Speaker of Lok Sabha, Leader of Opposition etc.Literary sources that specifically discuss the role of women are very few; an important exception is the Stridharmapaddhati of Tryambakayajvan, an official of Thanjavur around 1730 AD. This book compiles the rules of conduct for women from the ancient period of Apastamba Sutra (4th century BC). Its main verse is as follows:Mukhno Dharma: Smritishu Vihito Bhartrushushrusanam Hi: The main duty of a woman is related to the service of her husband.Where the word Suśruṣa (lit., "desire to hear") has a variety of meanings ranging from a devotee's prayer to God to the loyal service of a slave.

Intergenerational reforms in women’s right to inheritance in India

The evolution after the Hindu Code Bill, women's property ownership in India has improved. Women's position in old custom and their evolution in modern law from the colonial period to the Hindu Code Bill are the study's main focus areas. In ancient legal codes, such as Dharmashastras, Manusmriti, and Arthashastra, women were denied property rights and she always is dependent on their father, husband, or son. As per our constitution, every human being has the right to equitable treatment. Equal property rights for men and women are important for reducing the gender gap, to empower women in order to promote social and economic development and to ensure gender and social justice within the framework of Personal Laws and inform women about the areas of legislation that are most likely to affect and enhance their lives. So the focus of the article is on women's inheritance rights in old Indian laws and their development in modern laws with help of international conventions. As the status of women in India improves economically and socially, there is a need for more development and a single or uniform property rights for every sect of Indian females.

Changing dimensions of status of women in India

Female collectively constitute maximum portion of the population worldwide, and they are also granted with the equal rights like men but then also the women are subjected to bigotry. They are not able to get desired place in the society like men and there is no such society till now where women can enjoy satisfactory level of equality with men. Numerous times the females face discrimination on various grounds like gender, physical ability and many more, and there are numerous countries where they are subjected to bigotry because of their weaker financial position or capacity. There is an essential requirement which needs to be complied with, that the Union and the concerned State governments are collectively required to pay their important attention towards this issue because as we all know that women are also having certain rights like the Right to hold any estate, house, or any other tangible or intangible property which is important for their dignified life and also for the prospects of their children’s.

The Legacy of the Life and Work of Lotika Sarkar

Based on a talk by the author, the article seeks to sketch the work and contribution of Professor Lotika Sarkar, the first woman law teacher of the Delhi University. A much sought after teacher, with a progressive outlook, Professor Sarkar mentored several generations of law scholars, teachers and judges. The article speaks of Professor Sarkar’s seminal contribution as member of the Committee on the Status of Women in India. Her chapter on ‘women and the law’ formed a significant part of the Committee’s 1975 report. Professor Sarkar joined three other eminent law teachers in penning an Open Letter to the Chief Justice of India, on September 16, 1979, in the wake of the Tukaram case. This letter paved the way for significant changes in law relating to custodial rape. The issues that Professor Sarkar worked on are of contemporary relevance to any serious legal scholar looking for a reference point, and the right questions to ask.

Status of Women in India: Post-Independence Era

Status of Women in India: Post-Independence Era

Herstories in Contemporary Indian Films

AbstractThe notion that being a man is more valuable than being a woman is promoted in films and television. Studies prove that children who watch movies and television are more likely to believe that boys and men are superior to girls and women. This impacts boys, who are taught from an early age to exhibit masculine characteristics and actions. Moreover, male attitudes and behaviors are influenced by the relative invisibility of women in the mass media. Over the last several decades, Indian films have witnessed a significant transformation in the way women are portrayed through films. With a focus on several typical Indian films, this article examines the rapidly changing positions of women represented in Indian films and their impact on patriarchal Indian culture. This article examines four films about women in various roles—The Great Indian Kitchen, Netrikann, Nerkonda Paarvai, and Aruvi—and the influence they have on society in general. The main objective of this article is to connect the changing roles of women in Indian films with the changing status of women in India, since films are a mirror of societal developments. This research looked at empirical information on how media influence perceptions of gender roles and actions based on those perceptions. Women in contemporary films are depicted as more self‐assured, assertive, and career‐oriented than in the past. Filmmakers should strive for gender parity in films. Despite rising awareness of the need for both girls and boys to overcome traditional gender norms, content creators have been hesitant to adopt gender‐sensitive methods of presentation.

Social Status of Indian Women of Different Periods in the Patriarchal Society

This study seeks to study the social status of women in India from ancient times to the present day. It mainly studies the social status of women in each era. The findings of this study show that in every age, the status of women has always been secondary to that of men and in patriarchal societies. At the same time, the social, economic, educational, marital, cultural and religious status of women in our society is inferior to that of men. Even today, in the 21st century Indian patriarchal society, women do not have the same status as men. The findings of this study attempt to analyze the social status of women in all areas of a patriarchal society. In Indian society, the role of women is secondary in all aspects of society, such as family, religion, law and media. Everything like reproduction, labor force, sexuality, means of production are under the control of culture. This is why in all these cases woman is left behind in the social position as a man. Considering the social relations between men and women at different levels of social life, it is seen that women do not get equal status with men in all aspects of social life like family, religion, caste and culture. She thinks of men as slaves, possessions, and possessions. In social life, women have been deprived of political, religious, cultural and family rights. “Chool and Mool”,”Muki Bichari- Kunihi Haka” is the attitude towards women which is found to be sexually motivated.

Anaemia status of preconception young married women in India.

The early detection of anaemia is important for its subsequent control and incidence among women of childbearing age. This study aimed to assess the anaemia status of preconception young married women in India using National Family Health Survey-4 data collected in 2015-16. A total 65,238 sample preconception young married women were analysed using univariate, bivariate and multivariate techniques. A majority belonged to the Hindu religion (81.7%), lived in rural areas (64.5%) and had secondary level education (51.8%), and 41.7% had not yet given birth. The percentage suffering from anaemia was 51.3%. The prevalence of anaemia was higher among younger women (55.3%), those from Scheduled Tribes (59.0%), those living in rural areas (52.8%), the non-educated (55.9%), those in the poorest wealth quintile (56.9%), those from the East region (57.0%) and those with a low body mass index (BMI) (58.4%). The adjusted odds ratios indicated that, after controlling for significant background factors, Hindu, Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Caste, East region, already having a child, too thin for their height and poorer and poorest wealth quintiles had higher odds of suffering from anaemia compared with the reference groups. The odds of suffering from anaemia decreased with age and education. The study showed a high burden of anaemia and associated risk factors among preconception young married women in India. The finding will inform decision-makers when planning interventions to decrease anaemia among women of childbearing age in India.

Question of Women Rights: Stri Dharma on the Hindu Women’s Rights Violation in In Colonial Tamilnadu, 1926 – 1936

The status of women in India has been subject to many changes over the span of recorded Indian history. Practices such as female infanticide, dowry, child marriage and the taboo on widow remarriage, which began in upper-caste Hindu society in Northern India, have had a long duration, proving difficult to root out, and in the instance of dowry have spread to all castes, classes, and even religions. Women in colonial India were no less progressive, aware and active in gender, political and socio-economic issues than the women today. Stri Dharma a woman edited journal exposed the problems of women to the world. The struggling of women in their life from birth to death was brought to light by Stri Dharma a Women's Journal. In its Columns it filled the news related to women issues. Even under the rule of British Raj women wrote the issues against the women particularly Social issues.

Participation of Women in Panchayati Raj: A Historical Perspective

Panchayati Raj plays a formidable role in enhancing the status of women in India during post-Independent times. In the colonial regime, women were not given adequate opportunity to involve and participate in the affairs of local bodies. However, in the 19th century, women gradually participated in the Panchayati Raj bodies when they were formally included in the electoral roll. During post-independent Era, due to the implementation of the Ashok Mehta Committee (1978) recommendation, National Perspective Plan, and 30 percent reservations seats for women in panchayats, there has been a substantial increase in women’s participation at all the levels of the Panchayati Raj bodies. Subsequently, the 72nd Amendment Bill and the 73rd amendment introduced in our parliament recommended 33 percent quotas for women. Encouraged by this, women have come forward in an ever-increasing number to join hands with the activities of Panchayat Raj Institution.Consequently, Central and State Governments encouraged women by implementing the 73rd constitutional amendment in 1993 (adding Article 243D and 243T), which also extended the privilege of seat reservation for SC/ST women in the local bodies. Due to this positive impetus, there has been a perceptible improvement in women’s participation in the last two decades. Due to unrestrained encouragement, the participation of women in Panchayati Raj is highly effective; thus, across India, more than 26 lakhs of women representatives got elected in PRI. This paper attempts to delineate the gradual growth of women’s participation in the Panchayati Raj Institution in various states in India.