Status Of Pregnant Women Research Articles

Vitamin A nutrition status among pregnant women in rural China in 2015

To evaluate the nutrition status of vitamin A in Chinese rural pregnant women from the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey 2015(CNNHS 2015). A total of 3273 Chinese rural pregnant women were recruited in this study. The concentrations of serum retinol were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. The C-reactive protein and α-acid glycoprotein were determined by immunoturbidimetric method. The distribution of serum retinol status in pregnant women was further described for different regions, age groups, nationalities, body mass index(BMI), education levels, gestational weeks, family income per capita and inflammation levels. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency and the percentage of marginal vitamin A deficiency in pregnant women were compared in different subgroups. The median concentration of serum retinol(M(P25, P75)) was 0. 47(0. 36, 0. 61) mg/L. There were significant differences among different regions, age groups, education levels, gestational age and per capita household income(P<0. 01). The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was 1. 2% for deficiency and 10. 5% for marginal deficiency, respectively. Significant differences were observed in age groups, gestational weeks and inflammation levels(P<0. 01). In addition, the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was relatively serious, 2. 1% for deficiency and 14. 2% for marginal deficiency in the third trimester, 2. 0% for deficiency and 12. 2% for marginal in the 30-44 years. It should be pay more attention on the vitamin A nutrition status in the third trimester and the 30-44 years old pregnant women, although the vitamin A status had been greatly improved in Chinese rural pregnant women.

PEMODELAN DINAMIKA VIRUS RUBELLA DENGAN RISIKO SINDROM RUBELLA BAWAAN

Rubella is a common cause of childhood rash and fever. It is typically a mild infection but it can be serious condition in pregnant women, as it may cause Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) in the fetus. The study aimed to model and analyze it in order to get picture about the dynamics of the rubella virus transmission. The paper discussed two models of rubella transmission involving child-bearing age women and newly born infants of infected mothers. The models are SEIR-IR without seasonality and SEIR-IR with seasonality. The results from the first model showed that a pitchfork bifurcation occurred in the dynamics of the solution of the system with constant infection rate and the increase of the infection rate value do not make impact to the incidence of rubella among infants. The second model involving seasonality gave interesting dynamics where big seasonality may lead to a more complex dynamics of the solution.

“АВЕСТО”ДАБОЛАЛАР ҲУҚУҚЛАРИ МАСАЛАЛАРИ

Thecurrent article discusses the issues of ensuring the rights of the child in the Avesta, the sacred book of the Zoroastrians, analyzes the problems of modern family law, implementation of theprovisions of international legal instruments into national legislation regulating family relations in the historical and legal values.Furthermore, the author examines issues related to the definition of pregnancy, its termination, and the legal status of pregnant women based on the analysis of the relevant parts of the Avesta.On the basis of the study of the provisions of this holy book, the author compares the provisions of the modern criminal legislation of Uzbekistan with the provisions of this historical book on marriages, the definition of kinship, the legalstatus of children and adolescents

Health Insurance Status of Pregnant Women and the Likelihood of Receipt of Antenatal Screening for HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa.

We investigated if initiating preventive care against HIV vertical transmission by antenatal HIV screening is independent of the patients' source of financial reimbursement for the care received in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Using information from the WHO's Global Health Expenditure Database and the Demographic Health Surveys Database for 27 sub-Saharan countries, we used Spearman's correlation and adjusted survey logistic regression to determine the potential relationship between enrollment in health insurance and the likelihood that expectant mothers would be offered antenatal HIV screening. We found that expectant mothers covered by health insurance were more than twice as likely to be offered antenatal screening for HIV compared to the uninsured. The likelihood differed by the type of insurance plan the expectant mother carried. Health insurance is more of a financial tool that this study finds to be necessary to boost the uptake of preventive and therapeutic HIV care in SSA. The ensuing disparity in receiving proper care could hinder the goals of 90-90-90 and the forthcoming 95-95-95 plan in SSA.

Prevalence and risk factors for micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy in Cayenne, French Guiana.

BackgroundInvolved in physical and brain development, immunity and metabolism, micronutrients have profound health effects. The nutritional status of pregnant women is a major determinant of foetal health. French Guiana has a rapid population growth. Social inequalities, cultural practices and gastrointestinal nematode infections in French Guiana could affect the prevalence of these deficiencies. The main objective of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of micronutrient deficiency among pregnant women in French Guiana. The secondary objective was to identify socio-demographic, dietary, obstetrical and neonatal risk factors associated with deficiencies.MethodsPregnant women over 22 weeks of pregnancy hospitalized for delivery at the Obstetrical Emergency Department of the Hospital Center in Cayenne from May 2018 to March 2019 were included. A socio-demographic and food questionnaire was administered. Medical data were collected from the medical records. Blood and urine samples were taken. The descriptive analysis used Student and chi-squared tests.ResultsA total of 341 women were included. The majority were born in Haiti (39%) and French Guiana (34%). At least one micronutrient deficiency was observed in 81% of women. Precarious women had a significantly greater risk of micronutrient deficiency during pregnancy compared to those with both normal and complementary health insurance.ConclusionsMicronutrient deficiencies in pregnant women in French Guiana are a public health problem, a fact that was previously overlooked in the context of rising obesity. With over half the women overweight or obese, and 81% with at least 1 micronutrient deficiency, balanced nutrition should be a major focus.

Systemic inflammatory status - a bridge between gestational weight gain and neonatal outcomes (STROBE-compliant article).

Pregnant women with excessive gestational weight gain express an inflammatory status with multiple negative effects on birth outcomes.The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between gestational weight gain at different gestational ages and inflammatory status in pregnant women and their newborns assessing both interleukin 6 and 8, as well as hepcidin in these couples.Our study included 170 pregnant women and their newborns. Pregnant women were clinically assessed at the end of the 1st trimester and at term, whereas the newborns were assessed over the first 3 days of life. The levels of interleukin 6, 8 and hepcidin were measured in both pregnant women and their newborns.We noticed higher levels of interleukin 6, interleukin 8 and hepcidin in pregnant women at the time of delivery as compared to the end of the 1st trimester. We observed a direct significant correlation between gestational weight gain at the time of delivery and interleukin 8 in both mothers [r = 0.1834, 95% CI: 0.0293–0.3290, (P = .0167)] and newborns [r = 0.1790, 95% CI: 0.0248–0.3249, (P = .0195)]. Our study underlined that a higher gestational weight gain resulted in a significantly higher birth weight [r = 0.2190, 95% CI: 0.0663–0.3617, (P = .0041)].Our findings suggest that interleukin 8 might be an important indicator of inflammatory status in both mothers and newborns. Moreover, excessive gestational weight gain was associated with an increase in birth weight.

Application of semi reverse innovative design for a boot’s shoes orthotic for children with club foot

Club foot is one of the foot deformities due to genetic factors, diseases, the condition of pregnant women is too small, or the result of a marriage that has a kinship. For every 1000 normal childbirths, there is usually one birth of a child with a leg like this. Children with this leg shape often have difficulty doing daily activities. In this paper, the prosthetic limbs used by children with clubfoot are very uncomfortable and often cause excessive pain. This paper comprehensively explains the process of designing boots for club sufferers using a semi-reverse innovative design (semi RID) method. The collaboration of 3D replica with Handyscann 700TM is used to get 3D mesh foot models with. STL format that is truly precise and accurate. Computer-Aided Design (CAD) with PowerShape 2019i software is used in this paper to get a variety of shoe lasts and insole designs that are truly precise and accurate according to the foot contours of clubfoot children. The results showed the error tolerance geometry was less than 5.0 mm for each dimension.

Adoption of Color Doppler Ultrasound in the Measurement of Fetal Hypoxia in Late Pregnancy

Objective: In order to improve the detection rate of fetal hypoxia in the third trimester and reduce the probability of adverse pregnancy outcome, color doppler ultrasound (CDU), and contractions were used to assess the severity of fetal hypoxia. Methods: The 61 pregnant women diagnosed with intrauterine hypoxia in South District of The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College from October 2017 to September 2019 were classified as the sick group. Meanwhile, the 61 normal pregnant women were selected as the control group. CDU was used to detect the relevant indexes of umbilical artery (UA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) in the two groups, including pulse index (PI), resistance index (RI), systolic peak blood flow velocity (S) and diastolic peak blood flow velocity (D). The Apgar scale was used to score neonatal status. According to the score results, newborns were divided into Apgar ≤ 7 group and Apgar > 7 group. The indexes of UA and MCA were compared between the two groups. The amniotic fluid status of pregnant women was assessed using the contractile stimulation test (CST). The rate of amniotic fluid pollution in pregnant women and the incidence of neonatal asphyxia were calculated. Pregnant women were grouped according to the CST score. The correlation between CST score and amniotic fluid pollution and neonatal asphyxia in pregnant women was analyzed. Results: First, the index of fetal UA was obviously higher than that of the control group, while the index of MCA was obviously lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Second, the indexes of fetal UA in Apgar ≤ 7 group were obviously higher than those in Apgar > 7 group, while those in MCA were obviously lower than those in Apgar > 7 group (P < 0.05). Third, the incidence of amniotic fluid pollution and neonatal asphyxia in low and middle groups of pregnant women was obviously higher than that in high groups (P < 0.01). Conclusion: This indicates that the CDU technology combined with uterine contraction stimulation experiment can assess the degree of intrauterine hypoxia in the late stage of pregnancy, which provides a feasible scheme for clinical detection of intrauterine hypoxia.

The Relationship between Knowledge and Dietary Habit with Incidence Chronic Energy Deficiency in the Pregnant Women in the Working Area Talise City of Palu

One of the nutritional problems in pregnant women, namely chronic energy deficiency. The lack of regular energy is the condition of pregnant women who suffer from the lack of long-lasting food (chronic) with various health disorders. Pregnant women should be pregnant to fulfill nutritional intake not to occur chronic energy deficiency (this study's purpose is the relationship between knowledge and dietary habit with chronic energy deficiency incidence in pregnant women in the Talise Public Health Center. The type of analytical research surveys using a cross-sectional approach. This research has been implemented in the puuskesmas Talise city in Palu from June until Juli 2020. The results showed that of the two independent variables, they were not related to chronic energy deficiency. The results of statistical tests for knowledge P-value = 0.775, dietary pattern P-value = 0.463. In this study, conclusions are expected to provide healthcare workers with more attention to the healthy food consumption fan that healthy during pregnancy and conduct self-examination to prevent pregnant women at risk of a shortage of chronic energy deficiency. It is recommended that mothers keep looking for information about mothers' nutritional value during pregnancy and consume food and beverages that are of adequate nutritional needs during the inevitable hamilager of less chronic energy during pregnancy.

The association of milk and dairy consumption with iodine status in pregnant women in Oporto region.

The role of milk and dairy products in supplying iodine to pregnant women is unknown in Portugal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between milk and dairy product consumption and the iodine status of pregnant women in the IoMum cohort of the Oporto region. Pregnant women were recruited between 10 and 13 weeks of gestation, when they provided a spot urine sample and information on lifestyle and intake of iodine-rich foods. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was determined by inductively coupled plasma MS. A total of 468 pregnant women (269 iodine supplement users and 199 non-supplement users) were considered eligible for analysis. Milk (but not yogurt or cheese) intake was positively associated with UIC, in the whole population (P = 0·02) and in the non-supplement users (P = 0·002), but not in the supplement users (P = 0·29). In non-supplement users, adjusted multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that milk consumption <3 times/month was associated with a five times increased risk of having UIC < 50 µg/l when compared with milk consumption ≥2 times/d (OR 5·4; 95 % CI 1·55, 18·78; P = 0·008). The highest UIC was observed in supplement users who reported consuming milk once per d (160 µg/l). Milk, but not yogurt or cheese, was positively associated with iodine status of pregnant women. Despite the observed positive association, daily milk consumption may not be sufficient to ensure adequate iodine intake in this population.

The relationship between socioeconomic status and nutritional status of pregnant women in temporary shelter, Talise, Palu

ObjectiveOne of the indicators in measuring the nutritional status of a particular community is the nutritional status of pregnant women. A nutritional deficiency occurs if nutritional input for pregnant women from food is not balanced with their body's needs. Several determinants are related to nutritional status. This study aimed to determine the relationship between socioeconomic and nutritional status of pregnant women in temporary shelter, Talise, Palu. MethodsThis research was a quantitative observational study with a cross-sectional study approach. Sampling was done by random sampling technique, which obtained 85 pregnant women. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire. ResultsBased on the Chi-Square test, p-value=0.001, which means that difference between socioeconomic status and nutritional status in pregnant women was significant (p<0.05). Variable of parity factor that was at risk and no risk in pregnant women showed p-value=0.030 and p-value=0.048. Additionally, the variable of pregnancy gap factor that was at risk and no risk in pregnant women showed p=0.070 and p=0.159. In addition, infectious disease factor that was at risk and no risk in pregnant women showed p-value=0.017 and p-value=0.027. Last but not least, implementation of ANC variable that was in line with standards and not in line with standards in pregnant women showed p-value=0.019 and p=0.043. ConclusionBased on the Chi-Square test calculation, p-value=0.001, which indicates a significant value between socioeconomic status and nutritional status in pregnant women (p<0.05).

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy: The CONCEPTION Study – Phase I

Background: Mental health regional differences during pregnancy through the COVID-19 pandemic are understudied. The first phase of CONCEPTION cohort aims to compare country-specific mental health status in pregnant women following the start of the pandemic.Methods: Pregnant women, >18 years were recruited, and data collected using a web-based strategy. Although Canadian women were primarily targeted, pregnant women worldwide were eligible. The current analysis includes data on women enrolled between 06/2020-11/2020. Self-reported data included COVID-19 testing/diagnosis, mental health measures (Edinburgh Perinatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Generalized Anxiety Disorders (GAD-7)), prenatal care/birth plan changes. We compared maternal mental health stratifying on country/continents of residence; and identified determinants of mental health with multivariable linear regression models.Findings: Of 2,109 pregnant women recruited (mean gestational age, 24·7 weeks (SD 9·7)), 1,932 were from Canada, 48 the United States (US), 73 Europe, 35 Africa, and 21 Asia/Oceania. Among the 226 pregnant women who were tested for SARS-CoV-2, 26 were positive (11·5% test positivity rate); COVID-19 prevalence was 1·2% (26/2,109). Mean depressive symptom scores were lower in Canada (EPDS 8·2, SD 5·2) compared to the US (EPDS 10·5, SD 4·8) and Europe (EPDS 10·4, SD 6·5) (pInterpretation: In this first international study on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, CONCEPTION has shown significant country/continent-specific variations in depression and anxiety during pregnancy. Given that gestational depression/anxiety have been associated with preterm birth and childhood cognitive problems, strategies are needed to reduce COVID-19’s mental health burden. Funding: Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Canada.Declaration of Interests: We declare no competing interests.Ethics Approval Statement: This study was approved by the CHU Sainte-Justine's Research Ethics Committee, which autorized worldwide recruitment of subjects.

Telemonitoring of the health status in pregnant women during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection pandemic

Telemonitoring of the health status in pregnant women during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection pandemic

Effects of iodine supplementation during pregnancy on pregnant women and their offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis of trials over the past 3 decades.

The current systematic review aimed to provide comprehensive data on the effects of iodine supplementation in pregnancy and investigate its potential benefits on infant growth parameters and neurocognitive development using meta-analysis. A systematic review was conducted on trials published from January 1989 to December 2019 by searching MEDLINE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Google Scholar. For most maternal and neonatal outcomes, a narrative synthesis of the data was performed. For birth anthropometric measurements and infant neurocognitive outcomes, the pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% CIs were estimated using fixed/random effect models. Fourteen trials were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review, of which five trials were included in the meta-analysis. Although the findings of different thyroid parameters are inconclusive, more consistent evidence showed that iodine supplementation could prevent the increase in thyroglobulin concentration during pregnancy. In the meta-analysis, no differences were found in weight (-0.11 (95% CI: -0.23 to 0.01)), length (-0.06 (95% CI: -0.21 to 0.09)), and head circumference (0.26 (95% CI: -0.35 to 0.88)) at birth, or in cognitive (0.07 (95% CI: -0.07 to 0.20)), language (0.06 (95% CI: -0.22 to 0.35)), and motor (0.07 (95% CI: -0.06 to 0.21)) development during the first 2 years of life in infants between the iodine-supplemented and control groups. Iodine supplementation during pregnancy can improve the iodine status in pregnant women and their offspring; however, according to our meta-analysis, there was no evidence of improved growth or neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants of iodine-supplemented mothers.

ACUTE ORAL HYDRATION IN MANAGEMENT OF OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS AND DOPPLER CHANGES

Background: For many women, oligohydramnios is a time of reappraisal of behavior, nutrition, and lifestyle to ensure that their fetus has the best and healthiest start in life. Most pregnant women are likely to pay more attention to living healthily and eating a healthy diet than they did before pregnancy. Acute oral hydration is an effective way of increasing AFI. It is a noninvasive, easily accessible and cheap intervention, which should be encouraged. Objective: To assess the effect of acute oral hydration on amniotic fluid index (AFI) and associated Doppler changes. Patients and methods: This study was conducted at El-Mahalla General Hospital aiming to evaluate the role of maternal hydration on oligohydramnios and Doppler changes. A total of 40 pregnant ladies with oligohydramnios were included and they were divided into two equal groups; group A received oral hydration therapy, and group B received the normal amount of fluid intake. Results: The mean AFI in group A before treatment was 3.6 ± 1.3 and in group B was 3.4 ± 1.5 with no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.367). The mean AFI in group A after treatment was 8.6 ± 1.3 and in group B it was 5.8 ± 1.2 with statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=0.005). There was a statistically significant difference between the values of AFI before and after treatment in group A (p < 0.001), but not in group B (0.052). Conclusion: Oral hydration therapy was effective in improving oligohydramnios status in pregnant women. Moreover, renal and uterine arteries pulsatility indices also improved via such method of management. Nevertheless, umbilical artery pulsatility and resistance indices showed non-significant improvement.

Oral Health Awareness and Practices among Pregnant Women Receiving Antenatal Care in a Low Resource Setting: A Cross- sectional Study of Antenatal Attendees in Enugu, Southeastern Nigeria

Introduction: Poor oral health status in pregnant women is known to be associated with poor outcomes in pregnancies. Despite this, the oral health status of pregnant women has been grossly overlooked during antenatal period. Aim: To determine the awareness and practices of oral health among pregnant women in Enugu, Southeastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional questionnaire based study of 413 women who attended the antenatal clinic of University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku/Ozalla from January 2018 to May 2018. An interviewer administered semi-structured questionnaire which was pretested before the commencement of the study was used. The information obtained was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 350 (84.75%) of the respondents used toothbrush and toothpaste for oral cleaning, 229 (55.45%) brushed at least twice a day while 258 (62.5%) changed their brushes every three months. Only 161 (39%) of the respondents knew that pregnancy can affect oral health while 101 (24.5%) of the respondents knew that poor oral health in pregnancy could have adverse effects on the unborn child; of whom only 30 (29.70%) got the information from their Obstetricians. Conclusion: There were knowledge gaps in the oral health of pregnant women in Enugu southeastern Nigeria. It is therefore important to provide oral health education for pregnant women during antenatal period in order to improve the health of the mother and her baby.

Association of preterm low-birth-weight infants and maternal periodontitis during pregnancy: An interventional study

The impact of periodontal disease during pregnancy and its effect on adverse pregnancy outcomes is seen in the literature. When it comes to the link of disease related to periodontium to that of adverse pregnancy outcomes, a need can arise if a significant cause-effect relationship does exist or not between them. The study was aimed to determine the association of periodontal health status in pregnant women with the occurrence of preterm low birth weight (LBW) infants in Vadodara, Gujarat. An interventional study with 100 patients was conducted, of which 67 participants were included in the control group and 33 participants were included in the intervention group. A total of 12 participants dropped out from the study and 88 were analyzed for the outcome. The Community periodontal Index of Treatment needs index was taken for all enrolled participants and then were divided into interventional group and control group. Participants in the interventional group underwent scaling and root planning. Data related to the time of delivery and weight of the baby was taken from the hospital records. A comparison of baseline characteristics was made using unpaired t-test. Chi-square test was used for the analysis of intergroup comparison. The odds ratio and the relative risk calculation were also done. P ≤ 0.05 was considered for statistical significance. The odds ratio for both preterm and LBW were 3.86 times and 2.96, respectively. The Chi-square statistical test analysis was statistically significant for both preterm and LBW infants on the intergroup comparison. Periodontal disease can be considered as one of the risk factors for preterm LBW babies as not only the presence of disease condition causes an increase in inflammatory mediator but also the elimination of the disease condition reduces the adverse pregnancy outcomes.

ACUTE ORAL HYDRATION IN MANAGEMENT OF OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS AND DOPPLER CHANGES

Background: For many women, oligohydramnios is a time of reappraisal of behavior, nutrition, and lifestyle to ensure that their fetus has the best and healthiest start in life. Most pregnant women are likely to pay more attention to living healthily and eating a healthy diet than they did before pregnancy. Acute oral hydration is an effective way of increasing AFI. It is a noninvasive, easily accessible and cheap intervention, which should be encouraged. Objective: To assess the effect of acute oral hydration on amniotic fluid index (AFI) and associated Doppler changes. Patients and methods: This study was conducted at El-Mahalla General Hospital aiming to evaluate the role of maternal hydration on oligohydramnios and Doppler changes. A total of 40 pregnant ladies with oligohydramnios were included and they were divided into two equal groups; group A received oral hydration therapy, and group B received the normal amount of fluid intake. Results: The mean AFI in group A before treatment was 3.6 ± 1.3 and in group B was 3.4 ± 1.5 with no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.367). The mean AFI in group A after treatment was 8.6 ± 1.3 and in group B it was 5.8 ± 1.2 with statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=0.005). There was a statistically significant difference between the values of AFI before and after treatment in group A (p < 0.001), but not in group B (0.052). Conclusion: Oral hydration therapy was effective in improving oligohydramnios status in pregnant women. Moreover, renal and uterine arteries pulsatility indices also improved via such method of management. Nevertheless, umbilical artery pulsatility and resistance indices showed non-significant improvement.

Nutritional status of Moroccan pregnant women and the birth weight of their newborn: a case-control study in the province of El Jadida

&lt;abstract&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Background&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;Maternal malnutrition is a global concern whose consequences for newborns are intrauterine growth retardation, fetal hypotrophy and exposure to risks of pathologies in adulthood.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Objective&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;The aim of this study was to assess and compare the diet quality and nutritional status of pregnant women at the time of childbirth while assessing their newborn's weight at birth.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Materials and methods&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;The study involved 400 parturient, divided into two groups of 200 each, the controls who have just given birth to newborns of normal weight and the cases who have just given birth to babies of low birth weight (LBW). Information on food intakes and dietary habits were collected using questionnaires and anthropometric parameters were measured.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Results&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;The mean body mass index (BMI) of the cases was 25.93 ± 2.64 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; vs. 28.25 ± 2.75 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in the controls. The dietary diversity and variety scores were higher in the controls than in the cases. Indeed means were 6.87 ± 1.30 vs. 8.88 ± 1.35 food groups for the diversity scores and 11.77 ± 1.57 vs. 15.90 ± 2.09 food items for the variety scores in the cases and the controls respectively. The average daily intakes of folates, calcium, iron and zinc were lower than the Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) for both groups. The daily calcium intake represents only 1/5th of the RDI for the cases and 1/3 for the controls. Average dietary iron intake was insufficient at only 49% of the daily requirement for cases vs. 66.88% for controls while folates accounts for 64.33% of the RDA for the cases.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt; &lt;title&gt;Conclusion&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;Data from this study shows that the diets of women who have given birth to low birth weight infants are poorly diversified, poorly varied, and poor in certain nutrients essential for a successful pregnancy and childbirth.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/sec&gt;&lt;/abstract&gt;

Гепатопротекторная терапия препаратом низкомолекулярных сахаров беременных с функциональными расстройствами печени на фоне раннего токсикоза и лекарственной гепатопатии

Objective. To assess the efficacy and safety of low molecular weight sugar solution as a hepatoprotector in the first trimester of pregnancy in patients with liver functional disorders against the background of early toxicosis and / or hepatotoxicity. Patients and methods. The study included 70 patients: the main group (n = 30) – pregnant women with functional hepatopathies who received therapy with drug Heptrong; the control group (n = 30) – pregnant women who received standard treatment, of which 15 patients had hepatotoxicity (essential phospholipid therapy) and 15 patients with early toxicosis (intravenous saline fluid therapy, Cerucal), as well as 10 pregnant women with early toxicosis who were treated without drugs (the placebo group). Results. Pregnant women with early toxicosis noted a decrease in its clinical manifestations against the use of the drug Heptrong after 2.3 ± 0.8 days from the onset of therapy; by the end of therapy, all patients had no vomiting, and nausea stopped in 80%, which was not observed in comparison groups. The normalization of alanine aminotransferase (≤40 U/L) occurred in 80% of pregnant women in the main group (p &lt; 0.01) and in 66% (p &lt; 0.01) when treating with essential phospholipids. The normalization of alanine aminotransferase (≤40 U/L) occurred in 90% (p &lt; 0.01) and 33.3% (p = 0.03), respectively. A significant decrease in the level of bile acids (from 8.49 ± 2.1 μmol/L to 2.74 ± 1.1 μmol/L; p &lt; 0.05) and improvement in the indicators of the antioxidant system – an increase in total antiradical activity (from 804.0.0 ± 10.5 μmol/L to 839.0 ± 11.0 μmol/L; p &lt; 0.05) and a decrease in the level of conjugated dienes (from 3.77 ± 0.2 μmol/L to 3.26 ± ± 0.1 μmol/L; p &lt; 0.05) – were observed only in the main group. A number of other indicators of the “liver panel” tended to improve only in the main group. Conclusion. Heptrong is an effective hepatoprotective drug, which considerably improves the state of pregnant women during early toxicosis and helps to reduce liver transaminases and bile acids in pregnant women with hepatotoxicity. Due to the antiinflammatory and pronounced antioxidant effect, which is not observed in standard pharmacological treatment, Heptrong can be used to prevent late obstetric complications. Key words: Heptrong, drug-induced hepatopathies, “liver panel” indicators, early toxicosis