Status Of Iodine Deficiency Disorders Research Articles

Prevalence of Iodized Salt Intake and Iodine Deficiency Disorders Status of Pregnant Women Visiting Bishoftu Hospital and Health Center for Antenatal Care

Iodine is an essential mineral for normal thyroid function, mammary gland development, and fetal and infant neurological growth. It is a trace element essential to human and animal health, and present in uneven and mostly insufficient quantities in the environment around the globe. Iodine deficiency disorders are among the major public health problems of the world, particularly in pregnant women of developing countries. In Ethiopia about 15.4% of households consume sufficient iodized salt. This study was designed to assess iodized salt intake and assess iodine nutrition status, to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practice of iodine nutrition and to asses goiter rate of pregnant women attending Bishoftu clinic for antenatal care in Bishoftu town. The study participants (n=208) was randomly selected. Data over socio-demographic, and knowledge, attitude and practice about iodized salt was collected by interview. Goiter was assessed by palpation and graded according to the WHO guideline. In addition, spot urine sample was collected and the level of urinary iodine was determined following the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Iodine level in salt samples was determined by following iodometric titration methods. The prevalence of goiter was 8.7% (Grade 1 = 7.7% and Grade 2 = 1%). The median urinary iodine concentration was 194.3μg/l. The consumption of adequately iodized salt was 89%. This study was indicated as there was no problem of iodine deficiency in the study area.

Exploring the status of iodine deficiency disorders control program in Nagaland.

Globally, 1.9 billion individuals have inadequate iodine nutrition, of whom 285 million are school-aged children. Universal salt iodization is the favored preventive strategy for iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), the single largest cause of preventable mental retardation. Two thousand and twenty estimates show nearly 1 billion people do not consume iodized salt. When at least 90% of households consume adequately iodized salt (≥15 ppm), a country is said to have attained USI. Only 23 countries had household coverage of 90% or higher. India has a household coverage of 76.3%. One 67 million people are at risk of IDD, 54 million suffer from goiter, and 2 million from cretinism. Yearly, 9 million pregnant women and 8 million newborns are at risk. Nagaland, with the second highest coverage of iodized salt in India, the study aims to assess the state-specific approach, track various mitigating measures that effectively sustained the gains of the program.

Determination of Urinary Iodine Excretion to Assess Iodine Deficiency Disorder among Pregnant Women in District Hospital of Sindhupalchowk, Nepal

Pregnant women and infants are risk populations of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Therefore, this study was designed to explore the status of IDD among pregnant women through the analysis of urinary iodine excretion (UIE). A total of 94 pregnant women from Chautara Hospital Sindhupalchowk were included to analyze UIE through Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction. Although the general clinical status of women was satisfactory, the urinary iodine excretion revealed that still, 18.0 percent of pregnant women in Sindhupalchowk had insufficient iodine intake. This indicates that pregnant women are still at risk of iodine deficiency disorder, and they should be in the priority population for the IDD prevention program.

Assessing status of Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Ramanagara District

Background Iodine deficiency disorders IDDs constitute a major public health problem in India. Goiter occurring in a large fraction of population gt 10 is said to be due to iodine deficiency rather than any other cause. A community-based cross-sectional study was undertaken in Ramanagara with the aim to track the elimination of IDD. Objective This study was planned to determine the iodine status of school children unexamined for goiter status and excretion median urinary iodine concentration. Methods Goitre was assessed by standard inspection and palpation technique in 2700 school children aged 6-12 years. Spot urine samples of 270 children were collected for estimation of urinary iodine using modified method of San-dell and Kolthoff. Household salt samples of the 540 children from schools were analysed for its iodine content by standard iodometric titration method.Results The overall prevalence of Goiter was found to be 13.1 among children examined. The Median urinary iodine excretion UIE was 78.3microgL. About 98.7 of the salt samples adequately iodized having Iodine content of gt15ppm. Conclusion UIE reflects recent iodine-nutrition at the time of measurement and thyroid size shows iodine nutrition over months or years it can be said that this region can be transformed from iodine-deficient to iodine sufficient zone.

Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders - A School Based study in Aligarh

Introduction: Iodine deficiency is one of the most neglected and wide spread of all nutritional deficiencies, constituting a real brake on human development. Deficiency of iodine may result in development of goitre and other Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD). Objective: To assess the status of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in school children. Methods: This study was conducted among school children of 1st to 5th standard (6–12 yrs.) from 1st January 2009 to 31st December 2013. A total of 950 students of seven schools were included in the study using proportionate to population size (PPS) method. Each child was examined clinically. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Result. Age distribution of the study population shows that majority of the students (30.5%) belonged to 11-12 years, and most of the students (56.2%) were males. Only 17 (1.8%) students had goitre. Goitre prevalence was slightly higher (1.9%) in the 6-8 years age group and in females (1.9%). Manifestations of iodine deficiency other than goitre, were retarded growth (0.6%), squint (0.3%), deafness (0.2%), lethargy (0.5%), and mental retardation (0.1%). Conclusion. In the present study, Aligarh may be classified as non-endemic for iodine deficiency as the goitre prevalence in school children was only 1.8%, below the 5.0%, required for endemicity. Sustained IEC (Information, Education and Communication) activities should be carried out to sensitize the people regarding IDD.

Tingkat konsumsi garam beryodium dan kaitannya dengan gangguan akibat kekurangan yodium ibu hamil

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) is one of main nutrition problems which cannot be eliminated until now in Indonesia. Total goiter rate (TGR) of school children increased from 9.8% in 1998 to 11.1% in 2003. In Gunung Kidul District, TGR of school was 12.2% and of pregnant mothers was 18.4% in 1996. One of efforts to overcome IDD is salt iodization. Result of a national survey of household iodized salt consumption in 2002 showed that only 68.53% of households consumed sufficient level of iodized salt, while salt monitoring at Gunung Kidul District in 2003 showed that only 73.08% of households consumed sufficient level of iodized salt. The low rate of consumption level of iodized salt may be caused by availability of salt with low iodine level (not as high as mentioned in the label), higher price of iodized salt and lack of knowledge about types and benefits of iodized salt among mothers.Objective: To identify consumption level of iodized salt and IDD status of pregnant mothers at IDD endemic area at Gunung Kidul District.Method: The study was an observational type which used cross sectional design with both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Subject of the study were pregnant mothers at their second trimester pregnancy.Results: Availability of iodized salt according to: quality was 81.1% low and 18.9% sufficient; types of salt was 17.6% coorse, 77.8% bricket, and 4.6% fine salt; price was 69.0% high and 31.0% not high; taste was 36.8% bitter and 63.2% not bitter. Analysis result of Pearson Chi-Square with Odds Ratio showed that there was relationship between quality and types of salt with consumption level of iodized salt in the household (p<0.05) with OR=20.50 for quality, and OR=43 for types. There was relationship between salt consumption level of urine iodine excretion with p<0.05 and OR=2.604. Median of urine iodine excretion level was 86.1µg/l which belonged to category of light IDD endemic area and there had been no change of endemic area status since 1996.Conclusion: There was significant relationship between quality and types of salt with consumption level of iodized salt. There was relationship between iodized salt consumption level and IDD. Iodized salt program was not yet effective and supply of iodine capsules should go on until it reached use of good iodized salt.

Endemic goitre in the Sudan despite long-standing programmes for the control of iodine deficiency disorders

To describe the status of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) in the Sudan more than 25 years after the initiation of IDD control programmes and to explore the causes of endemic goitre in the country. Testing for IDDs was carried out in 6083 schoolchildren 6 to 12 years of age from the capital cities of nine states in different areas of the country using the three indicators recommended by the World Health Organization: the prevalence of goitre, laboratory measurements of urinary iodine concentration in casual urine samples and serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels. Serum levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), as well as urinary secretion of thiocyanate, which can affect the transport of iodine into thyrocytes, were also measured. The prevalence of goitre in the different samples ranged from 12.2% to 77.7% and was 38.8% overall. The overall median urinary iodine concentration was 6.55 μg/dl, with the lowest median value having been found in Kosti city (2.7 μg/dl), situated in the centre of the country, and the highest (46.4 μg/dl) in Port Sudan, on the Red Sea coast. The highest mean serum Tg level (66.98 ng/ml) was found in Kosti city, which also had the highest prevalence of goitre. IDDs still constitute a public health problem throughout urban areas in the Sudan and iodine deficiency appears to be the main etiological factor involved.

Study on the iodine nutrition and iodine deficiency disorders status in pasturing areas of Tibet-a non-epidemic area of iodine deficiency disorders in serious iodine deficiency district

To explore the status of iodine nutrition and iodine deficiency disorders in the pasturing areas and agricultural regions in Tibet. 30 families were selected respectively in pastoral Dangxiong county and agricultural Qushui county of Lasa. Drinking water and edible salt were collected for testing the iodine contents. In each type of the following populations including children aged 8 - 10, women of child-bearing age and male adults, 50 subjects were randomly sampled to examine their urinary iodine contents. Among them, 50 children and 50 women were randomly selected for goiter examination by palpation. Water iodine content was less than 2 µg/L, both in pasturing area and in agricultural areas. There was no iodized salt used in the families of pasturing areas, while 90% people consumed iodized salt in agricultural areas. The median of urinary iodine in pasturing area was 50.2 µg/L, significantly lower than that of agricultural area (193.2 µg/L). However, the goiter rate of children and women in pasturing area was significantly lower than that in agricultural area. Although iodine intake of populations in pasturing area of Tibet was severely deficient, there was no epidemic of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. This phenomenon noticed by the researchers deserved further investigation.

Analysis on the status of iodine deficiency disorders in the high risk area of Gansu province

Analysis on the status of iodine deficiency disorders in the high risk area of Gansu province

A review of tracking progress towards elimination of Iodine deficiency disorders in Tamil Nadu, India

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are significant health problem in India. But there is dearth of regional/state level information for the same. This study was designed to study the current status of IDD in Tamil Nadu. A cross-sectional community-based survey was conducted in the state of Tamil Nadu. The study population was children in the age group of 6-12 years and the probability proportional to size 30 cluster methodology was used for sample selection. The parameters studied were prevalence of goiter, urinary iodine excretion, and iodine content in salt at the household level. A total of 1230 children aged between 6 and 12 years were studied. The total goiter rate was 13.5% (95% CI: 11.1-14.9). The median urinary iodine excretion was found to be 89.5 μg/L (range, 10.2-378 μg/L). The 56% of the urinary iodine excretion values were <100 μg/L. The proportion of households consuming adequately iodized salt (iodine content ≥ 15 parts per million) was 18.2% (95% CI: 16.1-20.5). The total goiter rate of 13.5% and median urinary iodine excretion of 89.5 μg/L is indicative of iodine deficiency in Tamil Nadu.

Study on the status of iodine deficiency disorders in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu province

Study on the status of iodine deficiency disorders in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu province

Iodine deficiency disorders in Bangladesh, 2004-05: ten years of iodized salt intervention brings remarkable achievement in lowering goitre and iodine deficiency among children and women.

A survey was conducted to monitor the current status of iodine deficiency disorders in children aged 6-12 years and women aged 15-44 years in Bangladesh as measured by goitre prevalence and urinary iodine excretion. Conducted between September 2004 and March 2005, the survey followed a stratified multistage cluster sampling design to provide nationally representative data, with self-weighted rural-urban disaggregation. A total of 7233 children and 6408 women were examined for goitre and 4848 urine samples (2447 from children and 2401 from women) were analyzed for iodine. In addition, 5321 household salt samples were analyzed for iodine. In children, the total goitre rate (TGR) was 6.2%, compared to 49.9% in 1993 and the TGR among women was 11.7%, while in 1993 it was 55.6%. Prevalence of iodine deficiency (Urinary Iodine Excretion <100 microg/L) was 33.8% in children and 38.6% in women (compared to 71.0% and 70.2%, respectively in 1993). Iodine nutrition status in urban areas was considerably better than in rural areas. There was a clear inverse relationship between iodine deficiency and the coverage of households using adequately iodized salt (> or =15 ppm). The findings of the survey revealed that Bangladesh has achieved a commendable progress in reducing goitre rates and iodine deficiency among children and women ever since the universal salt iodization programme was instituted 10 years ago. However, physiological iodine deficiency still persists among more than one-third of children and women, which points to the need for all stakeholders to redouble their efforts in achieving universal salt iodization.

Hubungan status pestisida dengan status gangguan akibat kekurangan yodium (GAKY) anak SD pada daerah endemik GAKY Kabupaten Dairi

Background: Thyroxin plays important role in the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and cholesterol, and in the process of growth. Iodine deficiency disorder not only can be caused by lack of iodine substance but also another competition factor, which is a pollutant substance which is goitergenic (pesticide). This goitergenic substance interferes hormonogenesis of thyroid causing enlargement of thyroid gland known as goiter.Objective: This study was aimed at examining the relationship between status of pesticide and status of iodine deficiency disorders (urinary iodine excretion) of elementary school children and the difference between them based on level of their endemic in Dairi District.Methods: This was an observational study using a cross-sectional design. Palpation of thyroid gland was made to determine the level of endemic; concentration of blood cholinesterase was determined using tinto meter kit; urinary iodine excretion was analyzed with the ammonium persulfate digestion method. Data was analyzed with chi square and anova.Results: Chi square test indicated that the relationship between the concentration of blood cholinesterase and urinary iodine excretion was significant (p&lt;0.05) with OR 11.1 and the relationship between concentration of cholinesterase and iodine deficiency disorders (palpation) was not significant (p&gt;0.05) with OR 1.3. Anova test, based on endemic, indicated that there was a significant difference between the concentration of blood cholinesterase and urinary iodine excretion (p&lt;0.05).Conclusion: There was significant relationship between status of pesticide (concentration of blood cholinesterase) and status of iodine deficiency disorder based on urinary iodine excretion and there was no significant relationship between concentration of cholinesterase and iodine deficiency disorders based on the result of palpation. There was a difference in the average status of pesticide and iodine deficiency disorders status among the elementary school children based on their endemic.

Tracking progress toward elimination of iodine deficiency disorders in Jharkhand, India

Research question:What is the current status of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) in the state of Jharkhand?Objectives:(1) To determine the status of iodine deficiency in the state. (2) To determine the availability and cost of adequately iodized salt at the retail shops. (3) To study the perceptions of the community regarding iodine deficiency, salt and iodized salt.Design:A cross-sectional community-based survey.Study setting:Thirty clusters selected through the probability proportion to size (PPS) sampling in the state of Jharkhand.Study participants:Children aged 6-12 years, households, retail shopkeepers and opinion leaders.Study tool:Quantitative and qualitative methodology using a pretested questionnaire and focus group discussion used to carry out the community-based survey.Results:Total goiter rate (TGR) was 0.9%. Median urinary iodine level was 173.2 µg/L. The proportion of individuals with urinary iodine levels less than 100 and 50 µg/L were 26.4% and 10%, respectively. Slightly less than two-thirds (64.2%) of the households were found to be consuming adequately iodized salt as measured by titration (greater than 15 ppm). Iodized salt was available across the state and the cost varied between Re. 1 and Rs. 8 per kilogram. A common belief among the community was that iodized salt is equivalent to refined packet salt that is further equivalent to expensive salt.Conclusion:The results of the present survey show that the iodine nutrition in the state of Jharkhand is optimal. Considering that the consumption of adequately iodized salt should increase from 64.2% to the goal of more than 90%, sustained efforts are required in this place to consolidate the current coverage of adequately iodized salt and increase it to greater than 90%.

A challenge for monitoring iodine deficiency disorders in rural Nepal

Developing a strategy for monitoring iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) remains a big challenge in rural Nepal where great variations could exist in IDD status. To explore the possibility of variation in urinary iodine excretion (UIE) level in rural settings, we carried out a detailed study of UIE among 586 school children of 20 schools in five villages. Our data revealed statisitically significant differences in UIE values among rural villages and schools in the same villages. The policy-makers should keep such variations in mind for a successful monitoring of IDD in Nepal and other countries where such variations may exist.

Status of iodine-deficiency disorders as estimated by neonatal cord serum thyrotropin in Lahore, Pakistan

Cord serum thyrotropin (CST) was estimated in the blood of 1295 neonates randomly selected of 25 000 live births from various hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan, during the period of 1998-2002. Data obtained were used to assess the degree of iodine-deficiency disorder (IDD) in the local population. In iodine-sufficient areas, the percentage of neonates with CST value of >10 mIU/L is less than 3%. A frequency of 3% to 19.9% indicates mild IDD. Frequencies of 20% to 39.9% and >40% indicate moderate and severe IDD, respectively. Results indicated that on average, 13.5% of the neonates had a CST level >10 mIU/L, which indicate the existence of a mild degree of IDD. Statistically, there was no difference in the percentage of neonates with this level of CST for the 5-year study. It was observed that iodized salt has not been widely accepted despite the lack of difference in the price of iodized and noniodized salt.

An international collaboration that connects academic researches and health program practices

This paper summarized several research results, which were conducted under collaboration with organizations in Mongolia and Japan, and how these findings were applied to strengthen the national health program on elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in Mongolia, from 1996 to 2003. Implemented researches were in four categories: (1) assessment and monitoring of nation's IDD status, (2) salt intake estimation with the aim of determining appropriate iodine content in salt, and (3) effectiveness of iodized salt on normalizing goiter. Those research findings regarding IDD status and program were utilized for strengthening the program. It must be pointed out that collaboration among academic and governmental organizations is a prospective activity to contribute to improve community health. To the national public health program, academic researches can provide scientific evidences to its programming process from the viewpoints of clinical, social, economic, and people's perceptional aspects. Meanwhile, practical activities in fields always also bring the inspiration of new assumptions to researchers.

Current status of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and strategy for its control in India.

Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) reflects the broad manifestations of iodine deficiency including the implications on reproductive functions and lowering of IQ levels in school aged children. Today, IDD is a public health problem in 130 countries and affects 13% of world's population. In India, no state is free from iodine deficiency and 200 million people are 'at risk' of IDD. Daily consumption of salt fortified with iodine is a proven effective strategy and is the measure stressed by the Government of India. The paper describes the major five phases of the IDD Control Programme in India. The paper describes the major five phases of the IDD Control Programme in India since 1962 and synthesizes the spectrum of activities that significantly attributed to the Universal salt Iodisation (USI) efforts launched in 1992. The sustainability of the USI programme is critical since IDD prevalence will rise if programme of salt iodisation weakens. A two pronged strategy needs to be institutionalized for ensuring continued demand for iodised salt, linked to ongoing health, nutrition and education programmes as well as for ensuring supply of quality iodised salt.

Iodine deficiency disorders among school children of Malda, West Bengal, India.

A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among 2,392 school children, aged 8-10 years, in Malda district of West Bengal, India, in January 2001 to assess their iodine status. The children were selected through a multistage 30 cluster-sampling technique to determine the status of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) using recommended quantifiable indicators. The prevalence of goitre was assessed clinically using the standard palpation method by the teachers of Community Medicine, and a total goitre rate of 11.3% was found with no significant gender difference (p>0.05). Urinary iodine excretion (UIE) levels of 341 study subjects, selected through systematic random sampling, were analyzed by the wet digestion method to determine biochemical iodine deficiency by the teachers of Biochemistry Department. The median UIE was 15 mcg/dL, and no child had UIE value less than 5 mcg/dL. Iodine content of 1,060 salt samples tested with spot-testing kit revealed 85.1% with adequate iodine content of > or = 15 ppm. The finding of 11.3% of total goitre rate but with no evidence of current iodine deficiency (median UIE 15 mcg/dL) indicates that the Malda district is in the transition phase from iodine-deficient to iodine-sufficient.

Iodised salt for preventing iodine deficiency disorders status

Iodised salt for preventing iodine deficiency disorders status