Household Status Research Articles

Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for pediatric burns: a case-control study in underdeveloped minority areas in China.

Pediatric burns are common, especially in underdeveloped countries, and these can physically affect the children involved and have an impact on their mental health. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of pediatric burns in underdeveloped minority areas of China. Case information from 192 children was collected from outpatient and inpatient clinics using a survey questionnaire. These included 90 pediatric burn cases and 102 controls who were children without burns. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors for pediatric burns in order to establish a model. The goodness-of-fit for the model was assessed using the Hosmer and Lemeshow test as well as receiver operating characteristic and internal calibration curves. A nomogram was then used to analyze the contribution of each influencing factor to the pediatric burns model. Seven variables, including gender, age, ethnic minority, the household register, mother's employment status, mother's education and number of children, were analyzed for both groups of children. Of these, age, ethnic minority, mother's employment status and number of children in a household were found to be related to the occurrence of pediatric burns using univariate logistic regression analysis (p < 0.05). After a collinearity diagnosis, a multivariate logistic regression analysis of variables with tolerances of >0.2 and variance inflation factor <5 showed that age was a protective factor for pediatric burns [odds ratio (OR) = 0.725; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.665-0.801]. Compared with single-child parents, those with two children were at greater risk of pediatric burns (OR = 0.389; 95% CI: 0.158-0.959). The ethnic minority of the child and the mother's employment status were also risk factors (OR = 6.793; 95% CI: 2.203-20.946 and OR = 2.266; 95% CI: 1.025-5.012, respectively). Evaluation of the model used was found to be stable. A nomogram showed that the contribution in the children burns model was age > mother's employment status > number of children > ethnic minority. This study showed that there are several risk factors strongly correlated to pediatric burns, including age, ethnic minority, the number of children in a household and mother's employment status. Government officials should direct their preventive approach to tackling the problem of pediatric burns by promoting awareness of these findings.

Vulnerability and resilience in the face of climate changes in Senegal's drylands: measurement at the household level and determinant assessment

The resilience capacity of smallholder households is one of the main drivers of their ability to continue to farm and make investments in the fragile dryland regions. This paper aims to assess the resilience profile of smallholder farmers in the face of climate change and the factors influencing it in three dryland sub-regions of Senegal, namely, Louga, Kaffrine, and Thies. We developed a composite index of climate resilience (CICR) using data on farmers' perceptions of climate variability and their perceived ability to withstand, adapt, and bounce back in the event of climatic shocks. Drought, strong winds, and soil fertility decline because of climate change emerged as the main climate hazards impacting smallholder farming systems. The CICR value ranged from −2 for the most vulnerable households to +2 for the most resilient households. On average, all the households were found to be vulnerable, with an average CICR value of −0.2. The LOUGA region was the most vulnerable, with an average CICR value of −0.36, followed by THIES (-0.2). The KAFFRINE region was relatively less vulnerable, with a CICR value of −0.1. Ordered logit model estimates show that the chances of improving CICR decrease with the increase of the household head's age until 59 years. Access to training on climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices and climate information appeared to have the potential to increase by 171% the chance of the household improving its resilience status. Analysis also shows that one more woman working off-farm or in-home gardening has the potential to multiply by four times the chances of households being more resilient. This highlights the importance of empowering women to enhance household resilience to climate change. The off-farm revenue increased the chance to improve the resilience status of the farm household by 62% and the receipt of transfer revenue by 50%. This study provides a robust method for quantifying resilience or wellbeing and its drivers and enriches our understanding of the resilience ability of farmers to climate change in a West African context. It can be useful in designing effective adaptation interventions and improving the overall wellbeing of smallholder farmers.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on daily travel: Findings from New South Wales, Australia

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major disruptions to people’s daily life and travel. This paper aims to reveal the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people’s travel in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, and to explore potential measures to recover public transport patronage in the new normal. Research data is collected from a survey of 1,045 residents in NSW, Australia between October 2021 and May 2022. Results show that travel behaviors are significantly different during the pandemic compared to the pre-COVID and the new normal periods. Multiple key factors affecting travelers’ choices in terms of travel mode, travel purpose and their acceptance of emerging mobilities like on-demand transport, autonomous vehicles and drones are identified, including age group, residential area, household status (e.g., couple family with children), household income, need for travel assistance, and travel-related attitude towards health and safety. The research findings suggest that emerging mobilities could provide potential solutions to transport services in a pandemic scenario.

Determinants of Household Poverty: Identification Using Logistic Regression

The fight against poverty is considered one of the most critical tasks in achieving sustainable development goals. This study aims to identify the key determinants of household poverty in Algeria. The information base is data from the Sixth Cluster Survey (MICS 6) conducted by the National Statistics Office during 2018-2019 with a sample of 31,325 households in each province, which are divided into three groups (poorest, poor, non-poor) using a well-being index, which is based on the data about household assets and living conditions. Polynomial logistic regression was used to model the correlation between the poverty status of households and various demographic (household size, gender, age and education level of the head of the household), socio-economic (employment of the head of the household) and spatial (place of residence (urban/rural), region) characteristics. The results showed that a higher level of education of the head of the household significantly increased the probability of households moving from the “poorest” to the “poor” or “non-poor”. As the age of the household head increases, the likelihood that the household will be non-poor increases. The gender of the head of the household was not a statistically significant factor. The increase in the number of dependents as a factor of creating additional financial pressure and falling into poverty is essential only in a situation of a very drastic change in status – when moving from the status of “non-poor” to “the poorest”. In contrast, a slight change in well-being (a shift from “poor” to “poorest”) is not associated with an increase in the number of household members. Modeling showed that extreme poverty is more common in rural areas than in cities. Regional differences are also revealed, as the poverty level is higher in the southern regions than in the northern ones. The slight increase in household welfare (transition from the category of “poorest” to “poor”) in Algeria is not due to the economic activity of the head of the household. Still, it may be related to the nature of the analyzed data (only the fact of employment was considered without specifying the nature and type of activity). Instead, a significant change in welfare (moving from the category of “non-poor” to “poorest” households) directly depends on whether the head of the household is employed or unemployed. The results of the study are essential in the context of the development of a targeted policy to reduce the poverty risks of Algerian households: increasing the level of education and skills should be a priority, especially for young people and in disadvantaged regions, targeted programs for the development of rural areas and mechanisms for the fair distribution of public investments between provinces are needed to overcome regional disproportions.

The burden and psychosocial impact on immediate caregivers of patients with spinal cord injury in a tertiary health facility, Edo State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to assess the burden and psychosocial impact of spinal cord injury on the immediate caregivers at a tertiary health facility in Benin City, Edo State. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted among 73 family caregivers in the neurological ward of a tertiary health facility using a structured questionnaire as instrument of data collection. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression. Results: Findings revealed that an overall mean of 2.73 indicates that the burden on the caregivers was moderate with a moderate psychological impact (m = 2.88) and a high sociological impact (m = 3.12). Factors affecting the caregiving provided by immediate caregivers include social and household responsibilities (94.5%), financial situation (89.0%), family support (83.6%), and health status of the caregiver (80.8%). Age (odds ratio [OR] = 5.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23–27.17, P = 0.027), education (OR = 3.75, 95% CI: 1.05–13.39, P = 0.041), and “others” (spouses, siblings, friends, or extended family members) (OR = 3.167, 95% CI: 1.583–6.337, P = 0.001) were predictors for high psychological impact while education (OR = 0.074; 95% CI: 0.015–0.370, P = 0.001) and caregiving role (OR = 3.167; 95% CI: 0. 1.583–6.337, P = 0.001) high sociological impact. Conclusion: Majority of the caregivers experience moderate burden, moderate psychological impact, and high sociological impact. Understanding these factors is essential for developing targeted interventions and support services to address the unique needs of caregivers and mitigate the burden of caregiving on their psychosocial health.

Food insecurity among low-income households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

With the rapid urbanization in developing countries, poverty and food insecurity are becoming increasing prevalent, posing a major challenge to urban areas. The COVID-19 pandemic induced job losses and reduced income combined with inflation have further exacerbated the household food insecurity situation, particularly in cities of low-income countries. Our study aims to assess the extent of food insecurity and its determinants among low-income household in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study among a sample of 578 households in Addis Ababa. We estimated the household food insecurity status using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). An ordinal logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between household food insecurity status and the socioeconomic and demographic covariates. The STATA 14 software package was used for data analysis. We found that household food insecurity was prevalent among low-income households in Addis Ababa, with a prevalence rate of 92.4 % (95 % CI: 90.2–94.6 %). Of these households, 33.6 % (95 % CI: 29.7–37.4 %) were severely food insecure. To cope with the food shortage, households were forced to reduce their food quantity and quality. We also found that respondent's education, engagement in income generating activities, and household wealth were independently associated with household food insecurity. We conclude that although supporting people living below the poverty line (pro-poor) remains the top priority for social protection programs, adapting the program to accommodate the working poor (informal sector employees and casual workers) is crucial, especially during shocks.

Enrollment, Continuity and Factors associated with Health Insurance among Insured and Uninsured People of Pokhara Metropolitan, Kaski

Purpose: To assess SHI and its associated factor among people of Pokhara Metropolitan.&#x0D; Methodology: A comparative study using a cross-sectional design was carried out from June-December, 2018 among 184 insured and Uninsured People of Pokhara Metropolitan, Kaski using multistage sampling technique. Interview method was used using Interview schedule. Data was entered in epidata version 3 and analyzed using SPSS version 20.&#x0D; Result: Educational level (p-value 0.03) was one of the major associated factors to determining enrollment status of SHIP. Similarly home ownership (p-value 0.001) was highly associated factor with insurance status. The association of perceive health status of household with enrollment status (p-value 0.043). Knowledge about SHIP was another major associated factor (p-value 0.02) of enrollment status of SHIP in this study. The study showed that 29% of household have dropout. The major reasons for discontinuity were found as no quality of health care, crowed in service delivery site and long waiting time, inappropriate benefit package, distance to health care facility, did not use service use in last year etc.&#x0D; Conclusion: The major factors such as education, occupation, family income, household ownership, perceive health status and knowledge about social health insurance were found to be associated with enrollment of SHIP

The Influence of Space Standards on Housing Typologies: The Evolution of the Nuclear Family Dwelling in England

This article explores the evolution of dwelling typologies in London, examining how regulations and standards have transformed housing layouts and indirectly informed personal and social interactions at home. Housing policy of the past century, as reflected through space standards, type plans, housing manuals, and reports, reveal a socio-political agenda of promoting nuclear family dwellings, traditionally a household of parents and their children. This article contributes to this discussion by exploring the contextual drivers, spatial reasoning, and evidence underpinning the decisions of housing reports such as the &lt;em&gt;Tudor Walters Report&lt;/em&gt; (1918), the &lt;em&gt;Dudley Report&lt;/em&gt; (1944), and the &lt;em&gt;Parker Morris Report&lt;/em&gt; (1961). Changes in household structures can be seen through regulations: from multiple families sharing a house, to the separation of individual families into single homes, to prioritising the individual over the family unit. This article analyses how five historical moments in which typological shifts promoted nuclear family dwellings that have determined spatial hierarchies and family dynamics around cooking, eating, and socialising. Similarly, societal shifts in housing expectations, such as the changing perceptions of social status symbols, privacy, gender roles, and household dynamics have contributed to the spatial arrangement and layout of homes. By shedding light on the socio-technical transformations, this research highlights the need for innovative design solutions and evidence-based space standards to meet contemporary needs.

Before and after study of a national complementary and supplementary feeding programme in Rwanda, 2017-2021.

To address high rates of malnutrition among children from vulnerable households in Rwanda, the government initiated a national food supplementation programme. A before and after evaluation, using repeat cross-sectional surveys in randomly selected villageswas conducted; aimed at assessing the effectiveness of providing fortified blended food (FBF) to children 18-23 months of age, pregnant and lactating women in the lowest tier of Rwanda's social support system. Data were collected in 2017, 2018and 2021 through interviews with caregivers; anthropometric measurements and a capillary blood sample were obtained from children. The primary statistical analysis compared the nutritional status of children before and after the introduction of FBF. We enroled 724 children during each survey. The prevalence of stunting declined from 47% to 35% between 2017 and 2021; in 2018, the prevalence of stunting was 43%. Children had a 42% reduction in the odds of being stunted (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.47-0.74, p < 0.001) from 2017 to 2021 even after adjusting for inherent, distal, proximal, and intermediate covariates. The reduction in stunting observed within the first year of the programme was not statistically significant (AOR: 0.83, 95%CI: 0.67-1.03, p < 0.091). We observed meaningful reductions in the prevalence of stunting among children which coincided with the introduction of Government-led initiative to reduce malnutrition. The Rwandan Government has committed to improving the living conditions of vulnerable households and has made strong investments in reducing malnutrition. The impact of these investments can be seen in the overall trend towards improved nutritional status highlighted in this evaluation.

Assessing labour freedom in agriculture: Developing world perspective focusing on India

This piece of work evaluates the choices and opportunities opened up in rural labour market through institutional reforms and developmental policies fostering agricultural growth and efficiency in developing countries, with a focus on India. It finds that policy reforms on property rights, involving legal approvals of land ownership or partial possession with rental contracts, strengthen bargaining capacity among marginalized groups. Furthermore, an inclusive development policy encompassing the rural sector shapes labour freedom by stabilization of market at desirable wage and employment rates. Considering a case example from an advanced agricultural region in India, this study reveals a positive and significant relationship between intensity of labour freedom and land‐based status of peasant households. The analysis of primary data suggests that labour market reforms, particularly those focused on wage contracts and minimum wage laws, off‐farm jobs and intra‐migration employment opportunities before labourers, are crucial indicators for enhancing labour freedom in rural areas.

Adoption Analysis of BADC Produced &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Boro&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Rice Seed and Its Impact on Farm Household Food Security in Bangladesh

The purpose of this study is to look into the factors that influence adoption of BADC produce &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Boro&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; rice seed and its impact on farm household food security in Bangladesh. The endogenous switching regression model (ESRM) and the propensity score matching (PSM) method were employed to identify the factors that influence adoption of BADC &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Boro&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; rice seed and assessed its adoption impact on farm household food security. The analysis revealed that age, farm size, rice area, farm income, extension service, livestock ownership and government assistance had significant influence on adoption of BADC &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Boro&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; rice seed. The estimated results show that education, farm size, earning members, farm income had positive and significant influence in attaining food security status of both adopters and non-adopters farm household. The estimated coefficient of correlation between the adoption equation and the food security equation of adopters was positive and significant. The study confirms that BADC produce &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Boro&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; rice seed adoption had positive and significant impact on farm household food security of Bangladesh. The study recommended that BADC should implement appropriate policies to increase &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Boro&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; rice seed production and enhance its adoption level through extension service so that food security situation improve in Bangladesh.

An Economic Analysis of Cropping Pattern, Marketing Chains and Food Security Status of Farm Households in Rural-Urban Interface of Bengaluru, India

The study was taken in rural-urban interface of Bangalore to examine the participation of households in different marketing chains and production diversification on food insecurity status among selected households. Herfindahl-Hirschman (HH) index was used to estimate the crop diversification in both north and south transect. To analyze the household food security status, Food Security Index (FSI) was employed. The results indicated that, south transect was more crop diversified than north transect and the food security status was also high in south transect compared to north transect, hence crop diversity is having positive influence on household food security status in the study area. Among the different crops cultivated in the study area, percentage of area under ragi was the highest followed by maize in both the transects. In case of both maize and ragi, majority of the farm households sold their produce in the regulated markets. But ragi producers realized higher price (Rs. 2350/q) in farmers market (producer to consumers) and maize producers realized higher price (Rs. 1550/q) in regulated markets. Food security can be enhance through crop diversification and better price realization can be achieved by encouraging to adopt direct marketing or selling farmers produce through regulated markets.

Income inequality effect of public utility infrastructure: Evidence from rural China

The income inequality effect of infrastructure investment is under-researched despite the fact that the world has been confronted with the formidable challenge of worsening income distribution. This paper addresses this gap by: (i) highlighting deficiencies in conventional inequality modeling, (ii) proposing an empirical framework that entails estimation of both income growth and income inequality effect of infrastructure using one model, and (iii) applying this model to individual-level data from rural China to estimate income growth and income inequality effect of specific public utility infrastructures. Our findings reveal that the usage of telephone and tap water infrastructure fosters rural income growth, particularly benefiting lower-income individuals, indicating benign income inequality effect. These effects are particularly notable in inland China. An investigation into underlying mechanisms shows that public utility infrastructures help improve educational attainment and health status in lower-income rural households, stimulating growth in income and reducing income inequality. These findings imply that development of public utility infrastructure can serve as a powerful policy instrument for government interventions to reduce income inequality and promote growth, especially in developing countries.

Deprivation and Its Association with Child Health and Nutrition in the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area of Uganda.

African cities are experiencing increasing living standard disparities with limited evidence of intra-urban health disparities. Using data from the 2006-2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys, we employed the UN-Habitat definition to examine slum-like household conditions in the Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (GKMA). Subsequently, we developed a slum-like severity index and assessed its association with under-5 common morbidities and healthcare access. We also assessed the characteristics of people in slum-like household conditions. We identified five slum-like conditions: substandard housingconditions, limited water access, overcrowding, unclean cooking fuel, and limited toilet access. By 2016, 67% of GKMA households were classified as slum-like conditions, including 31% in severe conditions. Limited toilet access, overcrowding, and limited water access were the main forms of deprivation.Living in slum-like household conditions correlated with lower education levels, youth status, unprofessional jobs, and marriage. Compared to neighboring Kampala city urban outskirts, Kampala city households had lower slum-like prevalence. Children in GKMA living in slum-like household conditions were morelikely to experience diarrhea (moderate: OR = 1.21[95% CI: 1.05-1.39], severe: OR = 1.47 [95% CI: 1.27-1.7]); fever (moderate: OR = 2.67 [95% CI: 1.23-5.8], severe: OR = 3.09 [95% CI: 1.63-5.85]); anemia (moderate: OR = 1.18 [95% CI: 0.88-1.58], severe: OR = 1.44 [95% CI: 1.11-1.86]); and stunting (moderate: OR = 1.23 [95% CI: 1.23-1.25], severe: OR = 1.40 [95% CI: 1.41-1.47]) compared to those living in less slum-like conditions. However, seeking treatment for fever was less likely in slum-like household conditions, and the association of slum-like household conditions with diarrhea was insignificant. These findings underscore the precarious urban living conditions and the need for targeted health interventions addressing the social determinants of health in urban settings.

Stratification of Urban Health Centers of Khorramabad Based on Socioeconomic Status of Households Using Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis

Background: In numerous studies in the field of medical sciences, researchers use health centers as a frame for stratified sampling. Since socioeconomic variables play a major role in health outcomes, the present study aimed to classify urban health centers of Khorramabad in terms of the socioeconomic status of households using factor and cluster analysis. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the statistical population included all urban areas of Khorramabad based on the population and housing census conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran. Firstly, the scatter maps of urban areas and health centers were adopted together. Thereafter, socioeconomic indexes of urban areas were calculated in seven fields, and exploratory factor analysis was used to reduce dimensions. Finally, the similar health centers in terms of factor scores were allocated to the same clusters by k-means cluster analysis using SPSS software (version 26) and were displayed on city maps using Arc GIS software. Results: Three factors identified in factor analysis explained about 73.3% of the total variance of socioeconomic indexes. Based on cluster analysis, 11 health centers were located in cluster 1 (related to lower educational attainment, poorer housing amenities, and higher rate of homelessness and divorce), 16 centers were located in cluster 2 (related to higher studying persons rate, lower marriage rate in women, lower unemployment rate, and higher residence in apartment flats) and 10 health centers were located in cluster 3 (related to higher academic graduates, more profitable jobs, and better housing amenities). Conclusion: The results of this research can be used in health studies in urban areas of Khorramabad as a basis for performing stratified sampling. Furthermore, it is recommended that authorities adopt more effective planning to improve deprived areas in cluster one.

Examining the links between household livelihood resilience and vulnerability: disaster resettlement experience from rural China

Livelihood status of rural households is the focus of disaster resettlement research. Influenced by various factors, rural households face multiple environmental and social pressures after relocation, and the study of livelihood resilience and vulnerability provides a new framework for research into the livelihoods of relocated households. There has been a call for more quantitative evidence about the links between livelihood resilience and livelihood vulnerability in the context of disaster resettlement. This study uses data from a sample of 657 individuals from the relocation area of Ankang prefecture in southern Shaanxi, China. The resilience of rural household livelihood systems is quantified in terms of two dimensions of general resilience and specific resilience using the spatial vector method from systems engineering. The IPCC framework was used to measure three dimensions of livelihood vulnerability: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptability, and a threshold regression model was applied to investigate the impacts of livelihood resilience on livelihood vulnerability. Results show that: (i) livelihood vulnerability of relocated households (−0.042) was significantly lower than that of local households (0.091), while relocated households in the process of livelihood reconstruction had a certain degree of vulnerability risk. (ii) there is a significant threshold effect of livelihood resilience on livelihood vulnerability of rural households. (iii) increasing livelihood resilience significantly reduced the degree of vulnerability of rural households, and the marginal effect of general resilience on livelihood vulnerability shows a decreasing trend. Specific resilience has a positive influence on livelihood vulnerability before it exceeds the threshold, but the effect disappears above the threshold of resilience. (iv) The threshold value of livelihood resilience of local households (0.5039) is generally lower than that of relocated households (0.6548), and relocation does improve the ability of rural households to resist uncertainty risks. It is necessary for local governments to formulate more targeted policies to reduce the livelihood vulnerability of rural households and thereby promote sustainable livelihood development.

Enhancing dietary diversity and food security through the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices in Nigeria: a micro level evidence

AbstractThe paranoid belief that climate change will gradually reduce the ability of the world to meet the demand for food serves as the rationale for Nigerian smallholder farmers’ advocacy of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) techniques. The study investigates the effects of CSA practice on the food security status of rural farming households in Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed in selecting 480 rural farming households across three selected states from Southwest, Nigeria. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Obtained results showed that 59.79% of the respondents were food insecure while severe and depth of food insecure among the farming households were 0.0711 and 0.1913 respectively. The result of the household dietary diversity score revealed the diverse consumption-ability of the respondents and the contributions of CSA practice in their farming system. This implies that households engaged in climate-smart farming are more likely to achieve higher levels of food consumption score, dietary diversity, and food security. The probit regression revealed that the food security status among rural farming households was significantly influenced by household heads’ gender, farm size, and contact with extension agents as well as adopted CSA practices such as crop diversification, agroforestry, and use of Fadama land for agricultural activities. This research concludes that CSA lowered the probability of food insecurity among rural farming households in Nigeria. Accordingly, the study suggests that the government and the key players should encourage the use of CSA practices in order to ensure agricultural sustainability and food security in agrarian communities by reducing the impact of climate change.

The Association of Socio-Economic Factors and Indigenous Crops on the Food Security Status of Farming Households in KwaZulu-Natal Province.

Indigenous crops have been proposed as part of a solution for household food security and sustainable farming systems. However, they have been overlooked and underutilised by households and farmers despite their potential contribution to household food security. The objective of this paper was to determine the association of socio-economic factors and indigenous crops with the household food security of farming households. About 260 farming households were selected using a simple random sampling procedure. The food security status was measured through the use of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). The Chi-square test and extended ordered probit regression model assessed the relationship of socio-economic factors and indigenous crops with household food security status. The results from the HFIAS showed that farming households were largely in the mildly and moderately food-insecure categories, with 34.2% and 36.2% of the sampled farmers found in these categories, respectively. The Chi-square test showed a statistically significant relationship between food security status and socio-economic factors. Young men and everyone were perceived to be the ones likely to consume indigenous crops. Consumption of indigenous crops was perceived to be associated with food security. The results also showed that farming experience is likely to positively contribute to the food security status of the farming households. Selling indigenous crops in a formal market is perceived to be associated with food security compared to selling in an informal market. This study concludes that consuming indigenous crops is likely associated with improved food security. Identifying an appropriate market for sales of indigenous crops is imperative. Government, extension officers, and nutritionists must conduct training workshops to encourage households to grow, market and buy indigenous crops. Government and policymakers need to include indigenous crops in the national food and nutrition security policy and create formal markets for indigenous crops.

Risk factor analysis and nomogram construction in patients with distant metastatic prostate cancer at different PSA levels: a study based on the SEER database.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignant tumor in the male genitourinary system. Once PCa has metastasized, it is very difficult to cure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic risk factor analysis of patients with different prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in distant metastatic PCa. At the same time, we construct effective models for predicting the survival rate of prostate cancer patients. Data on prostate cancer patients with the presence of distant metastases were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. PCa patients with distant metastases were categorized into two groups based on PSA levels, one with PSA <20 ng/mL and the other with PSA ≥20 ng/mL. Univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses were used to identify independent factors affecting the prognosis of the patients. A nomogram was constructed using the independent prognostic factors, and the results were evaluated using calibration curves, timeROC curves, and Kaplan-Meier curves. In the PSA <20 ng/mL group, there were a total of 1,832 patients. COX regression analysis showed that age, marital status, N stage, grade, Gleason score, and medical household income inflation were independent prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) in patients. In addition, we found that age, marital status, N stage, bone metastasis, grade, and Gleason score were independent prognostic factors for cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients. In the PSA ≥20 ng/mL group, there were a total of 5,314 patients. It was found that age, ethnicity, marital status, bone metastasis, first malignant primary indicator, grade, Gleason score, and medical household income inflation were patients' independent prognostic factors for OS. For CSS, we found that age, ethnicity, marital status, T stage, radiotherapy, bone metastasis, Gleason score, and Median household income inflation were independent prognostic factors. Constructing a nomogram can accurately predict the prognosis of this group of patients. We found different independent prognostic factors for different PSA levels in patients with distant metastatic PCa. A new nomogram was constructed to predict OS and CSS in patients, which helps in clinical-assisted decision-making.

Socio economic status assessment in India: history and updates for 2024

Socioeconomic status (SES) affects the incidence and prevalence of a variety of health disorders, thus making it a significant factor of both health status and standard of living. Social security is influenced by socioeconomic level in terms of health facility accessibility, pricing, acceptability, and actual use. The requirement for creating a standard method of population classification based on SES that is applied easily and simply and is not based solely on income and has a scientific foundation is needed. The assessment of socio-economic status in surveys has evolved over time in India, with various scales and criteria being used to capture the economic and social conditions of individuals or households. As India continues to undergo socio-economic transformations, the methods for assessing socio-economic status evolve accordingly. Researchers and policymakers strive to strike a balance between traditional indicators and contemporary, multidimensional approaches to gain a comprehensive understanding of the socio-economic fabric in the diverse and dynamic Indian society.