Force Status Research Articles

Dynamic modeling and analysis of an axially moving and spinning Rayleigh beam based on a time-varying element

An axially moving and spinning beam, i.e., a beam having simultaneous axial movement and spin rotation, has been widely used in some engineering fields. In general, the force status of an axially moving and spinning beam is quite complex, with the beam simultaneously producing deformations of tension and compression and bending and torsion. Presently, the main method employed in studies concerning the dynamics of axially moving and spinning beams is structural dynamics, which focuses on the vibration and stability of the beam. Nevertheless, to describe the global motion and deformation motion of an axially moving and spinning beam more efficiently and accurately, scholars have proposed an Euler element model that is suitable for a slender beam. In the Euler element, because the moment of inertia of the cross section is ignored, large errors may occur when the element is used in the dynamic modeling and analysis of an axially moving and spinning beam with a small slenderness ratio. To solve this problem, a new element model based on the Rayleigh beam theory, in which the moments of inertia of the cross section around the beam's neutral as well as center axis are naturally considered by integrating the virtual work of the inertial force at each point in the element [herein referred to as the time-varying Rayleigh beam-shaft element (TVRBSE)], is presented in this paper. Dynamic analysis was performed for the axially moving and spinning cantilever Rayleigh beam, and the kinematics results were compared with those of the structural dynamics method reported in the literature. Both results were consistent with each other, which verifies the correctness of TVRBSE. The dynamic analysis based on TVRBSE can also simultaneously obtain the internal forces (axial force, bending moment, and torque) at each section of the beam and the stresses they cause. Moreover, the solution process for the proposed TVRBSE was easier to program and demonstrated good adaptability to changes in the loading and constraint conditions of the beam, a very advantageous feature. Essentially, the results of this study show that TVRBSE can accurately and effectively solve the dynamic problem of the axially moving and spinning beam.

Lifetime employment–coresidential trajectories and extended working life in Chile

• Little is known about extended working life beyond full pension age in developing countries like Chile. • Older people are increasingly working through self-employment. • Past employment–coresidential trajectories greatly shape work extension in old age. • Partial retirement (working while receiving a pension) is a highly prevalent labor force status, especially among people who worked in informal conditions and/or are still living with dependents. • Labor policies for older people would benefit from a life-course perspective. The proportion of individuals extending their working lives beyond full pension age (FPA) has increased considerably over the last twenty years worldwide. Most research on the extension of working lives has examined what determines whether older people remain attached to the labor market, neglecting the diversity of their labor force statuses. Also, what we know from this line of inquiry is derived almost exclusively from developed countries, leaving other regions, such as Latin America, unexplored. Based on a life-course approach, we close these research gaps by analyzing how types of lifetime employment and coresidential trajectories determine both the extension of working lives beyond FPA and the diverse labor force statuses of older workers in Chile. We draw on a rich and comprehensive life history dataset of a cohort of Chileans currently aged 65–75 and use longitudinal and cross-sectional statistical methods. Our results indicate that individuals who followed diverse employment trajectories throughout their lives (whether in formal or informal jobs) but permanently coresided with a partner and adult children were most likely to be partly retired in old age (i.e., working while receiving a pension). Those who followed more informal employment trajectories while living permanently with a partner were more likely to remain active, particularly through self-employment, beyond FPA. We stress the importance for future labor policies aimed at older populations to consider the diversity of life-course trajectories in the employment and family domains.

The medical and social importance of mental and behavior disorders among military personnel in peacetime and warfare

Introduction. The considerable numbers of servicemen who have applied for psychiatric help and who have been discharged for mental health from the Armed Forces of Ukraine testify the need to revise the whole system of providing psychiatric, psychomedical, and social aid to servicemen in warfare. Purpose. To identify medical and social aspects of mental and behavioral disorders among servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in peacetime and warfare for justification the developing and implementing the system of psychomedical care in Ukrainian Defense Forces with NATO standards adaptation. Methods. A retrospective analysis of statistical data on the level, structure, dynamics of the overall incidence rate of mental disorders as well as hospitalized morbidity among the military personnel of Ukrainian Armed Forces and health status dismissal based on long-term observation data (2008-2017) as well as comparison of indicators of the period 2008-2013 and 2014-2017 based on official statistical reporting has been performed. The statistical processing of the sample results was carried out using descriptive statistics and analysis of alternative characteristics. Results. It was discovered that in the structure of the total incidence of mental disorders among the military personnel of Ukrainian Armed Forces on class F (ICD-10) for the period of 2014-2017 years there was a significant redistribution of all categories of military personnel in comparison with 2008-2013 (among officers as well as contract servicemen, the overall incidence rate of mental disorders decreased dependably). The proportion of disorders of adult personality and behavior with other syndromes (F50-F99) significantly increased due to a significant decrease of neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform complaints cases. Conclusions. The overall incidence rate of mental disorders, as well as hospitalized morbidity within the structure of overall incidence rate of diseases in 2008-2017 for officers and contract servicemen, significantly increased with peak values in 2015 (p≤0.001) with further decreasing in 2016-2017 years, but among conscripts - remained unchanged. It has been established that starting from 2014, the indicators of discharges among officers have tended to increase with the maximum rates in 2015 (compared to 2013 by 7 times higher) and contract servicemen in 2016 (compared to 2013 by 5.3 times higher) with a further decrease. The identified features of mental health disorder in servicemen and their consequences according to long-term observation (both in peacetime and in warfare) are the keysto the development and implementation of the proposed psychomedical care system in defense forces readapted to NATO standards.

A New Estimation of Nonlinear Contact Forces of Railway Vehicle

The core part of any study of rolling stock behavior is the wheel-track interaction patch because the forces produced at the wheel-track interface govern the dynamic behavior of the whole railway vehicle. It is significant to know the nature of the contact force to design more effective vehicle dynamics control systems and condition monitoring systems. However, it is hard to find the status of this adhesion force due to its complexity, highly non-linear nature, and also affected with an unpredictable operation environment. The purpose of this paper is to develop a model-based estimation technique using the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) with inertial sensors to estimate non-linear wheelset dynamics in variable adhesion conditions. The proposed model results show the robust performance of the EKF algorithm in dry, wet/rain, greasy, and fully contaminated track conditions in traction and braking modes of a railway vehicle. The proposed model is related to the other works in the area of wheel-rail systems and a tradeoff exists in all conditions. This model is very useful in condition monitoring systems for railway asset management to avoid accidents and derailment of a train

Mothers' Caregiving During COVID: The Impact of Divorce Laws and Homeownership on Women's Labor Force Status

We investigate women's likelihood of withdrawing from paid labor to care for children and help them with schoolwork as a result of COVID and school closures. Were women more likely to shift out of paid labor in states where property-division rules would better protect the financial interests of stay-at-home parents? Such higher protection is offered in states with community property regimes or with homemaking provisions, the alternative being equitable-division and no homemaking provisions. We use monthly data from the U.S. Current Population Survey and compare the labor force participation of women with children in grades K-6 between 2019 and 2020, before and after COVID started. We find an association between marital property laws offering women more financial protection and women's labor supply response to COVID-19, especially among non-immigrants.

Representation of Teacher in Andrea Hirata�s Novel Guru Aini: A Study of Literary Psychology

Novel is one of literary works that is quite enjoyed by people. Novel has an important position in describing the reality of life through its storylines. One of them is Guru Aini novel by Andrea Hirata. The novel, which was just published in 2020, told about a teacher who workedin a remote island in Indonesia. The author's view of the teacher as an educator who could be represented by this literary work is constructed in a novel. Based on this, the study aimed to determine the representation of teachers in the Guru Aini novel by Andrea Hirata. The analysis in the research was conducted through the dimensions of literary psychology. The analysis in this study focused on the role of the teacher as an educator in a literary work. The results in this study indicated that the teacher in the novel Guru Aini by Andrea Hirata was represented in a positively charged construction. In this study, it was found that several teacher representations appeared in the novel, namely the representation of the teacher as an individual status, the representation of the teacher as the status of the teaching force, the representation of the teacher as an educator in the community, the representation of the psychological condition of the teacher, and the representation of the teacher's personality in the novel Guru Aini by Andrea Hirata.

Overweight and Obesity in the French Army

Today, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is, respectively, 49% and 17% among French adults. This research investigates their existence in the French Armed Forces, in terms of the impact on military operative response and military readiness. As no previous studies have evaluated the weight status of the whole French Armed Forces, this work assesses the situation for the first time in France. A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out between September 2016 and April 2017. A single anonymous questionnaire gathered the sociodemographic variables and usual care medical data. The source population was active duty members serving in units reporting to the South-Eastern French Regional Military Health Department. Among 1,589 respondents, prevalence of overweight and obesity was, respectively, 38.7% and 10%. Mean waist circumference was 78.2 ± 9.1 cm for women and 89.1 ± 10.5 cm for men. A third of female military and one-fifth of male military had a measure bigger than the standard International Diabetes Federation. Age, sex, weekly fitness activity, and rank were significant independent predictors of body weight excess. Less than 5% of the study population reported a diagnosis of comorbidity: diabetes 2%, high blood pressure 1%, and dyslipidemia 1.5%. As all armies, the French Armed Forces are affected by obesity. Nevertheless, the prevalence of obesity seems lower than in other Western armies. In the French army, as in the general population, obesity is correlated with socioeconomic status and level of education. However, compared to the general French population, there is less obesity and overweight in the French Armed Forces. Moreover, overweight and obese military members have a lower cardiovascular risk than their civilian counterparts. Enlistment standards, military occupational activity, and a mandatory high level of physical fitness could explain these different proportions of overweight and obesity. This raises the question of the protective effect of regular physical activity. Is this a serious way to fight against the growing prevalence of overweight and obesity in Western countries? Indeed, this is a significant public health issue, which also affects the military's quick response force capacity and strategic capabilities. Therefore, the identification of specific demographic characteristics should be considered in developing prevention programs.

The Mediating Role of Optimism on the Relationship of Activities of Daily Living and Well-Being Among Older Adults

Limitations on activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) can be deleterious to an older person’s life satisfaction and overall feelings of wellbeing. This study explored the possible mediating role of optimism on relationship between changes in ADL/IADL and life satisfaction over time. Using 2006-2016 data from the Health and Retirement Study (n=11,869), growth curve modelling was used to account for intra-individual and inter-individual changes in life satisfaction trajectories. All models controlled for age, sex, marital status, years of education, self-rated health, labor force status, log of household income, and attrition. In the baseline model without optimism and with all controls, coefficients for ADL (Beta=-0.13, P<0.01) and IADL (Beta=-0.12, P<0.01) were negatively significantly associated with life satisfaction. When optimism was introduced to the model, coefficients for both ADL and IADL increased by 0.01 and remained statistically significant, which suggests some mediating effects. When interaction terms between ADL/IADL and optimism were introduced, coefficients for ADL and IADL became statistically insignificant. However, the interaction between ADL and optimism (Beta=-0.02, P<0.05) was negatively significantly associated with life satisfaction. Findings suggest that optimism may protect against the negative impact of ADL/ IADL on life satisfaction. While changes in physical functioning and mobility may influence mental health status (e.g., depression, feelings of isolation), such consequences are not inevitable. Efforts are needed to highlight the positive aspects of aging and opportunities for life enrichment to increase morale and optimism among older adults.

Trends in the prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders among Canadian working-age adults between 2000 and 2016.

Understanding the prevalence of major depressive episodes (MDEs) and anxiety disorders at the population level among different labour force segments is critical to assessing and planning equitable mental health policies for Canadians adults. This study quantified prevalence trends of annually reported MDEs, anxiety disorders, and comorbid MDEs and anxiety disorders among working-age Canadians by labour force status, between 2000 and 2016. This study used multiple cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey. MDE prevalence was assessed using variants of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Anxiety disorder prevalence captured the presence of an anxiety disorder diagnosed by a healthcare professional. Prevalence estimates were calculated in each survey cycle for three labour force groups: employed, unemployed and not participating in the labour force. A meta-analytic framework stratified by labour force status estimated prevalence trends. Between 2000 and 2016, MDE prevalence remained statistically stable over time at 5.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.7% to 6.0%), 11.7% (95% CI: 10.4% to 13.0%) and 9.8% (95% CI: 8.5% to 11.2%) among participants who were employed, unemployed, and not participating in the labour force, respectively. Anxiety prevalence ranged from 4.6% to 10.8%, and increased over time (employed: β=0.26%/year, 95% CI: 0.08% to 0.45%; unemployed: β=0.34%/year, 95% CI: -0.10% to 0.78%; not participating in the labour force: β=0.55%/year, 95% CI: 0.15% to 0.95%). Stable comorbid MDE and anxiety prevalence ranged from 1.2% to 4.1% between 2003 and 2016. Trends suggest that MDE prevalence has remained stable among all labour force groups since 2000, while anxiety disorder prevalence has modestly increased since 2003. Disorder prevalence increased as labour force attachment decreased across all outcomes studied.

Equivalent Pathways? Comparison of Job History for High School Graduates Versus GED Recipients

Successful integration into the paid labor market serves as a critical milestone to adulthood. Yet, this school-to-work transition has become harder to reach due to the increasing precarity in the youth labor market. Using data from the NLSY97, this study compares the job histories of young adults whose terminal education credentials are high school diploma versus GED. I conducted sequence analysis of school-to-work states from age 16 to 30 between these two education groups. Findings show that GED holders are more likely to be exposed to enduring negative labor force status (e.g., periods of unemployment) than the high school graduates. Over half of the GED recipients experience precarious early career characterized by interruptions and long-term inactivity. Despite being “equivalent” to a high school diploma, the GED diploma does not translate into the same opportunity structure as the high school degree, launching a cumulative disadvantage process in the early life course.

Does disability modify the relationship between labour force status and psychological distress among young people?

ObjectiveTo examine the association between labour force status, including young people who were unemployed and having problems looking for work, and psychological distress one year later. We then assessed whether...

The Shadow Margins of Labor Market Slack

AbstractWe use a mix of new and existing data to develop the Aggregate Hours Gap (AHG), a novel measure of labor market underutilization. Our measure differentiates individuals by detailed categories of labor market participation and uses data on their desired work hours as a measure of their potential labor supply. We show that desired hours vary widely by demographics and detailed labor force status, and that the gap between desired and actual work hours is strongly positively correlated with reported search effort. The AHG suggests a more sluggish labor market recovery since the Great Recession than either the official unemployment rate or alternative measures of labor market underutilization. Modest amounts of underutilization among the part‐time employed and a substantial degree of underutilization among those out of the labor force account for the disparity. The AHG also does well in accounting for wage movements over our sample period.

Work at Age 62: Expectations and Realisations among Recent Cohorts of Americans.

Much remains unknown about how the 2008 Great Recession, coupled with the ageing baby boomer cohort, have shaped retirement expectations and realized retirement timing across diverse groups of older Americans. Using the Health and Retirement Study (1992-2016), we compared expectations about full-time work at age 62 (reported at ages 51-61) with realized labor force status at age 62. Of the 12,049 respondents, 34 per cent reported no chance of working full time at 62 (zero probability) and 21 per cent reported it was very likely (90-100 probability). Among those reporting no chance of working, there was a 0.111 probability of unmet expectations; among those with high expectations of working, there was a 0.430 probability of unmet expectations. Black and Hispanic Americans were more likely than whites to have unmet expectations of both types. Educational attainment was associated with higher probability of unexpectedly working and lower probability of unexpectedly not working. Baby boomers experienced fewer unmet expectations than prior cohorts but more uncertainty about work status at 62. Our findings highlight the unpredictability of retirement timing for significant segments of the U.S. population and the role of the Great Recession in contributing to uncertainty. Given the individual and societal benefits of long work lives, special attention should be paid to the high rates of unexpectedly not working at age 62.

Dynamic Characteristics of Coarse Aggregates within Epoxy Asphalt Mixture during Superpave Gyratory Compaction

Abstract To investigate the dynamic characteristic of coarse aggregates within epoxy asphalt mixture, this study conducted a virtual simulation of the Superpave gyratory compaction (SGC) test based on the discrete element method and artificial neural network. A three-dimensional compaction model of epoxy asphalt mixture was built and verified, considering the irregular polyhedral morphology and the elastic property of coarse aggregates, the mastic volume and the thermosetting and viscoelastic properties of epoxy asphalt mastic. Subsequently, the SGC numerical model was applied to analyze the particle velocity, porosity distribution, and particle force status at different compaction levels. Results demonstrate that the compactness increment mainly depends on the movement and rotation of aggregates in the early stage, and rotation of aggregates in the later stage. The existence of gyration angle and the internal structure of epoxy asphalt mixture can affect the dynamic behavior of aggregates. The structure of mixture in the central area is relatively more stable during compaction, and the peripheral area of the specimen is more difficult to compact.

Prevalence of Mental Disorders by Socioeconomic Status in Australia: A Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study.

To present the prevalence of 3 broad categories of mental disorder (anxiety-related, affective and other disorders) by socioeconomic status and examine the associated socioeconomic risk factors of mental disorders in Australia. A population-based, cross-sectional national health survey on mental health and its risk factors across Australia. National Health Survey (NHS), 2017-2018 conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). Under aged: 4,945 persons, Adult: 16,370 persons and total: 21,315 persons. Patient-reported mental disorder outcomes. Weighted prevalence rates by socioeconomic status (equivalised household income, education qualifications, Socio-Economic Index for Areas (SEIFA) scores, labor force status and industry sector where the adult respondent had their main job) were estimated using cross-tabulation. Logistic regression utilizing subsamples of underage and adult age groups were analyzed to test the association between socioeconomic status and mental disorders. Anxiety-related disorders were the most common type of disorders with a weighted prevalence rate of 20.04% (95% CI: 18.49-21.69) for the poorest, 13.85% (95% CI: 12.48-15.35) for the richest and 16.34% (95% CI: 15.7-17) overall. The weighted prevalence rate for mood/affective disorders were 20.19% (95% CI: 18.63-21.84) for the poorest, 9.96% (95% CI: 8.79-11.27) for the richest, and 13.57% (95% CI: 12.99-14.17) overall. Other mental disorders prevalence were for the poorest: 9.07% (95% CI: 7.91-10.39), the richest: 3.83% (95% CI: 3.14-4.66), and overall: 5.93% (95% CI: 5.53-6.36). These patterns are also reflected if all mental disorders were aggregated with the poorest: 30.97% (95% CI: 29.15-32.86), the richest: 19.59% (95% CI: 18.02-21.26), and overall: 23.93% (95% CI: 23.19-24.69). The underage logistic regression model showed significant lower odds for the middle (AOR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.53 -1.04, p < 0.1), rich (AOR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.5-0.99, p < 0.05) and richest (AOR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.41-0.89, p < 0.01) income groups. Similarly, in the adult logistic model, there were significant lower odds for middle (AOR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72-0.98, p < 0.05), rich (AOR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.62-0.86, p < 0.01) and richest (AOR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.63-0.91, p < 0.01) income groups. The prevalence of mental disorders in Australia varied significantly across socioeconomic groups. Knowledge of different mental health needs in different socioeconomic groups can assist in framing evidence-based health promotion and improve the targeting of health resource allocation strategies.

Correlates of Life Satisfaction Inequality in Russia

This paper investigates the correlates of life satisfaction inequality in Russia between 2010 and 2018, employing Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE). Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression results revealed that the major correlates of life satisfaction inequality in Russia are unemployment, being out of labor force, higher education and marital status. We confirm inequality-decreasing feature of income, implying that life satisfaction inequality decreases with increasing individual’s income. Moreover, feeling oneself relatively rich associated with lower life satisfaction inequality. Our study reveals income and gender differences in correlates of life satisfaction inequality. Such regional indicators as gross regional product and population are related to life satisfaction inequality in Russia.

Is happiness U-shaped everywhere? Age and subjective well-being in 145 countries.

A large empirical literature has debated the existence of a U-shaped happiness-age curve. This paper re-examines the relationship between various measures of well-being and age in 145 countries, including 109 developing countries, controlling for education and marital and labor force status, among others, on samples of individuals under the age of 70. The U-shape of the curve is forcefully confirmed, with an age minimum, or nadir, in midlife around age 50 in separate analyses for developing and advanced countries as well as for the continent of Africa. The happiness curve seems to be everywhere. While panel data are largely unavailable for this issue, and the findings using such data largely confirm the cross-section results, the paper discusses insights on why cohort effects do not drive the findings. I find the age of the minima has risen over time in Europe and the USA.

Blueprints and Modalities of Status Arrangements for CSDP Operations and Missions

Status agreements for EU crisis management operations and missions represent a necessary legal aspect of their consensual conduct and completion. The adopted Status of Forces (SOFA) and Status of Mission (SOMA) Model Agreements for military and civilian deployments respectively have been implemented regularly in Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) undertakings for the presence and transit of EU-led multinational contingents and assets on land or at sea. Variations and repetition in the application of the ready standard frameworks dominate the spectrum of evolved practice, but casual and adaptive solutions have also indicated the occasional need for specific modalities of status arrangements for CSDP operations and missions. These include the extension of existing SOFA arrangements of an EU member, a UN peacekeeping mission or North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to an EU-led successive, supplementary or reinforcing multinational engagement in the same theatre of operation. With respect to non-standard arrangements for certain civilian CSDP crisis management deployments, their status came to be defined as activities of diplomatic missions due to the particular nature and context of EU undertakings in Bosnia, in Congo or in Kosovo. The available blueprints and tested modalities of status arrangements offer a comprehensive set of examples for the choice of adequate solutions for any future CSDP operation or mission. CSDP, crisis management operation, crisis management mission, status of forces, status of mission, Model Agreement, EU forces, EULEX Kosovo

What prolongs the duration of NEET status for youth? Evidence from Japanese panel data

This paper examines the determinants of transition to the labor force status for non-labor force youth, known as NEET (not in employment, education, or training). We use panel data of Japanese youth who experience the NEET status to estimate the competing risk model from transition out of the status. The results show that although many NEETs exit the status within a year, there exists a negative duration dependence of joblessness. We also find that higher educational qualifications and job experience improve the transition from NEET, the impact of which varies with gender with respect to educational background. For men, graduation from university or a graduate school promotes the transition from NEET, but for women, graduation from a professional school and junior college also promotes the transition. Considering the difference between regular and non-regular employment, women tend to engage in work as non-regular employees, while men tend to be unwilling to work in non-regular employment. The hurdle for employment might be relatively higher among men, because their reservation values for work may be higher relative to women.

Railway catenary tension force monitoring via the analysis of wave propagation in cables

The tensioning forces applied to the contact wire in a railway catenary system influence the performance of the line. In this paper, a method to monitor the status of such tensioning forces is proposed based on the dependency that the waves that propagate through a tensioned wire have on the forces that pull the wire itself. A novel analytical formulation for the propagation of waves in a tensioned wire was proposed, and it was used to obtain the vertical acceleration of the wire when an external force acts as a concentrated input. The analysis of the acceleration with a moving standard deviation allowed a method to be defined for the generation of an index that describes the trend of the tensioning forces. The method was then tested on the wire accelerations obtained with laboratory tests and, afterwards, on the accelerations recorded on a contact wire of an electric railway regularly in operation and excited with the same kind of input.