Contracted State Research Articles

Normative Parameters of Gastrocnemius Muscle Stiffness and Associations with Patient Characteristics and Function

BackgroundQuantifying muscle stiffness may aid in the diagnosis and management of individuals with muscle pathology. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to establish normative parameters and variance estimates of muscle stiffness in the gastrocnemius muscle in a resting and contracted state. A secondary aim was to identify demographic, anthropometric, medical history factors, and biomechanical factors related to muscle stiffness.MethodsStiffness of the gastrocnemius muscle was measured in both a resting and contracted state in 102 asymptomatic individuals in this cross-sectional study. Differences based on muscle state (resting vs contracted) and sex (female vs male) were assessed using a 2 X 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA). Associations between muscle stiffness and sex, age, BMI, race, exercise frequency, exercise duration, force production, and step length were assessed using correlation analysis.ResultsGastrocnemius muscle stiffness significantly increased from a resting to a contracted state [mean difference: 217.5 (95% CI: 191.3, 243.8), p < 0.001]. In addition, muscles stiffness was 35% greater for males than females in a resting state and 76% greater in a contracted state. Greater muscle stiffness in a relaxed and contracted state was associated with larger plantarflexion force production (r = .26, p < 0.01 and r = .23, p < 0.01 respectively).ConclusionIdentifying normative parameters and variance estimates of muscle stiffness in asymptomatic individuals may help guide diagnosing and managing individuals with aberrant muscle function.Level of Evidence2b Individual Cohort StudyClinical RelevanceWhat is known about the subject: Muscle stiffness has been shown to be related to individuals with pathology such as Achilles tendinopathy; however, research is sparse regarding normative values of muscle stiffness. Measuring muscle stiffness may also be a way to potentially predict individuals prone to injury or to monitor the effectiveness of management strategies.What this study adds to existing knowledge: This study establishes defined estimates of muscle stiffness of the gastrocnemius in both a relaxed and contracted state in healthy individuals. Myotonometry measures of muscle stiffness demonstrated an increase in stiffness during contraction that varies by sex. Greater gastrocnemius muscle stiffness was associated with increased plantarflexion force production.

Enhanced controllable degradation ability of magnetic imprinted photocatalyst via photoinduced surface imprinted technique for ciprofloxacin selectively degradation

In this article, magnetic controllable imprinted photocatalyst (MCIP) was fabricated by photoinduced surface imprinted technique. The degradation rate of ciprofloxacin by MCIP at 20 °C (70.85 %) was higher than that at 40 °C (55.06 %), compared with other materials, MCIP exhibited good controllable degradation ability due to the state of expansion or contraction at different temperatures. Moreover, when the temperature was 20 °C (or 40 °C), the coefficient of selectivity of MCIP to magnetic controllable non-imprinted photocatalyst (MCNIP) was 2.40 (or 2.80) in the single solution, and the coefficient of competitiveness of MCIP to MCNIP was 1.40 (or 1.37) in the mixed solution, above results indicated that MCIP exhibited good selective degradation ability. This work made the functional application of photocatalyst have a better prospect.

Programmable Contractile Actuations of Twisted Spider Dragline Silk Yarns.

The contraction behavior of spider dragline silk upon water exposure has drawn particular interest in developing humidity-responsive smart materials. We report herein that the spider dragline silk yarns with moderate twists can generate much improved lengthwise contraction of 60% or an isometric stress of 11 MPa when wetted by water. Upon the removal of the absorbed water, the dried and contracted spider silk yarns showed programmable contractile actuations. These yarns can be plastically stretched to any specified lengths between the fully contracted state and the state before supercontraction and return to the fully contracted state when wetted. Moreover, the generated isometric stress of these yarns is also programmable, depending on the stretching ratio. The mechanism of the programmable reversible contraction is based on the plastic mechanical property of the dried and contracted spider silk yarns, which can be explained by the variation of the hydrogen bonds and the secondary structures of the proteins in spider dragline silk. Humidity alarm switches, smart doors, and wound healing devices based on the programmable contractile actuations of the spider silk yarns were demonstrated, which provide application scenarios for the supercontraction of spider dragline silk.

A psychological contract perspective of vertical and distributed leadership in project-based organizations

The primary purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between two leadership styles (vertical and distributed), conceptualized through types of decisions made (strategic and operational/tactical), and the state of psychological contract (fulfillment/breach) at three different levels of the organizational hierarchy in project-based organizations. The explorative analysis of eight organizations from India and Australia demonstrates the prevalence of distributed leadership: operational and technical decisions are usually entrusted to the project team and project managers, while strategic decisions are made by senior management. The study suggests that three factors facilitate a specific leadership style (vertical or distributed): organizational culture, knowledge sharing and project management practices, which in turn impact the state of psychological contract (fulfillment/breach). A flexible, collaborative organizational culture supports knowledge sharing and the adoption of agile methods, enabling distributed leadership and leading to psychological contract fulfillment.

The Characteristics and Modes of Urban Network Evolution in the Yangtze River Delta in China from 1990 to 2017

In the context of regional integration development, research on the urban network in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) has received extensive attention from academia. Existing research mainly uses listed companies to construct urban networks. However, most of China's listed companies are concentrated in large cities. Giving too much attention to the urban network composed of listed companies may cause small cities to be “off the map.” This article uses 8,061 financial companies of different sizes in the YRD from 1990 to 2017 as research data combined with complex network models to explore the evolutionary characteristics, modes, and influencing factors of urban networks. The findings show that the connection strength and resilience of the urban network are gradually increasing, and its evolutionary mode has changed from a single center to a multicenter network. The radiation and agglomeration capabilities of urban networks have strong asymmetry. Shanghai's network agglomeration capacity is only 1/22 of its radiation capacity, which implies that Shanghai has played a bridge function in urban network links. Notably, the networks of most peripheral cities continued to expand from 1990 to 2017, while Shanghai was in a state of contraction. This finding indicates that the overall urban network is developing in a balanced and coordinated direction. In addition, economic growth provides critical support for the urban network, and technological progress may improve the level of production management of companies, thereby promoting cooperation and exchanges between cities. Further, cities with similar industrial structures may have industrial synergy or complementary relationships and are likely to have spatial connections. Finally, we suggest promoting the expansion of urban networks in the YRD by forming a multicenter development model, transforming local government functions, exploring differentiated development, and strengthening infrastructure construction.

Analysis of the relationship between the transversus abdominis and lower back pain using an ultrasound.

[Purpose] This study aimed to observe the thickness of the transverse abdominis muscle in different contraction states using ultrasound, and to investigate the diagnostic capability of transverse abdominal muscle thickness for nonspecific lower back pain. [Participants and Methods] This study included 108 healthy adults (30–50 years old), consisting of 33 participants with low back pain (13 males, 20 females; defined as those who had experienced low back pain for more than six months) and 75 participants without low back pain (22 males, 53 females). The body mass index, body trunk muscle mass, and transverse abdominal muscle thickness, measured at a static state, during the end of inspiration, end of expiration, transverse abdominis contraction, and simultaneous pelvic floor and transverse abdominis muscle contraction, were measured. [Results] Chronic low back pain was correlated with the transverse abdominis muscle thickness during simultaneous transverse abdominis and pelvic floor muscle contraction. [Conclusion] The thickness of the transverse abdominis muscle during simultaneous transverse abdominis and pelvic floor muscle contraction was a viable diagnostic index for evaluating the degree of chronic lower back pain.

Because not always B comes after A: Critical Reflections on the new Article 12B of the UN Model Tax Convention on Automated Digital Services

On April 20th, 2021, the UN Tax Committee approved the final version of the new Article 12B to be incorporated into the 2021 version of the UN Model Tax Convention. In the absence of a Permanent Establishment or physical presence of the service provider in the Source State, Article 12B allows a Contracting State to tax income from automated digital services paid to a resident of the other Contracting State on a gross basis at the rate negotiated bilaterally with an option to the taxpayer to pay tax on a net profit basis. The paper analyzes the new article from a critical perspective and argues that: 1) The new article is unnecessary as the alleged need for the new article is only the result of the restrictive and incorrect reading of Article 12A of the UN Model Tax Convention 2017 made by the Commentaries to the Model. 2) The new article is not only unnecessary but also counterproductive as it jeopardizes the institutional prestige of the Committee on Fiscal Affairs, extraordinarily and unnecessarily reduces the scope of application of Article 12A, exacerbates the already severe problems of conceptual delimitation between Fees for Technical Services and Automated Digital Services and, therefore, between Articles 12A and 12B and, finally, introduces serious asymmetries in the treatment of these two types of services. The paper closes with some advice for those States that have negotiated conventions containing Article 12A or similar provisions and intend to retain their taxing rights on automated digital services without the need to renegotiate their conventions.

An Examination of the Applicability and Propriety of the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.

The unprecedented surge in international commerce created the need for a uniform law on the international sale of goods. Owing to the wide difference in various national laws governing sales transactions, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) was created to bridge this gap and to assist in promoting international trade. The CISG provides a set of uniform rules governing the formation, performance and remedies for breach of contracts for the international sale of goods within its scope. Its purpose is to provide a modern, uniform and fair regime for contracts for the international sale of goods thereby ensuring certainty in commercial exchanges. Particularly, the Convention applies to contracts for sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different Contracting States, subject to the right of the parties to opt out in whole or part from the Convention. By all counts, the CISG represents the international community's most ambitious effort to promote efficiency and sustained growth of international trade. The innovations made by the CISG have been praised for decades however the loopholes inherent in the Convention have left parties to international sales contracts with so many challenges in their commercial dealings. This article attempts to examine the impact and relevance of the CISG to international sales transactions since it came into force. It examines among others, issues pertaining to the applicability of the CISG vis-a-vis its many pitfalls which constitute very serious challenges to parties whose sales negotiations fall within the purview of the Convention. This article concludes that whilst the CISG is a remarkable improvement from what used to be the status quo in international trade, it is nonetheless a vague document which did not coherently address the questions that necessitated its creation.

Malignant hyperthermia: a case report with good outcome.

Malignant hyperthermia: a case report with good outcome.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПРОБЛЕМ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ГЕНЕРАЛЬНЫМ ПОДРЯДОМ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА ОБЪЕКТОВ НА ОСНОВЕ BIM-ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В КНР

In recent years, the global construction market has been developing rapidly. In particular, China's construction industry is becoming more mature. BIM technology is being widely implemented for the implementation of investment and construction projects (ISPs), the effectiveness of which has also increased in the construction industry in China. BIM technology covers the entire life cycle of an ISP, but, at the same time, rarely includes the processes of managing contracts and costs of construction projects. Consequently, the issues of timeliness of the current contract, medium-term payment and other important aspects were not resolved in the ISP. Thus, many scientists and experts in China and abroad have proposed to study the general construction contract management model based on the BIM model platform to solve the problems of performing general contracts and related contract management issues. This article uses the method of literature review in combination with the analysis and research of construction projects in China through the study of the current state of general contracts and the application of BIM technology in contract management. Warranty conditions for the use of BIM technology are put forward, a model for monitoring the construction period of an object based on BIM technology is established, and a system for exchanging information in contractual relations based on BIM technology and the IPD model is established. All of the above establishes a model for managing an investment construction project based on BIM technology and the IPD model. A basic model of the remuneration mechanism for the implementation of ICP in the IPD model is also proposed. The results of the analysis of the implementation of investment and construction projects and the use of BIM technology show further prospects for its development when implementing ICP in the IPD model.

Survey of Smart Contract Technology and Application Based on Blockchain

With the vigorous development of blockchain technology represented by Bitcoin, blockchain technology has gradually surpassed the era of programmable currency and entered the era of smart contracts. Smart contracts are event- driven and stateful. With the in-depth development of blockchain technology, smart contracts use protocols and user interfaces to complete all steps of the contract process, allowing users to implement personalized code logic on the blockchain. Contract technology has the characteristics of decentralization, autonomy, observability, verifiability, and information sharing. It can effectively build programmable finance and programmable society, and is widely used in digital payment, financial asset disposal, multi-signature contracts, cloud computing, Internet of Things, sharing economy and other fields. First, it explains the basic concepts, full life cycle, basic classification, basic structure, key technologies, development status and main technology platforms of smart contracts; then discusses the application scenarios and development issues of smart contract technology, aiming to provide smart contract technology. The research and development provides reference.

Impact of using e-CMR on neutralization of consignment note

Due to the fact that road freight transport of goods predominates within Europe, the most frequently used transport document is the international consignment note CMR. Its application follows from the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR). The CMR consignment note serves as proof of the conclusion of the contract of carriage and its use is subject to the condition that the place of departure and the place of delivery of the consignment must be in two different States and at least one of which must be a Contracting State to the CMR Convention. In recent years, a process known as the neutralization of transport documents, which is directly linked to the CMR consignment note, has been used in the transport sector. This is an intervention in the system of functioning of transport documents, in order to obscure the actual movement of the consignment during transport. The aim of the paper is to present the risks to the parties involved in the transport and to verify whether the transition from the paper form of the CMR consignment note to the electronic form can affect the rate of use of neutralization of the consignment note, ie its prevention.

The Network of Bilateral Tax Treaties of the Slovak Republic – Does It Mirror Challenges of the Globalization through Digitalization? A Cluster Analysis Approach

Research background: Globalisations and movement of production factors - especially capital and workforces, call for elimination of double international juridical taxation and consequently for negotiation of bilateral tax treaties. Recently global network of bilateral tax treaties has reached immense size. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the network of bilateral tax treaties of the Slovak republic from the point of view of distance and level of development of the Contracting States. Methods: To reach this goal a cluster analysis method is applied where clustering variables are distance between capital cities of the Contracting States and measures of economic development. Findings &amp; Value added: The main finding is that the Slovak republic’s bilateral tax treaties are clustered into 11 clusters, and three of them are the most numerous. This implies, that Slovak republic follows certain pattern when chosing Contracting Party. It is also found, that geographical location and distance have diminishing roles. Instead economic development and atractiveness of the country in terms of GDP per capita and total FDI inflow play more important role. These findings prove, that Slovakia no more follows old-fashioned pattern of chosing Contracting Parties based predominantly on distances, instead it adjust its policy of concluding bilateral tax treaties to globalization through digitalisation trend.

Bionic design and performance test of maize grain cleaning screen through earthworm motion characteristics

The maize mixture feeding with a large mass cannot be migrated backward rapidly along the planar reciprocating vibrating screen, and it is easy to accumulate in the front of the screen, which leads to the decrease of screening efficiency. Based on the reverse engineering technology, using the wavy geometry formed during the earthworm (Pheretima guillelmi) moving as a bionic prototype, a bionic screen was designed to make the maize mixture migrate backward rapidly in the front of the screen. The contour curve of earthworm’s head in an axial contracted state was extracted and fitted to obtain its equation. Based on the difference of concave position of the lower surface’s wavy geometry during the earthworm moving, the motion of the bionic screen was divided into four postures, and the conversion between different postures of the bionic screen was realized by the cam drive mechanism. The kinematics simulation of the bionic screen was carried out through ADAMS, and the displacement and velocity of the bionic screen were analyzed. When the feeding mass of the maize mixture was set at 5 kg/s, 6 kg/s and 7 kg/s, the test results showed that the time of the maize mixture migrated (TOMMM) in the front of the bionic screen was shortened by 0.18 s, 0.71 s, and 1.36 s, respectively, compared with that of planar reciprocating vibrating screen. The total screening time (TST) of the bionic screen was shortened by 1.28 s, 1.33 s, and 1.53 s, respectively. The ability of the maize mixture to be migrated backward was improved. This study can provide a reference for the innovative design of the cleaning screen. Keywords: cleaning screen, maize grain harvester, material accumulation, earthworm, bionic design, motion characteristics DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211403.6534 Citation: Wang L J, Yu Y T, Zhang S, Feng X, Song L L. Bionic design and performance test of maize grain cleaning screen through earthworm motion characteristics. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(3): 12–21.

Regulation of Cross-Border Copyright Relations related to Works with an Unknown Copyright Holder (Orphan Works)

The existing options for regulating the admission of third parties to the use of orphan works are not unified and tend to the legal presumptions opt-in (the copyright holder disagrees by default) or opt-out (the copyright holder agrees by default). There are certain common directions of the development of regulation concerning such issues as key understanding of an orphan works, preliminary search for a copyright holder, providing the copyright holder with the opportunity within a certain period to restore his rights and receive compensation for the use of a work, limitation of compensation for the use of an orphan works. Some states also show a tendency to the development of regulation of access to orphaned works specifically for cross-border relations: the creation of joint storage banks and cooperation of such banks (EU); recognition of the status of an orphan work established in one state by other (contracting) states (EU); the perception (In the established case) by national courts of supporting documents issued in a foreign jurisdiction on the search for the copyright holder as evidence of the orphanhood of the work (USA); establishment of conflict of laws regulation for finding the law applicable to relations with works restored under copyright protection (USA). Due to the fact that the activities of states to regulate access to works with an unknown rightholder contradicts the concept of the exclusivity of copyright and the imperativeness of their validity, the creation of a legal regime for the protection of orphan works should be initiated at the conventional (unifying) level.

Értelmezési anomáliák a Bécsi Vételi Egyezmény kártérítési gyakorlatában

A dolgozat az ENSZ, az áruk nemzetközi adásvételi szerződéseiről szóló egyezményének a kártérítési joggyakorlatával kapcsolatos értelmezési anomáliákról szól.&#x0D; Az Egyezmény rendelkezései univerzális jellegűek, így egységes értelmezést és alkalmazást követelnek meg a részes államok bíróságaitól, ezért a szabályok értelmezésével és a joghézagok kitöltésével foglalkozó 7. Cikk elengedhetetlen az Egyezmény sikeres alkalmazásához. Dolgozatomban a vonatkozó ítélkezési gyakorlat elemzésével, elsősorban arra kerestem választ, hogy a különböző országok ítészei érvényesítik-e az Egyezmény univerzialitását, a kártérítés értékelése tekintetében. A kérdés megválaszolása érdekében az Egyezmény kártérítési joggyakorlatát a 7. Cikk által támasztott értelmezési alapelvek relációjában értékeltem. Ennek keretén belül a 74. Cikk joggyakorlatának szisztematikus felülvizsgálatát végeztem el, összesen 144 jogesetet elemezve, a 2006-tól 2016-ig terjedő időszak tekintetében. &#x0D; A felülvizsgálat eredménye azt mutatja, hogy kilenc olyan döntés született amikor a bíróság nemzeti kárfelelősségi doktrínát, jogintézményt, jogszabályt, vagy joggyakorlatot alkalmazott a 74. Cikk értelmezése során. Ez a megközelítés nyilvánvalóan nem segíti elő az egységesség megvalósítását. A nemzetközileg egységes szabályozás ugyanis csak akkor valósul meg, ha azt egységesen alkalmazzák. A 7. Cikk által támasztott értemezési követelményekből az következik, hogy az Egyezmény rendelkezéseit autonóm módon, a lehetséges nemzeti felfogástól megkülönböztetve szükséges értelmezni. A dolgozat keretében feltárt jogi problémák azokat a kérdéseket próbálják kiemelni, amelyek nagyobb figyelmet igényelnek a bíróságok részéről, erősítve ezzel az Egyezmény univerzális jellegét.

Różne perspektywy dotyczące skutków art. 95 CISG

The 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) was adopted in order to provide uniform rules governing the international sale of goods. It has already been ratified by an impressive number of 92 Contracting States, with the major trading countries taking the lead. The CISG applies to contracts for the sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States, where the States are CISG Contracting States (Article 1(1)(a)). Moreover, it applies to contracts for the sale of goods when the contracting parties have their places of business in different States and when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a CISG Contracting State (Article 1(1)(b)). However, at the time of ratification, the prospective Contracting States are given the possibility of making additional reservations, including one set out in Article 95 CISG, which limits the application of Article 1(1)(b) of the Convention. Although there are some CISG Contracting States that initially applied the reservation but have since withdrawn it, there are still a few Contracting States where the reservation remains[1], including the two largest trading countries – China and the United States. The paper presents various approaches regarding the interpretation of the effects of the reservation set out in Article 95 CISG, which in fact challenge the principle of the uniform interpretation and application of the Convention’s provisions. The author argues that the Article 95 CISG reservation leads to increased confusion and problematic conflict of law issues that bring more chaos than benefits. [1] The remaining Article 95 CISG Reservatory States are: Armenia, China, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Singapore, Slovakia and the United States of America. Information is based on the official website: https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=X-10&amp;chapter=10 (accessed: 9.12.2019).

Ultrasonographic observation of anterior temporalis and masseter muscle in open bite patients: A comparative study

Aim: The present study was done to compare the muscle thickness of the masseter and anterior temporalis muscle in adults with normal occlusion and anterior open bite using ultrasonography, in rest position and maximum intercuspation. Material and Methods: Ultrasonographic recording of masseter and anterior temporalis thickness of both sides of nine subjects with anterior open bite and normal occlusion was done. Unpaired t test was used for the intergroup comparison of muscle thickness. Results: A significant correlation between the thicknesses of both the muscles in contracted state was found to be more in anterior open bite. There was no statistically significant correlation between thicknesses of both muscles in relaxed state. Conclusion: Since no detailed investigation was done, it will be premature to give a final verdict on the correlation between the masticatory muscle thickness and facial morphology. A long term follow up will provide a new insight for future clinical purpose. Keywords: Ultrasonography, Temporalis muscle, Masseter, Open bite.

Convenio de CIADI ¿protección efectiva de los inversores o tan solo aparente?. Denuncia de los estados parte y sus consecuencias.

espanolEl CIADI es una de las instituciones dedicadas a la resolucion de disputas relativas a inversiones mas reconocidas del mundo. La Convencion CIADI, que le da origen y regula el funcionamiento del Centro, fue creada con el fin de proteger a los paises signatarios y a sus inversores. Sin embargo, hoy en dia se evidencia una debilidad en su regulacion que podria poner en duda el sistema en su totalidad. Por ese motivo, resulta necesario un analisis y eventualmente una reforma de ciertas disposiciones de la Convencion de modo que el sistema pueda efectivamente cumplir con su objetivo: proteger tanto a los inversores como a los paises signatarios. portuguesO ICSID e uma das instituicoes dedicadas a resolucao de disputas relativas a investimentos mais reconhecidos do mundo. A Convencao ICSID, que lhe da origem e regula o funcionamento do Centro, foi criada para proteger os paises signatarios e os seus investidores. No entanto, hoje em dia, se evidencia uma debilidade na sua regulamentacao que poderia colocar em duvida todo o sistema. Por esse motivo, e necessaria uma analise e, eventualmente, uma reforma de certas disposicoes da Convencao para que o sistema possa efetivamente cumprir com o seu objetivo: proteger tanto os investidores, como os paises signatarios. EnglishThe ICSID Convention is one of the world’s most recognized investment dispute resolution institutions. The ICSID Convention, which is the Centre’s framework, was crafted with the aim of protecting the Contracting States and their investors. However, nowadays, there is an important flaw that could challenge the functioning the whole system. For that reason, an in depth analysis and a possible adaption of the Convention becomes necessary in order to allow ICSID to fully obtain its purpose: protecting both the investors and the Contracting States.

Dynamic Time Warping in Iris Biometric Recognition Process

In general, iris recognition systems with linear normalization model ignore the Pupil Light Reflex - PLR. The PLR is responsible for adjusting light intensity reaches the retina and causes nonlinear iris contraction and dilation movements that generates significant differences between enrolled images and test images. This paper has proposed a method to reduce the influence of iris dynamics examined by decidability (d) and Equal Error Rate (EER), obtained in the comparison between iris codes in different states of dilation. The method has used the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) technique to compare the Histogram of Gradients Oriented (HoG) vectors extracted from the iris texture. In this way, the most discriminated characteristics between test images and the gallery had been aligned and compared, considering a nonlinear deformation of the iris tissue caused by the PLR. The experimental results, using dynamic images, indicate the system performance worsen when compared to images in different states of contraction. For a direct comparison between iris well contracted with well-dilated iris, the proposed method improves the decidability from 3.50 to 4.39 and the EER from 9.69% to 3.36%.