Differences In Status Research Articles

Machine Learning Models Based on [18F]FDG PET Radiomics for Bone Marrow Assessment in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of cancers that triggers bone marrow infiltration in 20–40% of cases. Bone marrow biopsy in combination with a visual assessment of [18F]FDG PET/CT images is used to assess the marrow status. Despite the potential of both techniques, they still have limitations due to the subjectivity of visual assessment. The present study aims to develop models based on bone marrow uptake in [18F]FDG PET/CT images at the time of diagnosis to differentiate bone marrow status. For this purpose, a model trained for skeleton segmentation and based on the U-Net architecture is retrained for bone marrow segmentation from CT images. The mask obtained from this segmentation together with the [18F]FDG PET image is used to extract radiomics features with which 11 machine learning models for marrow status differentiation are trained. The segmentation model yields very satisfactory results with Jaccard and Dice index values of 0.933 and 0.964, respectively. As for the classification models, a maximum F1_score_weighted and F1_score_macro of 0.962 and 0.747, respectively, are achieved. This highlights the potential of these features for bone marrow assessment, laying the foundation for a new clinical decision support system.

Evaluation of Land Ecological Status and Diagnosis of Obstacle Factors in Jiangsu, China

By constructing a land ecological evaluation index system at the village scale and using models such as spatial correlation analysis, hotspot analysis, and obstacle factor diagnosis, the basic characteristics, spatial differentiation, and obstacle factors of land ecological status in Jiangsu Province were studied. This study sought to clarify the foundation, structure, function, and benefit characteristics of land ecosystems and optimize land management and policy regulation. The results showed that： ① The spatial distribution of land ecological status in Jiangsu Province was high in the north and low in the south, with multiple high-value areas radiating outward and decreasing, with low value centers radiating outward and increasing. The distribution area of the highest and lower values was relatively small, whereas the area of the middle value area was the largest. The higher values were mainly distributed in the suburbs and edge areas of each county. ② The spatial autocorrelation of land ecological status in Jiangsu Province was significant, with hot spots mainly concentrated in northern Jiangsu and cold spots concentrated in southern Jiangsu, as well as some areas of Taizhou and Nantong. The spatial distribution of cold and hot spots showed a complementary pattern with the level of regional development. The comprehensive index value of land ecology in developed areas was lower, whereas the index value in underdeveloped areas was higher. ③ The natural background conditions of Class Ⅰ land ecological zone in Jiangsu Province were superior, with good ecological construction and benefits and a high level of ecological status. The obstacle factors mainly included the proportion of water bodies and the average annual degradation rate of forest land. The Class Ⅱ land ecological zone was mostly located in the Huainan region and mainly composed of plain landforms. The Class Ⅲ land ecological zone had the largest area, located in the riverside areas of southern Jiangsu. The obstacle factors mainly included the average annual degradation rate of arable land and the proportion of soil pollution area. By controlling land ecological risks, the early warning level of ecological crisis could be improved.

Negotiating differences in the workplace: the Filipino and Indonesian caregiver trainees in Japan

ABSTRACT This paper reflects on the findings of a study that examined the negotiation strategies employed by Filipino and Indonesian caregivers in addressing the challenges encountered as caregivers in Japan. A total of 20 caregivers have been interviewed, 11 of which were from Indonesia, and the remaining nine were from the Philippines. Results reveal that the challenges these caregivers experienced can be rooted to cultural and linguistic and status differentials. To manage these differences, caregivers employ negotiation strategies. Negotiating differences requires the presentation of the self in a likable manner to achieve relational goals. The cultural underpinnings of caregiving led Filipino and Indonesian caregivers view their work positively, thus, device self-negotiation strategies. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge regarding social work in the context of migration, and how economic disparities between host and sending countries recast caregiving work.

Polymer hydrogel electronics with adhesive, self-healing, and anti-ultraviolet capabilities for machine learning-promoted electrophysiological detection

While adjustable mechanical properties, diverse biochemical features, and good ionic conductivity enabled by molecular engineering, polymer hydrogels as ionic skins (i-skins) are still limited by multiple challenges in the practical human health monitoring and health diagnosis, such as undesirable ductility and contact adhesion, poor functionality, and insufficient sensing ability. In view of this, the strategy of multiple dynamic interactions was proposed, and a mussel characteristic double-network polymer composite hydrogel (PG-BT2) with tannic acid and borax as dynamic media was reasonably designed. Due to the dynamic reversible interactions from the crosslinked network combined with special functional groups, the obtained PG-BT2 hydrogel attains remarkable stretchability with >1200 % elongation and good toughness of 268.6 kJ/m−3, and also possesses favorable versatility (e.g., self-healing time <2 s, adhesion strength of 4.62 kPa to pigskin, and UV transmittance of 15.3 % at 365 nm). Additionally, the i-skin derived from the PG-BT2 hydrogel exhibits excellent sensing properties, including a low interface contact resistance of 8.3 kΩ at 1 kHz, fast response/recovery time of 0.657 s/0.348 s, and a wide sensing range of 0–1100 % strain. By combining the hydrogel-based i-skin patch with the wireless circuit connected to a Bluetooth module, the constructed sensor system is capable of accurately monitoring micro-expressions and multi-joint movements. The portable system is also demonstrated to capture high-fidelity signals of electrocardiograms available for training artificial intelligence, achieving differentiation and recognition of blood pressure status, which will greatly benefit health management and intelligent medicine.

Molecular classification of ovarian high-grade serous/endometrioid carcinomas through multi-omics analysis: JGOG3025-TR2 study.

Considerable interobserver variability exists in diagnosis of ovarian high-grade endometrioid carcinoma (HGEC) and high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) due to histopathological similarities. While homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) correlates with drug sensitivity in HGSC, the molecular features of HGEC are unclear. Fresh-frozen samples from 15 ovarian HGECs and 274 ovarian HGSCs in the JGOG-TR2 cohort were submitted to targeted DNA sequencing, RNA sequencing, DNA methylation array, and SNP array. We additionally analyzed 555 ovarian HGSCs from TCGA-OV and 287 endometrial high-grade carcinomas from TCGA-UCEC. Unsupervised clustering using copy number signatures identified four distinct tumor groups (C1, C2, C3 and C4). C1 (n = 41) showed CCNE1 amplification and poor survival. C2 (n = 160) and C3 (n = 59) showed high BRCA1/2 alteration frequency with low and moderate ploidy, respectively. C4 (n = 22) was characterized by favorable outcome, higher HGEC proportion, no BRCA1/2 alteration or CCNE1 amplification, and low levels of HRD score, ploidy, intra-tumoral heterogeneity, cell proliferation rate, and WT1 gene expression. Notably, C4 exhibited a normal endometrium-like DNA methylation profile, thus, defined as "HGEC-type" tumors, which were also identified in TCGA-OV and TCGA-UCEC. Ovarian "HGEC-type" tumors present a non-HRD status, favorable prognosis, and endometrial differentiation, possibly constituting a subset of clinically diagnosed HGSCs.

“Status,” Inter-Normativity, and Socio-Professional Differentiation among Construction Workers in Douala, Cameroon

“Status,” Inter-Normativity, and Socio-Professional Differentiation among Construction Workers in Douala, Cameroon

Влияние социально-экономической дифференциации молодежи на ее политическую идентичность

This article examines the features of the political identity of provincial youth based on socio-economic differentiation. It is noted that the youth environment is not homogeneous in its socio-economic status and such differentiation in the context of a Special Military Operation, an unstable political situation, and social tension presupposes a different political identity. In turn, this leads to destructive activity of young people in relation to government officials, as well as to intergroup conflicts. This assumption formed the basis of the author’s analysis in considering the possible dependence of the ideological identification of young people on their place in the social structure of society. The scientific tasks to be solved by the analysis are the understanding and conceptualization of the political and ideological orientations of modern youth in the context of socio-economic differentiation. The working hypothesis was that the least financially protected groups of young people are the most radical in relation to the authorities. Therefore, the author conditionally distinguishes two groups of young people. The first group of young people are those who have a low standard of living, suffer from a lack of social elevators and social injustice, do not have the opportunity to get a good education and are ready to change their position in society during protest actions. The second group of young people is the generation that grew up as “qualified consumers”, who saw risks in reducing their consumption levels and are therefore ready for protest actions in order to defend their rights as consumers. However , the study of this problem revealed that modern youth are quite apolitical, this was shown by answers to the question about choosing an ideology whose values are closest to the respondent, as well as a rather low percentage of radically minded youth, regardless of financial situation, which does not significantly affect the political process. At the same time, in conditions of political instability and elite conflict, these groups of youth can become a destructive resource for political actors in the conflict.

Stockpiling turf alters microbial carbon and nitrogen use efficiency on the Tibetan Plateau

Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) are crucial parameters reflecting soil C and N sequestration. Concerns about how artificial activities disturb alpine meadow ecosystem are increasing, but the knowledge of variances in microbial CUE and NUE in response to turf storage remains scarce. Here, we conducted a turf storage experiment on the Tibetan Plateau with two common storage methods, laying turfs method (LT) and stacking turfs method (ST). Plant litter, aboveground and belowground biomass declined considerably in the LT and ST than those in natural meadow. Soil pH and available phosphorus were significantly lower, but soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, and available nitrogen were substantially higher in stored turfs (both ST and LT) than in natural meadow. These results led to a differentiation in nutrient status among treatments. Vetor model indicated a stronger C limitation (vector length > 0.61) in ST than that in the LT and a shift from N to P limitation (vector angle >55°) in all stored turfs. Microbial CUE was prominently higher in the LT than those in the ST, signifying that microbes allocated more exogenous C to self-growth in the LT. Microbial NUE declined considerably in stored turfs, indicating a great proportion of N used for catabolic process instead of anabolic process. Microbial CUE and NUE were tightly linked to nutrient content and availability, enzymatic stoichiometry, microbial traits and plant biomass. Our results suggest that variations in microbial CUE and NUE were indirectly regulated by soil physicochemical properties via mediating nutrient imbalance and enzymatic stoichiometry in stored turfs.

Class I and II Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors as Therapeutic Modulators of Dilated Cardiac Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells.

The prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is increasing globally, highlighting the need for innovative therapeutic approaches to prevent its onset. In this study, we examined the energetic and epigenetic distinctions between dilated and non-dilated human myocardium-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hmMSCs) and assessed the effects of class I and II HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) on these cells and their cardiomyogenic differentiation. Cells were isolated from myocardium biopsies using explant outgrowth methods. Mitochondrial and histone deacetylase activities, ATP levels, cardiac transcription factors, and structural proteins were assessed using flow cytometry, PCR, chemiluminescence, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The data suggest that the tested HDAC inhibitors improved acetylation and enhanced the energetic status of both types of cells, with significant effects observed in dilated myocardium-derived hmMSCs. Additionally, the HDAC inhibitors activated the cardiac transcription factors Nkx2-5, HOPX, GATA4, and Mef2C, and upregulated structural proteins such as cardiac troponin T and alpha cardiac actin at both the protein and gene levels. In conclusion, our findings suggest that HDACi may serve as potential modulators of the energetic status and cardiomyogenic differentiation of human heart hmMSCs. This avenue of exploration could broaden the search for novel therapeutic interventions for dilated cardiomyopathy, ultimately leading to improvements in heart function.

Discriminating subtypes in advanced breast cancer with ctDNA methylation profiling.

1013 Background: Immunohistochemical subtyping of advanced breast cancer is critical to direct appropriate therapy. Yet, biopsy of recurrent cancer may not be technically possible, single-site tumour biopsies sample only a single metastasis and subtype may change through therapy. We developed a non-invasive blood test to subtype tumours based on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) methylation profiling. Methods: We interrogated TCGA-BRCA (level 3) methylation data from 783 tumours to identify regions with aberrant CpG methylation that differed between breast cancers and normal tissues, and between different breast cancer subtypes. A capture based enzymatic ctDNA based methylation profile was developed targeting 1257 differentially methylated regions (TWIST Methyl custom panel, TWIST Bioscience, panel size 0.4Mb). Plasma samples from patients with breast cancer, and healthy donors, were sequenced with the capture assay. A machine learning (ML) classifier was built to detect the presence of breast cancer, and a second classifier was built to discriminate ER positive v ER negative, and HER2 positive v HER2 negative from ctDNA methylation profiles. A 10-fold stratified nested cross-validation was used to assess classifier characteristics. Results: Plasma samples from 427 people (126 health donor, 27 early breast cancer patients and 291 metastatic breast cancer patients), along with 133 tumor tissue samples, were sequenced and a ML classifier built to detect the presence of breast cancer. In cross-validation, a random forest classifier yielded a median AUC of 0.996 (SD 0.020), with sensitivity of 94.9% at 99% specificity. A total of 231 ER positive and 63 ER negative plasma samples from patients were used for IHC ER status differentiation. In cross-validation a LGBM classifier yielded a median AUC of 0.928 (SD 0.051). Median sensitivity was 76.7% at specificity 86-99%. A total of 11% (25/231) ER positive and 8% (5/63) ER negative samples were misclassified. A total of 41 HER2 positive and 253 HER2 negative plasma samples were used for IHC HER2 status differentiation. In cross-validation a LGBM classifier yielded a median AUC of 0.934 (SD 0.075). Median sensitivity was 77.5% at specificity 85-92%, A total of 7% (3/41) HER-2 positive and 13% (33/253) HER2 negative samples were misclassified. In both IHC classifiers, subtype misclassifications were likely due to multiple concurrent BC tumours of differing IHC subtypes, biopsy proven subtype transitions and low purity. Effects of tumor purity on IHC-based classifiers will also be presented. Conclusions: Non-invasivemethylation based ctDNA subtyping can detect the presence of breast cancer, and discriminate IHC subtypes, with high accuracy. Further assessment is warranted to assess whether methylation-based subtyping has the potential to report IHC subtypes when repeat biopsy is not possible, detect subtype transitions and direct advanced breast cancer treatment.

The heterogeneity of tumour-associated macrophages contributes to the clinical outcomes and indications for immune checkpoint blockade in colorectal cancer patients

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), one of the major immune cell types in colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor microenvironment (TME), play indispensable roles in immune responses against tumor progression. In this study, we aimed to know whether the extensive inter and intra heterogeneity of TAMs contributes to the clinical outcomes and indications for immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in CRC. We used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) data from 60 CRC patients and charactrized TAMs based on anatomic locations, tumor regions, stages, grades, metastatic status, MSS/MSI classification and pseudotemporal differentiation status. We then defined a catalog of 21 gene modules that determine macrophage status, and identified 7 of them as relevant to clinical outcomes and 11 as indications for ICB therapy. On this basis, we constructed a unique TAM subgroup profile, aiming to find features that may be highly responsive to immunotherapy for the CRC with poor prognosis under conventional treatment. This TAM subpopulation is enriched in tumors and is associated with poor prognosis, but exhibits a high immunotherapy response signature (HIM TAM). Further spatial transcriptome analysis and ligand-receptor interaction analysis confirmed that HIM TAM is involved in shaping TIME, especially the regulation of T cells. Our study provides insights into different TAM subtypes, highlights the importance of TAM heterogeneity in relation to patient prognosis and immunotherapy response, and reveals potential immunotherapy strategies based on TAM characteristics for CRC that does not respond well to conventional therapy.

Identification of Multiclass Pediatric Low-Grade Neuroepithelial Tumor Molecular Subtype with ADC MR Imaging and Machine Learning.

Molecular biomarker identification increasingly influences the treatment planning of pediatric low-grade neuroepithelial tumors (PLGNTs). We aimed to develop and validate a radiomics-based ADC signature predictive of the molecular status of PLGNTs. In this retrospective bi-institutional study, we searched the PACS for baseline brain MRIs from children with PLGNTs. Semiautomated tumor segmentation on ADC maps was performed using the semiautomated level tracing effect tool with 3D Slicer. Clinical variables, including age, sex, and tumor location, were collected from chart review. The molecular status of tumors was derived from biopsy. Multiclass random forests were used to predict the molecular status and fine-tuned using a grid search on the validation sets. Models were evaluated using independent and unseen test sets based on the combined data, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated for the prediction of 3 classes: KIAA1549-BRAF fusion, BRAF V600E mutation, and non-BRAF cohorts. Experiments were repeated 100 times using different random data splits and model initializations to ensure reproducible results. Two hundred ninety-nine children from the first institution and 23 children from the second institution were included (53.6% male; mean, age 8.01 years; 51.8% supratentorial; 52.2% with KIAA1549-BRAF fusion). For the 3-class prediction using radiomics features only, the average test AUC was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.73-0.75), and using clinical features only, the average test AUC was 0.67 (95% CI, 0.66-0.68). The combination of both radiomics and clinical features improved the AUC to 0.77 (95% CI, 0.75-0.77). The diagnostic performance of the per-class test AUC was higher in identifying KIAA1549-BRAF fusion tumors among the other subgroups (AUC = 0.81 for the combined radiomics and clinical features versus 0.75 and 0.74 for BRAF V600E mutation and non-BRAF, respectively). ADC values of tumor segmentations have differentiative signals that can be used for training machine learning classifiers for molecular biomarker identification of PLGNTs. ADC-based pretherapeutic differentiation of the BRAF status of PLGNTs has the potential to avoid invasive tumor biopsy and enable earlier initiation of targeted therapy.

Determining optimal cutoff scores of Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument to identify dementia and mild cognitive impairment in Taiwan

BackgroundThe early detection of dementia depends on efficient methods for the assessment of cognitive capacity. Existing cognitive screening tools are ill-suited to the differentiation of cognitive status, particularly when dealing with early-stage impairment.MethodsThe study included 8,979 individuals (> 50 years) with unimpaired cognitive functions, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or dementia. This study sought to determine optimal cutoffs values for the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) aimed at differentiating between individuals with or without dementia as well as between individuals with or without mild cognitive impairment. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the value of CASI tasks in predicting conversion from MCI to all-cause dementia, dementia of Alzheimer’s type (DAT), or to vascular dementia (VaD).ResultsOur optimized cutoff scores achieved high accuracy in differentiating between individuals with or without dementia (AUC = 0.87—0.93) and moderate accuracy in differentiating between CU and MCI individuals (AUC = 0.67 – 0.74). Among individuals without cognitive impairment, scores that were at least 1.5 × the standard deviation below the mean scores on CASI memory tasks were predictive of conversion to dementia within roughly 2 years after the first assessment (all-cause dementia: hazard ratio [HR] = 2.81 – 3.53; DAT: 1.28 – 1.49; VaD: 1.58). Note that the cutoff scores derived in this study were lower than those reported in previous studies.ConclusionOur results in this study underline the importance of establishing optimal cutoff scores for individuals with specific demographic characteristics and establishing profiles by which to guide CASI analysis.

Gender and Social Exclusion in Lake Victoria Basin: A Case of Mara and Simiyu Regions, Tanzania

Tanzania has undertaken several deliberate measures to address the social exclusion of traditionally marginalised groups. Yet, it is still felt by some people that good measures, strategies, and plans implemented in health and education are not handled at the household level. The study was conducted in Bunda TC, Bunda DC, and Busega DC to assess gender and social exclusion in the Lake Victoria basin. Specifically, examining disparities in household children’s education expectations by gender and investigating gendered differentials in health status and care. This study employed a multistage sampling method, combining random and purposive techniques, to select 447 households. Key informants were purposefully chosen for interviews, and 30 households per village were systematically surveyed. Data were collected through various methods, including documentary review and computer-aided personnel interviews, ensuring comprehensive coverage. Findings revealed that the sex of a child influenced the household expectation of the highest education level of children. Financial expectation determines who should be educated. The girls were on the disadvantageous side. The sex of the household head did not distinguish health status, and the exclusion of health care lies not in differential treatment between males and females but in differing affordability and the availability of health facilities. It is recommended that: the right to education of a girl child should be addressed at the household level; measures to improve health care affordability and availability of health facilities should be ensured; the provision of health insurance for all and free health services for complicated health problems of women should be emphasised.

Was that discrimination? Perceptions of bisexual people’s relative status inform attributions of discrimination

Current models of discrimination fail to account for the fact that many people belong to intermediate identity groups, that is, groups that share characteristics with both a low-status minority and a high-status majority group (e.g., biracial, bisexual), and thus do not occupy one clear position on a status hierarchy. We investigated bisexual targets to test whether perceivers rely on perceived status differentials to determine whether someone faced discrimination. As predicted, whether bisexual people were perceived as victims of discrimination depended on contextual cues about their relative status. Participants expected both gay/lesbian and bisexual individuals to face more discrimination than heterosexual individuals. But they were more likely to say that a bisexual woman who had lost out to a heterosexual woman competitor had faced discrimination compared to a bisexual woman who had lost out to a lesbian woman. These results may help make sense of how real-world discrimination claims are adjudicated.

Chinese parents' school-readiness beliefs and parenting styles: patterns and associated factors.

A smooth transition to primary school is positively related to children's later school experience. Certain parental school-readiness beliefs and parenting styles, among other factors, contribute to the smoothness of this transition. Therefore, this study adopted a latent profile analysis to examine the patterns of Chinese parents' school-readiness beliefs and their parenting styles and investigated socioeconomic status (SES) differentials in both. Two-stage probability sampling method is adopted in this study and a total of 1,204 Chinese parents of 5- to 6 years-old children were investigated with school-readiness beliefs scale, Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire, as well as scale of attitudes regarding roles in school readiness All data analyses were processed in Mplus 8.6. Three profiles were identified: (1) supportive parenting with a very strong emphasis on school readiness; (2) partially supportive parenting with a reflection of school readiness; (3) weakly supportive parenting with no emphasis on school readiness. Higher SES was found to be more likely to be associated with membership in Profile 1 rather than Profile 2. The present study shows quantitative support for Anette Lareau's work and has implications for the development of more targeted parental intervention programs.

Diffuse glioma molecular profiling with arterial spin labeling and dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MRI: A comparative study.

Evaluation of molecular markers (IDH, pTERT, 1p/19q codeletion, and MGMT) in adult diffuse gliomas is crucial for accurate diagnosis and optimal treatment planning. Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast (DSC) and Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) perfusion MRI techniques have both shown good performance in classifying molecular markers, however, their performance has not been compared side-by-side. Pretreatment MRI data from 90 patients diagnosed with diffuse glioma (54 men/36 female, 53.1±15.5 years, grades 2-4) were retrospectively analyzed. DSC-derived normalized cerebral blood flow/volume (nCBF/nCBV) and ASL-derived nCBF in tumor and perifocal edema were analyzed in patients with available IDH-mutation (n = 67), pTERT-mutation (n = 39), 1p/19q codeletion (n = 33), and MGMT promoter methylation (n = 31) status. Cross-validated uni- and multivariate logistic regression models assessed perfusion parameters' performance in molecular marker detection. ASL and DSC perfusion parameters in tumor and edema distinguished IDH-wildtype (wt) and pTERT-wt tumors from mutated ones. Univariate classification performance was comparable for ASL-nCBF and DSC-nCBV in IDH (maximum AUROCC 0.82 and 0.83, respectively) and pTERT (maximum AUROCC 0.70 and 0.81, respectively) status differentiation. The multivariate approach improved IDH (DSC-nCBV AUROCC 0.89) and pTERT (ASL-nCBF AUROCC 0.8 and DSC-nCBV AUROCC 0.86) classification. However, ASL and DSC parameters could not differentiate 1p/19q codeletion or MGMT promoter methylation status. Positive correlations were found between ASL-nCBF and DSC-nCBV/-nCBF in tumor and edema. ASL is a viable gadolinium-free replacement for DSC for molecular characterization of adult diffuse gliomas.

Differentiation of the legal status of parliament in the context of variability of state structure

Differentiation of the legal status of parliament in the context of variability of state structure

Аспекты трансформации практик заботы в XXI веке

The article presents an overview of research in the field of caring for pensioners and people with cognitive impairment in the Russian Federation at the beginning of the 21st century. The rethinking of guardianship in Russian society is shown. A review of 50 modern literary sources, journal articles from WoS and Scopus by Russian authors were studied using the methods of scientometric analysis, empirical generalization and systematization of information, 31 articles on the research topic were selected. Knowledge of the transformation of care is an actual interdisciplinary direction in anthropology. The idea of elaborating this concept based on a sample of the world communities’ population in developed and developing countries and countries with economies in transition, with different guardianship services’ coordination. In the formation of social attitudes, the social isolation of older people is clearly traced against the background of modern demographic processes, with a propensity for the aging of the world's population. The rethinking of guardianship in Russian society is shown. The problem nodes of various forms of support are tracked, the vector of their further development is determined. The differentiation of the socio-economic status of the elderly population is noted. The peculiarity of the volunteer movement during the pandemic is emphasized. The accumulated knowledge revealed the transformation of attitude towards humanization. A change in traditional types of assistance has been noted, reduction of state participation. To compensate for the current situation, the UN today is already taking steps to create favorable living conditions for the mature population in all countries.

“Reconstructing the Study of Religion”: Entering the Conversation from a Different Corner of the Academic World

Abstract This essay engages Josephson Storm’s project of the reconstruction of the study of religion after the latest linguistic and material turns and what he calls radical skepticism by provincializing his account of the study of religion and the human sciences. Referencing postfoundational reconstructive approaches, I argue that so called poststructural theories have already led to new reconstructive efforts, also in the study of religion, at least in the academic environment I was trained in. Furthermore, the lack of an account of power risks ignoring the role of status differentials that prefigure the ability of humans to engage in the practice of self-discovery which is central to his ethical project of revolutionary happiness.