Status Conflict Research Articles

Blockchain-native mechanism supporting the circulation of complex physical assets

An increasing number of physical assets, such as academic certificates and credentials, are being represented in the form of digital assets. These assets always involve multiple statuses, rules, and complex associations. It is challenging to determine the transaction execution order using the existing blockchains because they lack the ability to record and execute associations between assets, which results in problems of inconsistency of assets, such as the loss of asset status changes and status conflict between transactions. This study proposes a blockchain-native mechanism supporting complex physical assets, including a novel digital asset model and transaction validity guarantee protocol. Under the premise of ensuring safety and performance, the proposed mechanism can fully describe different associations and their influence on the transaction execution order. This study builds a global deterministic transaction execution sequence that can be executed in parallel to guarantee the consistency of complex digital assets based on partial orders. Theoretical analysis of the proposed mechanism demonstrates that it can guarantee digital asset consistency and can protect against attacks such as reentrant and transaction sequence attacks. Furthermore, experiments show that the proposed mechanism can achieve a transaction execution speed of up to 10,000 transactions per second, and this speed can be further increased by increasing the number of CPU cores.

Exploring the Effects of Horizontal Leaders’ Presence on Team Members’ Job Burnout: A Moderated Mediation Model

This research aims to link leadership and employees’ well-being in the architecture, engineering, and construction (A/E/C) industry while focusing on horizontal leadership, which is displayed by subordinates, and job burnout among remaining team members. Based on social information processing theory and conservation of resource theory, we propose a moderated mediation model. We hypothesize that the presence of a horizontal leader (HL) in A/E/C project teams is related to remaining team members’ job burnout, which is mediated by perceived career opportunity (PCO). However, the relationship between HL’s presence and PCO changes from significantly positive among project team members with relatively low status conflict to significantly negative among team members with relatively high status conflict. The relationship between HL’s presence and job burnout is also reversed. The results of a scenario study (Study 1) using Masters of Engineering Management candidates as the sample (N=150) and a field survey (Study 2) involving 313 real team members support our hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Status conflict in family firms: a multilevel conceptual model

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to integrate status conflict, as a relatively recent and unexplored phenomenon, to the family business literature.Design/methodology/approachThe authors follow multilevel theory building to develop a multilevel conceptual model of status conflict in family firms (FFs).FindingsThe authors identify the main antecedents, processes and consequences of status conflict at three levels of analysis (individual, family and firm) unique to FFs. Seventeen theoretical propositions at three levels of analysis are presented.Originality/valueThe authors address the need for multilevel research for organisations and multilevel status research, contribute to the under-researched theory of conflicts in FFs and show that the conflict literature, which has predominantly focussed on the individual- and group-level factors, can borrow from the family business literature, which has primarily been oriented to the group- and firm-level factors.

Leader status behaviors and team creativity: The role of collective interactions and status conflict among members

SummaryBy integrating the leadership and status literature, this study explores the intervening mechanisms through which different forms of leader status‐claiming behaviors predict team creativity. We propose that leaders' prestige‐ and dominance‐oriented status behaviors are positively related to supportive and coercive interactions among members, respectively, which in turn predict team creativity. Empirical analysis based on the multisource data of 53 work teams confirmed that leader prestige behavior exerted a positive indirect effect on team creativity through increased supportive intermember interaction. The indirect effect of leader prestige behavior was significant only when team status conflict was low. By contrast, leader dominance behavior exhibited a positive effect on coercive intermember interaction, which was not significantly related to team creativity. A post hoc analysis revealed that leader dominance behavior had a negative indirect effect on team creativity through decreased supportive interaction among members. This study provides meaningful theoretical insights into the interactive effects of leader status behaviors and team status conflict that lead to distinct collective group processes and team creative output.

Exploring the Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Family Farm Member Conflict Experiences

Family farm sustainability traditionally focuses on economic and environmental issues. However, sustaining family farms also relies on understanding how to sustain the relationships contained therein. Emotional intelligence (EI) is an important means through which family farm members can sustain relationships, especially when handing conflict between members. This paper focused on how four EI dimensions (awareness of own emotion, management of own emotion, awareness of others’ emotions, management of others’ emotions) could prevent four types of conflict within family farms (task, relational, process, and status). Family farm participants (N = 204) were recruited through social media posts and emails to specialty agricultural groups and agencies, and students at a university. Hierarchical regression results showed that awareness of own emotions, management of own emotions, and management of others’ emotions negatively predicted task, relational, process, and status conflict. Awareness of others’ emotions did not predict any conflict types. Theoretically, this article points to the importance of considering all four EI dimensions, since they impact conflict types differently. For the family farm members, being aware of their own emotions and being able to manage emotional responses in themselves and others can help prevent conflict from occurring, thereby sustaining both family and business relationships for the future.

Between Deference and Defiance: Hierarchical Status Roles and International Conflict

AbstractAccording to recent international relations research, an actor's status ultimately depends on commonly accepted ratings of that actor's valued attributes (e.g., wealth, competence, culture, or coercive capabilities). This manuscript argues that asymmetric reciprocal roles (leaders versus followers, patrons versus clients, teachers versus students, etc.) constitute another, even more fundamental, kind of stratification that can provoke far more acrimonious status conflicts. Such role-based hierarchies remain stable as long as subordinate actors deem their superiors entitled to deferential treatment. Disputes over asymmetrical roles arise when subaltern actors begin to question the right of dominant actors to command, or when actors fear that co-equal parties are trying to establish their social dominance through a series of faits accomplis. In such circumstances, defiance is the status tactic of choice because it directly undercuts disconcerting patterns of deference. By systematically theorizing defiance in status hierarchies, the paper provides an overdue addition to the literature on the breakdown of cooperation and the dissolution of order. It first sketches a theory that lays out the motives and forms of defiant behavior in international status disputes and then illustrates its value in explaining Russian and Greek resistance to domineering Western “partners.”

Intergenerational effects of improving women’s property rights: evidence from India

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the intergenerational effects following the positive changes in women’s inheritance rights in India. Using the Indian Human Development Survey data for rural India and a difference-in-differences strategy, we find that the property rights reform significantly empowered women through increased education. However, we find no intergenerational effect of the reform on children’s education. We explore two potential mechanisms to explain these results: the role of status conflict among spouses and that of a child’s birth-order and gender. Given that a woman’s bargaining power may depend on her relative position to that of her husband, we investigate this channel and find a significant decrease in children’s education in households where fathers are less educated than mothers. Accounting for a child’s birth-order and gender, we find no evidence of son-preference through the education channel.

Altruistic Punishment, Status Conflict, and Knowledge Sharing in the Workplace: An Evolutionary Game Model

Second- and third-party altruistic punishments can both improve knowledge sharing, but it is debatable which does so better. We thus concurrently consider the influence of status conflict advantage and disadvantage on knowledge sharing. We also analyze knowledge sharing by introducing an evolutionary game model and conducting simulations, and reveal the following: (1) the appropriate choice for an organization that is increasing its knowledge contribution is third-party punishment; (2) the status conflict advantage and disadvantage play important roles in knowledge sharing. When the status conflict advantage is greater than the disadvantage, the two players eventually share knowledge, and vice versa. Interestingly, when the status conflict advantage is equal to the disadvantage, the player with the stronger sharing inclination has a powerful impact on the player who would rather hoard knowledge, thus ultimately leading him/her to share. (3) Guanxi, knowledge capacity, and synergy revenue have positive effects on knowledge sharing, while the knowledge sharing cost has a negative influence on them. Moreover, the stable equilibrium result is affected by the initial system state. In sum, our results not only promote the understanding of altruistic punishment and status conflict regarding knowledge sharing but also provide practical implications for both organizations and leaders.

Rot and Renewal: The 2020 Election in the Cycles of Constitutional Time

This essay discusses the 2020 election and its aftermath in terms of the theory of constitutional cycles described in my book The Cycles of Constitutional Time. The book argues that we can understand American constitutional development in terms of three kinds of cycles. The first involves the rise and fall of political regimes featuring dominant political parties. The second is a long cycle of polarization and depolarization that stretches from the Civil War through the present. The third cycle is a series of episodes of constitutional rot and constitutional renewal. Constitutional rot is the process by which a constitutional republic becomes less democratic and less republican over time.I draw three conclusions from the 2020 election and the Capitol Hill insurrection of January 6th, 2021. First, although the Reagan regime that has structured American politics since the 1980s is nearing its end, we cannot yet be certain that it has reached its conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic and the economic contraction that accompanied it have handed the Democrats an opportunity to forge a new political regime, but whether they will successfully capitalize on these possibilities is yet to be determined. The book points out, for example that the Democrats missed an opportunity to begin a new regime in 1896, and proved unable to do so in 2008. Years later, we may retroactively identify the end of the Reagan regime with the 2020 election and the Capitol Hill insurrection that followed it. But we cannot say for sure at present.Second, our deeply polarized politics, which is currently organized around issues of identity and status conflict, will continue until party coalitions slowly begin to change, leading the parties to face off over a new set of issues. Those changes are already in motion, but the transformations will take time. Third, the gravest threat we face today is not political polarization but constitutional rot — a deepening decay in our political and legal institutions. This decay began well before the election of President Donald Trump. But Trump accelerated constitutional rot in the United States, by his creation of a cult of personality, by his abuses of power, and by his refusal to accept the legitimacy of the 2020 election and the opposition party’s ascension to power through democratic means.

The relationships among personal accomplishment, resilience and teachers’ experience of teaching multiple school subjects role conflict

This study develops an understanding of the relationships among personal accomplishment, resilience, and teaching multiple school subjects role conflict (TMSS-RC) among Irish post-primary, multi-subject teachers. A theoretically informed conceptual framework was developed to explain the relationships among personal accomplishment, resilience, and the sub-domains of TMSS-RC: status conflict, schedule conflict, and energy expenditure. Participants included 259 post-primary teachers across Ireland who were responsible for teaching physical education and at least one other school subject concurrently. Participants completed a 46-item, cross-sectional survey consisting of a demographics questionnaire, the TMSS-RC scale, the personal accomplishment subscale from the Maslach Burnout Inventory–Educators Survey, and the 10-item version of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale. Concurrent confirmatory factor analysis was first used to confirm the psychometric quality of the hypothesised factor structure. Results indicated that the hypothesised model was a good fit for the data. Structural equation modelling was then used to examine and verify the hypothesised relationships of the conceptual model. Results supported the model with mediation, which showed good model fit: C3(129) = 174.97, p = 0.004, χ 2/df = 1.36; root mean square error of approximation = 0.044 (90% confidence interval = 0.031, 0.057; p = 0.770), standardised root mean square residual = 0.058; non-normed fit index = 0.974; comparitive-fit index (CFI) = 0.978. Collectively, results indicate that as teachers’ levels of personal accomplishment and resilience increase, their experiences of TMSS-RC decrease. This suggests that stress as a result of teaching multiple school subjects concurrently can be reduced with an increase in teachers’ perceived levels of personal accomplishment and resiliency.

Inland fisheries: Status, management and related conflicts in the niger delta, Nigeria

The importance of inland fisheries sector cannot be over-emphasized and its significance in providing food security and generating local income is not in doubt. Production from inland open water capture fisheries is declining due to over-exploitation and habitat degradation. The rapidly declining catch from fish landing is a possible indication that the fish yields of most Nigerian inland waters are generally low for causes that may range from inadequate management of fisheries to degradation of water bodies. Artisanal fishing in the Niger Delta is faced with myriads of obstacles emanating from human activities; one of these problems being the menace of the commercial fishing trawlers and activities of the oil companies in the area. The local supply of fish and fishery products consists of production from the artisanal (85%), industrial (14%) and Aquaculture (1%) subsectors. The high activity level in the Niger Delta has exposed the area to the dangers of pollution of water, land and air as well as oil spills which have endangered aquatic life as well as the entire ecosystem, topography and surface vegetation leading to loss of biodiversity and conflicts. The contribution of fisheries to the nation economy is very significant in terms of employment, income generation, poverty alleviation, foreign exchange earnings and provision of raw materials for the animal feed industry. In order for biodiversity conservation to be effective, management measures must be broad based.
 Keywords: Inland Fisheries, Aquaculture, Over-exploitation, Sustainable, and Pollution.

Is LMX Differentiation a Hindrance or a Promotion to Team Functioning? Acyclicity Matters

Drawing from the recent theoretical development in social hierarchy, we theorize that whether leader-member exchange (LMX) differentiation breeds status conflict and ultimately undermines team performance hinges on the alignment between LMX differentiation and acyclicity. Based on data collected from 89 work teams in mainland China, we found that only when LMX differentiation was misaligned with acyclicity, LMX differentiation was positively related to status conflicts and, as a result of it, undermined team performance. In contrast, when LMX differentiation was aligned with acyclicity, LMX differentiation was negatively related to status conflicts and consequently promoted team performance.

Sociological ambivalence in three Latin American corporate control institutions: Revisoría Fiscal - Colombia (Fiscal Audit), Comisaría - Mexico (Statutory Examiner) and Sindicatura - Argentina (Statutory Audit)

The Revisoría Fiscal (Fiscal Audit), Comisaría (Statutory Examiner), and Sindicatura (Statutory Auditor) are institutions that exercise corporate oversight in order to preserve the general interest. In order to achieve their objective, these institutions must keep private and public interests balanced. However, upholding these interests impartially can lead to contradictions because of the tensions each interest group generates. Thus, from the theoretical framework of sociological ambivalence, this paper understands the type of contradictions arising in the corporate control that the aforementioned institutions exercise. To account for the types of ambivalence, firstly, we identify the contradictions that have been recorded in academic papers, and then, based on oral accounts, these contradictions are analyzed. In both cases, qualitative content analysis is applied. It is concluded that the control figures studied present sociological ambivalence since they are linked to 1) contradictory structural demands, 2) conflict of status and 3) conflicting purposes.

Cultural memory of the migrants and accepting society in Russian and abroad: conflict dimension

The goal of this article is the socio-philosophical conceptualization of memory conflicts in the migration society, as well as comparative analysis of the Russian and foreign contexts. Foreign experience was examined within the framework of the policy of assimilation and multiculturalism, as well as politics aimed at formation of transnational identities. The analysis of Russian context was conducted on the basis of determination and classification of conflictogenic factors, main parties of the conflicts, settlement strategies, and types of conflicts in the condition of internal and external migration challenges. The author leans on the constructivist approach, which suggests that perception of the past is predetermined and formed by sociocultural contexts and practices of memory and obscurity. In comparison with the foreign, Russian context demonstrates the prevalence of latent forms of conflict. Russia marks the formation of “parallel” memory communities, when the migrants and accepting society maintain a forced neutrality. If the foreign research indicate mostly status conflicts, in the Russian conditions, the migrants are oriented towards defensive type of memory conflicts. The oversea conflicts of memory mark the clash of modernism and traditionalism, while Russia demonstrated the clash of different versions of traditionalism.

Investigating Work-Family Conflict Status and Its Relationship with Teachers’ Demographic Features of Shahrekord: Cross-Sectional Study

Background: increasing the number of families with employed men and women leads to changes in families' structure during recent years that these structural changes have disrupted family and work-life balance and have caused family-work conflict. Work-family conflict is an inter-role conflict that has been created due to incompatible pressures in work and family domains. Therefore, the present study aims at investigating work-family conflict among the teachers' population of Shahrekord and its relationship with demographic features. Methods: the present study is descriptive-analytical research, which has been conducted among 346 teachers in Shahrekord in 2019. Carlson Work-Family Conflict Questionnaire used to measure work-family conflict in this study. SPSS v22 has analyzed collected data through Pearson correlation statistical tests, independent t-test, variance analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance. Results: there is a statistically meaningful relationship between conflict parameters (time, pressure, and behavior) and general conflict (P < 0.01). Time parameter has a more meaningful relationship with public conflict; also, there is no statistically significant relationship between demographic parameters of age, work experience, and income in different levels of conflict (P > 0.05). Conclusion: generally, the current study revealed that Shahrekord teachers had experienced work-family conflict, in which the main problem was related to the work-family conflict in a way that occupational status intervenes in family life. Also, the time factor has the most effect on the incidence of conflict that is the time which has to be assigned to a work or family field, intervenes in the necessary time for another domain. There was no meaningful relationship between work-family conflict and parameters of age, gender, marital status, work experience, and income, which have been considered in this study.

Perceived Interpersonal Conflicts Scale (PICS). Escala para la evaluación de conflictos interpersonales en las situaciones de trabajo

Interpersonal conflicts in work situations pose a significant risk both to workers’ health and to the organization. Early detection of the characteristics of these conflicts in order to be able to intervene in them in an appropriate manner is a necessity of the current organizations immersed in continuous environments of change where the norm is the reduction of people, resources or both. This article presents the validation of an instrument for the evaluation of the perception of interpersonal conflicts in work situations: the Perceived Interpersonal Conflicts Scale (PICS). This instrument allows analyzing five dimensions related to the types of conflicts present in work environments (task conflict, relationship conflict, status conflict, process conflict, context conflict) and a last one related to the escalation of the conflict. The results show a satisfactory reliability of the instrument, as well as a satisfactory convergent and discriminative validity using the SOFI-SM instrument. PICS offers a quick analysis (12 items) with an adequate level of reliability and validity, of the perception of conflict in work situations validated for the Spanish working population.

Social status and modern-type depression: A review.

BackgroundsSocial hierarchy is one of the most influential social structures employed by social species. While dominants in such hierarchies can preferentially access rich resources, subordinates are forced into lower social statuses and lifestyles with inferior resources. Previous studies have indicated that the social rank regulates social behaviors and emotion in a variety of species, whereby individual organisms live within the framework of their ranks. However, in human societies, people, particularly young men, who cannot accept their own social status may show social withdrawal behaviors such as hikikomori to avoid confronting their circumstances.MethodsThis article reviews the neural mechanisms underlying social status identified in animal studies with rodents and primates, and assesses how social rank affects animal's social behaviors and emotion which may be relevant to modern type depression.ResultsSeveral brain regions such as medial prefrontal cortex are implicated in the formation of animal's social status, which leads to the differences in vulnerability and resilience to social stress.ConclusionOn the basis of these findings, we propose that physical interventions such as voluntary exercise, diet, transcranial direct current stimulation, and psychotherapy, rather than psychotropic drugs, may be useful therapeutic approaches for modern type depression, which is a typical example of social status conflict and a phenotype of adjustment disorder to the traditional hierarchical social order.

Securing reverence and disrupting deference: decoding the U.S.-China malaise from an identity lens

ABSTRACTTo decipher the current U.S.-China malaise, this article investigates how the status conflict between the two powers is intertwined with their identity construction. The examination of the evolution of the U.S.-China status hierarchy illuminates the way in which the fracture of the reciprocal bond that held the asymmetric role pattern of the bilateral relationship has set in motion China's open defiance of U.S. authority and the latter's depreciation of the former's ascending social standing. The derived status dilemma, as illustrated in their conflicting claims from the 2008 global financial crisis onward, largely stems from the incongruent national role conceptions and has upended the dominance/deference dyadic relationship. The rupture of the role differentiation between the incumbent hegemon and the status aspirant has accentuated the self-other distinction in the fulfilment of their identity needs. Amid the radicalized identity construction, public discourse of resentment has been stabilized, thereby curtailing the spirit of cooperation.

Structuring Reality Through the Faultlines Lens: The Effects of Structure, Fairness, and Status Conflict on the Activated Faultlines–Performance Relationship

We investigate how activated team faultlines represent an informal sensemaking structure through which teammates interpret their social reality. Constructed from intersubgroup comparisons, activate...

The Impact of Russian Anti-Western Conspiracy Theories on the Status-Related Conflict in Ukraine: The Case of Flight MH17

AbstractThe Russian Federation has a wide arsenal of tools at its disposal for conducting information warfare to achieve its strategic objectives in the ongoing status conflict with the West. The active exploitation of conspiracy theories has thrived since pro-Kremlin forces started armed conflict against Ukraine in 2013–2014. This article focuses on the crash of Flight MH17, widely used by the Russian media to fabricate various conspiracy theories which make out that the West and Ukraine are responsible for the disaster. This study examines several Russian outlets and TV channels and concludes that the Russian media often used falsified stories and emotional rhetoric in narratives they spread about the crash of Flight MH17. The narratives used to create these conspiracy theories claim that the incident was a Western provocation attempting to generate hostility towards Russia. In disseminating these kinds of conspiracy theories, the pro-Kremlin media created distrust against the West and the Ukrainian government among a larger audience and produced discomfort and disorientation about Western and Ukrainian news.