Stature Of Individual Research Articles

Application of the Length of Index and Ring Fingers to Estimate the Stature.

Stature contributes as a crucial element of an individual's physical appearance and can be instrumental in establishing their identity.In cases where the body is extensively mutilated, decomposed, or reduced to skeletal remains, stature becomes an essential component in identifying the unknown by means of measuring the skeletal remains. Its estimation relies on the principle that an individual's height has a definite and linear relationship with specific body parts and long bones. This process, together with assessing age, sex, and race constitutes the essential components of the anthropological protocol. Stature estimation can be accomplished through both anatomical and mathematical approaches. The present study clearly defines regression models for height estimation from finger lengths. The formula derived can proveparticularly valuable in Medico-legal scenarios, as it can be applied effectively even when only a portion of the body is accessible. The purpose of the present study is to estimate the stature of individuals by measuring the length of the index and ring fingers. The current study acquired three measurements, such as stature, right/left index finger length (RIFL/LIFL), and ring finger length (RFL), from 220 samples, including 110 males and 110 females, respectively, between the age groups of 20 and 60 years. The application of the length of the index and ring finger in forensic investigations holds significance due to their potential as reliable predictors of an individual's height. According to the findings of the study, males showed significantly higher stature than females. A statistically significant correlation was also observed (p-value = 0) between stature and finger lengths (IFL, RFL) in both hands. The highest correlation coefficients were found for the left RFL (r = 0.688) in females and the LIFL (r = 0.552) in males. Additionally, males showed significantly longer index and RFL than females. Linear regression models for the estimation of stature from ring and index finger length were also derived successfully. The results obtained from the present study exhibit potential use to evaluate the utility of measuring index and RFLs for determining stature and predicting the precision of regression models by employing those parameters. The models derived from this study can serve as corroborative evidence for identifying mutilated body parts or unknown remains.

Morphometric Study of Humerus in Southern Indian Population

Anthropometry involves measurement of proportions of the human body such as muscles, adipose tissue and bone. The present study was aimed at determining the humeral lengths segments and comparing it with its entire length of humerus in southern part of Indian population. This can be helpful in approximating stature of individuals using typical regression equation. We also compared the data obtained with previous studies conducted on various people in the world, which are valuable both forensic and archaeological studies. One hundred and nineteen fully ossified dried and processed humerus bones (60 right, 59 left humerus) obtained from two medical colleges in Tamil Nadu state SRM medical college, hospital and research centre and Sri Ramachandra Medical College. The morphometric detail of the parts of humerus were measured using digital Vanier caliper. The 6 segments’ length precisely, from utmost proximal point of the head of humerus to the utmost distal point of the circumference of the head as section 1 (Sa-Sb), from the distal point of the circumference of the head to the convergence of two areas of muscle attachment as section 2 (Sb-Sc), and from the convergence of two areas of muscle attachment to the deltoid tuberosity as section 3(Hc-Hd), from deltoid tuberosity to upper margin of olecranon fossa as section 4(Sd-Se), From upper margin of olecranon fossa to the lower margin of the fossa as section 5 (Se-Sf), and from the lower margin of olecranon fossa to most distal point of trochlea as section 6 (Sf-Sg) and maximum length of humerus were measured to the nearest millimeter. The values obtained for the distance of each sections were 35.22±3.939mm, 44.53±5.025mm, 66.27±6.805mm, 125.54±11.429mm, 20.51±1.726mm, and 18.51±1.633mm respectively on the left side, making a total of 310.5763±23.257mm. The values obtained on the right distance segments are as fellow 34.48±3.223mm, 47.05±6.31mm, 67.10±6.942mm, 125.54±11.429mm, 20.51±1.726mm and 17.90±2.447mm respectively on the right side, making a total 311.767±23.435mm. In conclusion present study shows that there is no significant difference obtained for the morphometric measurements between left and right segments except in segment 2.

Assessment of stature in Iron Age populations of South Africa

Worldwide and in South African Stone Age contexts, much research has been done on the relationship between stature of past populations and general well-being, as well as trends and patterns in stature through time. This research is aimed at collating and assessing all available stature and long bone data for Bantu-speaker individuals living in the South African Iron Age. Data for only 25 female and 32 male individuals, dating from circa AD 550 to AD 1823, could be found. In general, methods used to reconstruct stature were inconsistent and data were poorly reported. From the available data, no clear trends or patterns in stature through time could be observed and stature seems to be on a par relative to those of early twentieth century individuals. Recommendations are made as to which methods to use in stature estimations in this context. The data provided in this research can serve as reference material for future similar studies and can assist in interpreting individual stature estimations from bioarcheological research in the region.

CORRELATION OF STATURE WITH MAXIMUM HEAD LENGTH OF MALE ADULTS OF UPPER PUNJAB

Background: In the field of forensic medicine, stature estimation in unknown skeletonized bodies is one of the most significant biological parameters. It is done many times when highly mutilated or decomposed bodies or fragmentary remains of skull are brought for forensic examination. The objective of this study was to correlate stature with maximum head length in male adults of 21–30 years in Upper Punjab. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of correlation as a tool to predict relationship of stature from maximum length of head. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, quantitative study. Data was collected from the 382 males of Kharian City in Upper Punjab selected with non-probability, purposive sampling. Head measurements were taken using blunt ended spreading callipers and the stature of individual was measured standing erect in anatomical position using a stadiometer. SPSS-25 software was used for data analysis. Results: The mean stature was 170.4±6.85 Cm. Mean head length was 16.95±0.6 Cm. Prediction accuracy tests were performed which indicated that regression models of this study can estimate the height with accuracy. Conclusion: This study established a correlation between stature and maximum head length. It will help the forensic experts to estimate stature from measuring head length, especially when only head is available as a result of some natural or human caused calamity. Pak J Physiol 2023;19(3):27–30

Development of Formulae to Determine Living Stature using Handprint Anthropometry of Tagalog People in the Philippines

Highlights: 1. This is the first-ever anthropological study on Tagalog people in the Philippines that has established formulae for determining stature using handprint length measurements.2. This study has generated formulae that are applicable for personal identification purposes within real crime scenes. Abstract Forensic science plays a crucial role in the pursuit of justice, particularly through the identification of physical evidence found at crime scenes, such as human fingerprints and handprints. This study aimed to develop formulae for determining living stature using the handprint anthropometry of Tagalog people, an indigenous ethnic group in the Philippines. A total of 360 Tagalog volunteers, comprising 180 men and 180 women, were recruited. This study excluded subjects who had finger and hand-related diseases, injuries, or were under the age of 18. The materials used were a stadiometer for height measurement, a digital vernier caliper for handprint measurements, and a handprint kit to collect handprints. Five length measurements were collected for each handprint. The length measurement spanned the distance from the middle wrist crease to the tips of each of the five fingers. The data were analyzed statistically using regression analysis (p<0.05) in IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). The analysis results produced equations for determining stature using all the length measurements of the handprints. The study involved the calculation of correlation coefficients (r values) and standard deviations using the stature and handprint lengths of individuals of both genders. The results are presented in the form of tables and figures. The study concluded with the development of regression equations that may be utilized for determining stature based on various handprint length measurements of the Tagalog people. This study represents the first-ever anthropological study conducted on the Philippine Tagalog population within the scope of this research subject matter. The formulae can be applied to actual crime scenes for the purpose of personal identification.

A mutational hotspot in AMOTL1 defines a new syndrome of orofacial clefting, cardiac anomalies, and tall stature.

AMOTL1 encodes angiomotin-like protein 1, an actin-binding protein that regulates cell polarity, adhesion, and migration. The role of AMOTL1 in human disease is equivocal. We report a large cohort of individuals harboring heterozygous AMOTL1 variants and define a core phenotype of orofacial clefting, congenital heart disease, tall stature, auricular anomalies, and gastrointestinal manifestations in individuals with variants in AMOTL1 affecting amino acids 157-161, a functionally undefined but highly conserved region. Three individuals with AMOTL1 variants outside this region are also described who had variable presentations with orofacial clefting and multi-organ disease. Our case cohort suggests that heterozygous missense variants in AMOTL1, most commonly affecting amino acid residues 157-161, define a new orofacial clefting syndrome, and indicates an important functional role for this undefined region.

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF HAND LENGTH AND BREADTH FOR ESTIMATION OF STATURE.

Introduction: The estimation of stature is having a great clinical signicance along with other characteristics (age, gender, race, etc.). The estimation of individual's stature helps in forensic examination and in medico legal cases because it is the main priority to determine the biological prole of suspect. It also helps in assessment of body's growth and nutritional level. The present study aimed to estimate the Aims And Objectives: length and breadth of adult hands and determine the clinical signicance in estimation of body stature. Methodology:This observational study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Jammu. A total of 200 adults were studied with the help of digital vernier calliper and stadiometer. The mean age of the study subjects were 21.38±3.29 ye Results: ars and the majority of the participants were females (52.5%). The female:male ratio was 1.1:1.The mean estimated stature / height of male and female subjects were 173.89±8.74 cm and 162.54±9.56cm respectively and mean actual stature / height of male and female subjects were 173.01±8.2 cm and 162.31±9.5cm respectively.It wasobserved that there was no statistical difference between mean values of estimated and actual length. It was concluded that the Conclusion: measurement of hand length and breadth is an appropriate measure of estimating the height of an individual as there is no signicant difference in estimated and actual stature

Stature estimation using the odontometric measurements of the maxilla.

Stature is the height of an individual in an upright position. It is one of the key characteristics, which helps in defining any individual. Stature estimation is needed mostly in medicolegal cases where only a limited number of human fragments are left for forensic analysis. The teeth provide essential measurements that can be used to determine stature. The aim of the study is to find out whether the second maxillary interpremolar distance can be used to effectively estimate stature of individuals. For the study, the sample size taken was 60 (30 male and 30 females), and their second maxillary interpremolar distance was measured using a digital vernier caliper. The collected data were tabulated and statistical analysis was done using SPSS software (23), followed by linear regression. For male: Y = 178.65 - 1.09X, correlation coefficient, r = 0.05, For female: Y = 169.30 - 1.99X, correlation coefficient, r = 0.13. Since r < 0.2, there is no correlation between the interpremolar distance of the second maxillary premolar and the stature. From our study, we conclude that the interpremolar distance of the second maxillary premolar cannot be a reliable parameter for stature estimation in both genders.

The impact of antimeric lower limb length asymmetry on adult stature estimation.

Antimeric lower limb length asymmetry is frequently noted when measuring human skeletal remains. As lower limb bones are often used to estimate stature from unidentified remains, the forensic anthropologist who notes a disparity must then determine which lower limb bone or bones will produce an estimate that most accurately and precisely captures the unknown individual's stature. To help forensic anthropologists make informed decisions when remains exhibit lower limb antimeric asymmetry, left and right femora and fibulae maximum lengths were analyzed from 78 DPAA-identified individuals with measured statures. Results revealed 87.2% of individuals exhibited lower limb antimeric asymmetry, statistically significant differences between lower limb lengths, decreasing estimate accuracy when asymmetry increased, and that using a 99% prediction interval for disparities ≥5.0 mm nearly ensured documented measured stature would be captured. These findings were validated on independent samples of 20 adult males from the DPAA and 146 males and females from the Terry, Hamann-Todd, and Bass Collections. Preliminary results were largely supported; however, the accuracy reduction with increasing asymmetry observed in the DPAA data was not replicated. Based on these findings, we encourage bilateral measurement taking to identify lower limb antimeric asymmetry, caution against combining bone lengths from opposite sides, and recommend using a 99% prediction interval when lower limb length antimeric asymmetry is ≥5.0 mm and if using the FORDISC 3 Trotter M Stats database. When C Stats or F Stats are used, the prediction intervals associated with these less homogeneous databases are large enough to absorb error due to antimeric asymmetry.

From footprint morphometrics to the stature of fossil hominins: A common but uncertain estimate

Hominin footprints are a particular remain in paleoanthropology representing brief moments of life of extinct individuals. Footprints not only provide information on the locomotor behavior of fossil taxa but also on their body characteristics such as their stature. This stature is usually estimated from the length of the footprints based on the well-known foot length to stature ratio. However, footprint length does not result only from the foot length but of a combination of factors. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the relationships between footprint length and stature of individuals using experimental approaches. Secondly, recent discoveries of fossil footprints have led to the estimation of statures from isolated footprints. However, such estimates may be biased because of the intraindividual morphometric variation of the footprints. Moreover, footprints may also be incomplete making it impossible to measure the length and therefore the estimation of a stature. The search for relationships between stature and other morphometric variables is therefore necessary to have the most accurate picture possible of the individuals who left these tracks. In this context, this article reports the results of an experimental study that aims to determine the relationships between the stature of individuals and different morphometric variables and to quantify the intraindividual variation of each variable. Thus, 21 morphometric variables were measured on a total of 175 experimental footprints left by 20 individuals in an experimental area composed of loose sand. Statistical analyses show that footprint lengths are not only the variables most correlated with stature but also those with the least intraindividual variation. However, estimation of stature from footprints left by fossil hominins is subject to three types of uncertainties: residuals from linear regression, intraindividual variation that can be particularly large in soft substrates, and the application of relationships defined on modern populations to fossil taxa.

Estimating Stature and Gender by the Length of the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Fingers of Dominant Hand in Iranian Adults

Background: Stature and gender are essential parameters of forensic anthropology. Moreover, their estimation is critical for medico-legal investigations to identify unknown remains. The present study aimed to estimate stature and gender by the anthropometric dimensions of the Iranian population’s third, fourth, and fifth fingers. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 199 individuals (99 men &amp; 100 women) were included. Individuals’ demographic information was recorded. A caliper measured the length of the fingers. An anthropometer was used for the measurement of stature. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS. A multivariate linear regression test was used to predict the stature of individuals based on finger length. Results: In males and females, a solid and positive direct relationship was observed between the length of the third, fourth, and fifth fingers of the hand with the stature of individuals and between the length of the fingers with each other. In the coefficient table of the regression model of this study, in males, the length of the fingers was not predictive of stature, and only the length of the third finger in females had a predictive effect on stature (P=0.007). Conclusion: According to the obtained results, stature is predictable in women through the third finger length using the derived regression equation.

تقدير طول الجسم للفرد باستخدام قياسات القدم ومخططات وبصمات الأقدام في البالغين السعوديين

Identification of an individual is considered one of the fundamental challenges for forensic scientists, especially from dismembered and mutilated body parts. To limit the pool of conceivable suspects in the forensic investigation process, footprints and foot outlines found at the crime scene are used to ease estimation of stature. The current study aimed to estimate individual stature using foot, foot outline and footprint measurements in a Saudi Arabian population. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on two hundred healthy medical students from the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Tabuk in Saudi Arabia. Stature measurements and eight foot, foot outline and footprint measurements were taken from both sides. Saudi adult males were significantly taller than Saudi females. All measurement values were significantly higher in adult males than in adult females. Most measurements were considered to be positively correlated with stature in both sexes. Regression equations and multiple regression equations for stature determination from all measurements in both male and females on both sides were created. This study has demonstrated the reliability and utility of foot, foot outline and footprint measurements in stature estimation in a Saudi Arabian population that comparable standards developed from foot bones.

Role of Facial Index and Odontometric Parameters in the Establishment of Stature and Gender of Individuals.

Background:Dental anthropology is an important aspect of bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology. In forensic anthropological studies, identifying an unknown individual from a mangled and decomposing body is a challenging task. Cranial remains are the only critical clues available for personal identification. Age, sex, and stature are significant parameters in establishing the identity of an unrecognized individual. Stature is the natural height of the individual in an upright position. Stature can be estimated from various parts of the body such as long bones, short bones, and skull. Few studies conducted in specific population have established a correlation for predicting stature from cephalometric and odontometric parameters. Thus, the present study was conducted to determine stature and gender based on cephalometric and odontometric parameters in the population of Tamil Nadu.Aims:The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of predicting the stature and gender of an individual based on odontometric measurements, facial height, and bizygomatic width.Materials and methods:A total of seventy individuals in the age group of 18–24 years were selected for the study. The facial height, bizygomatic width and length ,mesiodistal and labiolingual diameter of clinical crown of maxillary central,lateral and canine teeth of both the right and left quadrants were measured. The values were analyzed statistically. Through this analysis, regression equations for estimation of stature from odontometric and facial index were derived.Results:Pearson correlation test was carried out to establish a correlation between the stature and the measured parameters. Regression analysis was carried out to establish stature from the odontometric and facial index of the individual. The regression equations were used to get estimated stature in the same sample of volunteers from which regression equations were obtained. Tabulated results showed a probable correlation between various parameters.Conclusion:In our study, a positive correlation between cephalometric measurements, gender, crown length of permanent left central incisor, and combined mesiodistal diameter of permanent maxillary anteriors with stature was found. This can be used as a supplementary method for estimating the stature of unknown human bodies.

Skeletal Deficits in Male and Female down Syndrome Model Mice Arise Independent of Normalized Dyrk1a Expression in Osteoblasts.

Trisomy 21 (Ts21) causes alterations in skeletal development resulting in decreased bone mass, shortened stature and weaker bones in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). There is a sexual dimorphism in bone mineral density (BMD) deficits associated with DS with males displaying earlier deficits than females. The relationships between causative trisomic genes, cellular mechanisms, and influence of sex in DS skeletal abnormalities remain unknown. One hypothesis is that the low bone turnover phenotype observed in DS results from attenuated osteoblast function, contributing to impaired trabecular architecture, altered cortical geometry, and decreased mineralization. DYRK1A, found in three copies in humans with DS, Ts65Dn, and Dp1Tyb DS model mice, has been implicated in the development of postnatal skeletal phenotypes associated with DS. Reduced copy number of Dyrk1a to euploid levels from conception in an otherwise trisomic Ts65Dn mice resulted in a rescue of appendicular bone deficits, suggesting DYRK1A contributes to skeletal development and homeostasis. We hypothesized that reduction of Dyrk1a copy number in trisomic osteoblasts would improve cellular function and resultant skeletal structural anomalies in trisomic mice. Female mice with a floxed Dyrk1a gene (Ts65Dn,Dyrk1afl/wt) were mated with male Osx-Cre+ (expressed in osteoblasts beginning around E13.5) mice, resulting in reduced Dyrk1a copy number in mature osteoblasts in Ts65Dn,Dyrk1a+/+/Osx-Cre P42 male and female trisomic and euploid mice, compared with littermate controls. Male and female Ts65Dn,Dyrk1a+/+/+ (3 copies of DYRK1A in osteoblasts) and Ts65Dn,Dyrk1a+/+/Osx-Cre (2 copies of Dyrk1a in osteoblasts) displayed similar defects in both trabecular architecture and cortical geometry, with no improvements with reduced Dyrk1a in osteoblasts. This suggests that trisomic DYRK1A does not affect osteoblast function in a cell-autonomous manner at or before P42. Although male Dp1Tyb and Ts65Dn mice exhibit similar skeletal deficits at P42 in both trabecular and cortical bone compartments between euploid and trisomic mice, female Ts65Dn mice exhibit significant cortical and trabecular deficits at P42, in contrast to an absence of genotype effect in female Dp1Tyb mice in trabecular bone. Taken together, these data suggest skeletal deficits in DS mouse models and are sex and age dependent, and influenced by strain effects, but are not solely caused by the overexpression of Dyrk1a in osteoblasts. Identifying molecular and cellular mechanisms, disrupted by gene dosage imbalance, that are involved in the development of skeletal phenotypes associated with DS could help to design therapies to rescue skeletal deficiencies seen in DS.

Clinical and Angiographic Profile of Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients (&lt;40 Years) and Short-Term Prognosis

Background: The rapidly changing economic stature and lifestyle choices of young individuals have affected healthcare in India. An increased prevalence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in young individuals has been observed. Aims and Objectives: The present cross-sectional, observational study was designed to record the clinical and angiographic profiles of young individuals (&lt;40 years) with ACS. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, observational study was also designed to analyze the associations of lifestyle risk factors such as obesity, smoking, and alcohol on the occurrence of ACS and short-term (1 month) prognosis (rehospitalization and mortality). The inclusion criteria were age between 18 and 40 years with angina pectoris or equivalent at presentation and later diagnosed ACS per the consensus paper from the European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/World Heart Federation joint task force. Patients with a previous history of ACS/coronary revascularization, atypical chest pain, valvular heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and/or congenital heart disease were excluded. Results: Out of the 403 patients that were screened, 162 young patients (18–40 years, mean ± standard deviation: 31.5 ± 4.64) were enrolled from a single tertiary cardiac care center located at Pune, Maharashtra, from May 2014 to May 2016. Most of the patient population were males (n [%]:151 [93.2]) of which 50% had positive addiction status for alcohol and smoking, family history of coronary artery disease (CAD) and a quarter of the patients had comorbidities of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and/or abnormal lipid profile. The majority of the young ACS patients had ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI: 87%), wherein anterior wall myocardial infarction was the most common electrocardiogram presentation, and primary angioplasty in myocardial infarction (PAMI) was the preferred modality of treatment in most of the young patients (61.7% vs. 38.3% thrombolysis). Conclusion: The prevalent angiographic profile of this study participants included obstructive CAD, single vessel disease, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt;45, Angina Class IV, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I, and Killip class I. Low LVEF, NYHA class IV, and Killip class IV showed association with short-term outcomes (mortality). The present study adds to the pool of information related to the western Indian population. However, a larger cohort study with a long-term follow is warranted to analyze the detailed ACS progression status in young individuals.

Derivation of Regression Equation for Estimation of Height from the Length of Clavicles

Background: The various features of clavicle help to decide the gender and height of the individual.Stature is an important biological parameter in medico-legal forensic examination. The length of clavicleis considered as an important anthropological parameter. The present study was undertaken with the aim ofderiving of regression equation for estimation of height from the lengths of clavicle.Methodology: This cross sectional, observational study was conducted from October 2019 to February2020 after getting approval from IEC. 489 healthy subjects (290 males and 199 females) were included inthe study after getting the informed consent. Length of clavicle and height of individual were measured andmean was calculated. Regression equations were derived after statistical analysis.Results: The values obtained by statistical analysis were found statistically significant. Equation werederived for estimation of height from right and left clavicles in males as well as females. The mean lengthsof right sided clavicles are more than that of left sided clavicles in both the genders.Discussion: Stature estimation is key parameter in the identification process of unknown individuals inwhich human remains are found in mutilated form or as skeletal remains. In the present study, we attemptedto correlate the lengths of clavicle with stature of individual. The present study also proved that lengths ofclavicles are more in males than in females which can be attributed to heavy built in males.

The same growth pattern from puberty suggests that modern human diversity results from changes during pre-pubertal development

Patterns of human growth established for one population have rarely been tested in other populations. In a previous study, three growth curves from puberty were modelled for each sex in a longitudinal study of a Caucasian population based on stature, age at peak of growth and biological maturation. Each curve represents the canalisation of growth associated with the type of puberty. The high precision (± 3 cm) of individual adult stature predictions shows that growth kinetics are already set up at puberty and are canalised depending on biological maturity. Our aim is to assess whether this model can be extrapolated to other populations to test whether growth canalisation is a population-dependent phenomenon or if the model reflects a canalisation pattern specific to our species. The modelled curves predicted adult stature with the same high degree of precision in basketball players and the Baka pygmies. Therefore, (1) the relationship between growth kinetics and age at maturity is similar in all populations and (2) growth according to pubertal stages follows the same canalisation patterns in the populations despite the wide differences in their average adult statures. It suggests that morphological diversity in modern humans results from processes taking place in early development.

Contribution of VEGF polymorphism rs3025020 to short stature and hypertension in elderly Japanese individuals: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundRecently, short stature has been revealed to be positively associated with hypertension, possibly because this indicates lower activity of vascular maintenance, such as angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphism (rs3025020) plays an important role in the progression of angiogenesis and may be associated with both hypertension and hypertension-associated short stature.MethodsA cross-sectional study of 1377 elderly Japanese individuals aged 60–89 years was conducted. Short stature was defined as the lowest tertile of height (< 160.8 cm for men and < 148.7 cm for women). Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg and/or antihypertensive medication use.ResultsIndependent of known cardiovascular risk factors, short stature was found to be positively associated with hypertension; the fully adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for hypertension were 1.51 (1.17, 1.96). With the reference group of carriers of the major allele of rs3025020, TT-homozygotes showed significantly lower OR for hypertension and short stature; the fully adjusted ORs (and 95% CIs) were 0.60 (0.41, 0.90) for hypertension and 0.59 (0.38, 0.91) for short stature, respectively.ConclusionsAngiogenesis-related genetic factor (rs3025020) is associated with hypertension and short stature, whereas short stature is positively associated with hypertension. Further investigation is necessary in this regard; the capacity for angiogenesis might partly explain the mechanism underlying the inverse association between height and hypertension.

Estimation of Stature from Footprint Length

The human foot is studied for various reasons in forensic departments, by anthropologists, anatomists etc. Footprints are of immense value in a crime scene in establishing the personal identity and in a potential link between the perpetrator and the scene of crime. Identification of a person is of prime and foremost importance in both civil and criminal cases. Time is a critical factor in crime scene investigation, so rapid identification of suspect is very important. Here, in our study, the aim is to estimate the stature of individuals based on their footprint lengths among the students (Both male and female students between the age group 18 to 22 years) 50 male and 50 female students, studying in Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru.that the footprint length help us in estimating the stature of an unknown individual which will be helpful in investigation of various crimes. Also not much difference is statistically noted in the stature estimated by right and left footprint length in both the sexes.Stature; Foot print length; Identification

Short Stature: Understanding the Stature of Ethnicity in Height Determination.

Height is a polygenic trait with a high degree of heritability. Most (95%) children with short stature (defined as height below the third percentile) and poor growth (growth velocity <5 cm/year) do not have an endocrine disorder. The genetic basis for stature potential has been evaluated in recent years and is increasingly being recognized as a major basis for variation in height between different ethnic populations. Numerous genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of loci linked to human growth. Apart from the genetic factors, various environmental, nutritional, hormonal, and socioeconomic factors also influence the height, and stature of individuals varies between different geographical locations and ethnic groups. Ethnically different populations might respond differently to the same environmental factors and thus the final height in different ethnic groups is different. This review covers in detail the short stature of African Pygmies and Andamanese Islanders along with the possible causative factors responsible for the variation in height in these ethnic groups.