Statistical Hypothesis Research Articles

Phase II study of mFOLFIRINOX efficacy as first and subsequent lines of advanced gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors G3 and neuroendocrine carcinomas therapy.

659 Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) are rare tumors and account for 3% of all NECs. Despite the differences in genetic characteristics, treatment principles of GI NECs are extrapolated from lung NECs. The standard first-line therapy is platinum and etoposide-containing regimens, which allow to achieve a median PFS of 5-6 months. A small retrospective study demonstrated the potential effectiveness of the mFOLFIRINOX regimen with a median PFS of 5.4 months, despite that the majority of patients (pts) received this regimen as second or subsequent lines. The aim of this study is to evaluate mFOLFIRINOX +/- somatostatin analogues (SA) efficacy in GI NEC subgroup. Methods: This prospective, single center phase II study used a two-stage Simon design. The primary endpoint is disease control rate (DCR) ≥ 6 months. Statistical hypothesis: investigated therapy improves DCR compared with historical control from 50 to 70%. Secondary endpoints are progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response. At the first stage, enrollment of 16 pts was planned (α=0.05, power 80%). If a disease control ≥ 6 months was achieved in at least 9 of the 16 pts, it was planned to continue enrollment up to 39 pts. Here we present results of the first stage of this study. Inclusion criteria: pts ≥18 y.o. with histologically confirmed advanced GI NEC or neuroendocrine tumor (NET) G3 ki67≥55%; ECOG 0-2. Recruitment of pts was carried from 2019 to February 2024. Results: The study included 16 pts, 12 male and 4 female. The most common sites of primary tumor are stomach (N=8, 50%) and pancreas (N=5, 31.3%). 10 (62.5%) pts had large cell carcinoma, 1 – small cell carcinoma (6.3%), 5 (31.3%) – NET G3. The median ki-67 was 70% (40-95%). 15 pts (93.7%) had IV stage, 1 (6.3%) – III. The most common site of metastases is liver – 11 (68.8%), more than half of pts have isolated metastases in liver (N=9, 56.3%). ECOG status was evaluated as 0-1 in 15 (93.7%) cases. Majority of pts (N=14, 87.5%) received mFOLFIRINOX as first line therapy. 7 pts (46.7%) had positive expression of SSTR-2A or -5 and received concurrent treatment with SA. ORR was 62.5% (N=10/16), stable disease – 37.5% (N=6/16). DCR ≥ 6 months was 93.7% (N=15). With a median follow-up of 13.2 months, median PFS was 10.8 months (95% CI 7.57-14.1). One pts had serious adverse event - myocardial infarction, no grade 5 toxicity was observed. Conclusions: Chemotherapy with mFOLFIRINOX showed promising results in GI NECs or NETs G3 ki67≥55% treatment. Primary endpoint was met, enrollment of patients in the study continues.

A patient similarity-embedded Bayesian approach to prognostic biomarker inference with application to thoracic cancer immunity

Abstract This paper introduces a novel statistical methodology integrating machine learning (ML) and Bayesian modelling to facilitate personalized prognostic predictions with application to oncology. Utilizing power priors, we construct ‘patient-similarity embeddings’ that identify localized patterns of prognosis. The methodology is applied to study the prognostic value of markers of anticancer immunity within the tumour microenvironment of nonsmall cell lung cancer while adjusting for established clinical characteristics. The method outperforms traditional regression and ML models, while accurately identifying subgroup patterns, thereby enhancing statistical inference and hypothesis testing.

Evaluating the Performance of Non-invasive Tests for Colorectal Cancer: Statistical Considerations.

Like all interventions in health care, novel non-invasive tests for colorectal cancer should be properly evaluated before they can be recommended. Such evaluations should be performed in well-designed studies, of which the results can serve as the evidence base for recommendations. While the methods for evaluating novel tests have been slower to develop, there is now a solid base for developing suggestions and even strong recommendations for their assessment. These include advice for study design, analysis of results, and clear and informative reporting. These considerations should be guided by the intended use of the new test and its role in the testing pathway. We distinguish between tests proposed as a replacement for an existing test, as a triage test, before an existing test, or as an add-on test, after an existing test. We recommend the definition of explicit, a priori defined, minimally acceptable performance criteria for the intended use of the new test and rigorous statistical hypothesis testing, to prevent "spin" in the interpretation of the findings.

Retrospective Analysis of R-COMP Therapy in Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL): Assessing the Impact of Sample Selection Bias.

Background: Retrospective studies are often criticized for their susceptibility to case selection bias compared to prospective studies, which include all patients consecutively and are thus less prone to such limitations. However, the larger sample sizes typical of retrospective studies can sometimes offset this drawback. On behalf of the Fondazione Italiana Linfomi (FIL), a substantial retrospective study involving 946 patients was conducted to examine the use of non-pegylated liposomal anthracycline (Myocet). This was followed by a prospective study, the Prospective Elderly Project, which enrolled 308 patients treated with the same liposomal anthracycline regimen. Methods: The objective of this analysis was to determine whether the patient cohort from the retrospective study significantly differed from the cohort in the prospective study. Statistical hypothesis testing was applied to assess whether the samples from both studies originated from the same underlying population. The Anderson-Darling test, a non-parametric statistical method, was utilized to evaluate and compare the overall survival distributions between the two patient cohorts. Results: The statistical tests produced conflicting results, suggesting a potential selection bias in the retrospective study or the possibility that the two groups were from the same population. These discrepancies may have arisen due to the choice of statistical methods or the quality of the data analyzed. Conclusions: This study highlights the challenges of comparing retrospective and prospective cohorts and underscores the importance of selecting appropriate statistical methodologies. The findings provide valuable insights and lay the groundwork for developing innovative approaches to improve such comparisons in future research.

Recent Advancements in Anomaly Detection for Manufacturing Systems

Recent advancements in anomaly detection and root cause analysis have revolutionized manufacturing processes, enabling improved efficiency, quality control, and cost reduction. This review explores the latest developments in these fields, focusing on supervised and unsupervised anomaly detection methods, statistical techniques for root cause analysis, and predictive modeling approaches. Supervised anomaly detection methods, such as classification-based approaches, support vector machines, and decision trees, leverage labeled data to identify anomalies. Unsupervised techniques, including clustering-based methods (e.g., k-means and DBSCAN), density-based approaches (e.g., local outlier factor), and dimensionality reduction (e.g., PCA and autoencoders), detect anomalies without prior knowledge of anomalous instances. Statistical methods for root cause analysis, such as statistical process control, hypothesis testing, correlation analysis, and multivariate techniques (e.g., factor analysis), enable the identification of the underlying causes of manufacturing issues. Predictive modeling techniques, including time-series forecasting, machine learning for predictive maintenance, and optimization methods for process improvement, further enhance manufacturing efficiency. The integration of these techniques has led to significant improvements in quality control, equipment failure prediction, and supply chain optimization. However, challenges remain in handling complex, high-dimensional data and integrating domain knowledge with data-driven approaches. Future research directions include the development of explainable AI, edge computing, and federated learning for anomaly detection in manufacturing. This analysis offers a thorough examination of cutting-edge techniques for detecting anomalies and analyzing root causes, emphasizing their capacity to transform manufacturing operations and stimulate future advancements in these research areas. Keywords—anomaly detection, manufacturing, supervised and unsupervised anomaly detection

Sharia Financial Inclusion in Moderating the Relationship between Socio-Economic Factors and Personal Financial Management to the Pre-Retirement-Phase

This study aims to determine the effect of Sharia financial inclusion in moderating the relationship between socio-economic factors and personal financial management in the pre-retirement phase with State Civil Apparatus (ASN) respondents in the Central Java region. The population in this research is all ASNs in the Central Java region. Determination of the sample using a purposive sampling method. The number of respondents in this research was 420 ASN in the Central Java region. Hypothesis testing uses multiple linear, moderated regression analyses (MRA), and statistical hypotheses. Based on the results of research and data analysis using multiple linear regression analysis, moderated regression analysis (MRA), and statistical hypotheses, it shows that Sharia financial inclusion and personal financial management have a positive and significant effect and can moderate the Pre-Retirement-Phase but socio-economic factors have no significant impact. The limitations of this research are (1) it is necessary to add other situational variables such as lifestyle, monthly income, and dependents (2) it is necessary to research on a broader area or one Indonesia (3) it is necessary to link it with decision variables invest in Sharia products such as Sharia capital markets or precious metals.

Empowering Students’ Ability in Writing Descriptive Texts Through Point Illustration Explanation (PIE) Strategy: A Case on Teaching Strategy

This study sought to investigate the impact of the PIE strategy on seventh-grade students' ability to write descriptive texts at SMP Negeri 1 Pematangsiantar during the 2024/2025 academic year. The research involved 62 participants and employed a quantitative quasi-experimental methodology. Data collection was conducted through written tests, and the analysis procedure included descriptive statistical hypothesis testing. This involved calculating the mean score, median score, and standard deviation to determine the t-test value, which was then compared to the t-table to assess the significance of the PIE strategy in teaching descriptive text writing skills. The findings revealed that the statistical hypothesis test using t-test analysis at a 5% significance level (0.05) yielded a t-test value of 3.571, surpassing the t-table value of 1.677. Consequently, the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected, and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. This outcome indicates a statistically significant disparity between the compared groups, suggesting that the observed effect is unlikely to be attributed to chance. These results provide robust evidence supporting the research hypothesis and warrant further exploration of their implications. This statistical significance implies that the observed differences between the groups are likely due to a genuine effect rather than random variation. It is important to consider the practical significance of these findings alongside the statistical results. Further analysis of effect sizes and confidence intervals could provide additional insights into the magnitude and precision of the observed differences. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that the PIE strategy effectively influences seventh-grade students' descriptive text writing abilities at SMP Negeri 1 Pematangsiantar.

Pengaruh Sistem Pengendalian Intern, Sistem Informasi Akuntansi, Dan Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Akuntabilitas Pengelolaan Alokasi Dana Desa Pada Desa-Desa di Kecamatan Kupang Tengah

This research aims to determine the influence of the internal control system, accounting information system, and organizational commitment on the accountability of village fund allocation management in villages in the Kupang Tengah District. The data used in this research are primary and secondary data. The data obtained in this research were collected through questionnaires distributed directly to all village officials in the Kupang Tengah District. This study uses a Quantitative approach with a saturated sampling technique. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistical analysis, validity test, reliability test, normality test, and hypothesis testing. The analysis tool used is Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 23 (SPSS 23). The results of this study indicate that there is a significant influence of the internal control system, accounting information system, and organizational commitment on the accountability of village fund allocation management.

PENGARUH SOSIALISASI, INSENTIF DAN SANKSI PAJAK TERHADAP KEPATUHAN DALAM MEMBAYAR PAJAK BUMI DAN BANGUNAN DI KELURAHAN CIPUTAT

This research aims to determine the influence of socialization, incentives and tax sanctions on compliance in paying land and building taxes in Ciputat sub- district. This research uses quantitative methods with a population of 18,491 registered taxpayers in Ciputat Village. With a sampling technique of 400 respondents. This data analysis technique used descriptive statistical tests and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 25. The results of the tax socialization research show that it partially has an influence on compliance in paying land and building taxes. Tax incentives do not have a partial influence on compliance in paying land and building taxes. Tax sanctions show that they have a partial influence on compliance in paying land and building taxes and the research results simultaneously show that socialization variables, incentives and tax sanctions influence compliance in paying land and building taxes.

A novel framework for increasing research transparency: Exploring the connection between diversity and innovation.

A split sample/dual method research protocol is demonstrated to increase transparency while reducing the probability of false discovery. We apply the protocol to examine whether diversity in ownership teams increases or decreases the likelihood of a firm reporting a novel innovation using data from the 2018 United States Census Bureau's Annual Business Survey. Transparency is increased in three ways: 1) all specification testing and identifying potentially productive models is done in an exploratory subsample that 2) preserves the validity of hypothesis test statistics from de novo estimation in the holdout confirmatory sample with 3) all findings publicly documented in an earlier registered report and in this journal publication. Bayesian estimation procedures that leverage information from the exploratory stage included in the confirmatory stage estimation replace traditional frequentist null hypothesis significance testing. In addition to increasing statistical power by using information from the full sample, Bayesian methods directly estimate a probability distribution for the magnitude of an effect, allowing much richer inference. Estimated magnitudes of diversity along academic discipline, race, ethnicity, and foreign-born status dimensions are positively associated with innovation. A maximally diverse ownership team on these dimensions would be roughly six times more likely to report new-to-market innovation than a homophilic team.

Comparative analysis of key personal traits of SME owners and managers. A perspective from business sectors

Research background: The owner and manager of a small or medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is the key person responsible for the management and operation of the company. The personality traits of an entrepreneur play an important role in the future direction and sustainability of SMEs in the business environment. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to verify and quantify the effect of the country of business and the business sector on the perception of the key personality traits of an entrepreneur. The research was conducted based on the analysis of the subjective attitudes of SME owners and managers who conduct business activities in the business environment of V4 countries. Methods: The empirical research was conducted on a sample of 1,090 SMEs in four Central European countries using a questionnaire. Data collection was carried out by an external agency, which contacted SMEs through random selection from an internal database. The questionnaire was provided to respondents in their national language for better understanding. The statistical hypotheses were evaluated and verified using IBM SPSS Statistics software. Findings & Value added: Creativity, flexibility, and proactivity of entrepreneurs are perceived as key personality traits in the SME segment within the business environment of V4 countries. According to the attitudes of SME owners and managers, the country of business and business sector are significant characteristics that determine the perception of the most important entrepreneurial personality trait. Entrepreneurial creativity is seen as the key trait in the services sector (29.8%) and the manufacturing sector (28.9%). On the other hand, flexibility is the key trait in the construction sector (38.8%) and tourism (36.8%). Creativity is considered the most important trait by the largest number of SMEs in Poland (38.5%). Flexibility is perceived as the key trait by Czech (32.9%), Hungarian (36.4%), and Slovak (36.4%) SME owners and managers. In the services sector, Polish SMEs perceive creativity as a significantly less important trait compared to SMEs in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia. In the retail sector, there are no significant differences in the perception of key personality traits of entrepreneurs among V4 countries.

The Influence of Reading Corner Utilization on Students' Literacy Skill: An Experimental Study at Elementary School

This study aims to analyze the effect of the use of reading corners on the literacy skills of elementary school students. This study uses a quantitative research method Pre-Experimental Design with the type of One-Group Pretest-Postest Design. The subjects of this study were all fifth grade students of Bajangrejo State Elementary School, totaling 12 students. The data collection technique was in the form of a test. The sample used was the total sample. The data analysis used was in the form of descriptive statistics, normality tests, homogeneity tests and parametric statistical hypothesis tests. in paired form sample t- test using SPSS 26. The results of this study obtained an average pretest value of 43.33 and a posttest of 71.25. Based on the results of the hypothesis test using Paired Sample T- Test obtained information that the calculated t value obtained -5.786 > t table 2.20099 and the significance value in the Sig column. (2-tailed) 0.000 which means 0.000 < 0.05, then it can be concluded that H1 is accepted and H0 is rejected. This study shows that the use of reading corners has a positive and significant influence on the literacy skills in Elementary School.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Audio Visual Terhadap Perilaku Belajar Siswa Pada Mata Pelajajaran PAI

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an influence of the use of audio-visual media on student learning behavior in PAI subjects. This study used a quantitative approach descriptive method, data collection techniques using questionnaires and observation. instrument Analysis (data validity and data reliability), Classical Assumption Test, namely: Data Normality Test, Data Linearity Test, Hesterokedasticity Test. And Statistical Analysis i.e. Simple Linear Regression Analysis, Correlation Coefficient Analysis, Descriptive Statistical Analysis and t-Test Hypothesis Testing. The results of this study show that the use of audio-visual media has a significant influence on student learning behavior. The use of audio-visual media obtained calculated t values = 2.230 > 2.035 = t table, and Sig. = 0.03 < 0.05 (5%), so Ho was rejected and H_a accepted. This means that the use of audio-visual media has a significant effect on student learning behavior

Improvement of the management system of the pharmaceutical service of the health care institution

When providing medical care, harm to patients' health associated with the use of drugs occurs in 10-40% of cases. The issue of ensuring safety in the field of health care is a global problem. The relevance of the problem of improving the quality of pharmaceutical care and estimating the costs of medical care requires research. The purpose of the work is the formation of principles for improving pharmaceutical management in a health care institution by monitoring and analyzing prescription errors at all stages of drug use. The study was conducted on the basis of LLC "Endotechnomed", surgical clinic "Garvis" in the period 01.09.2019-29.02.2024 and was approved by the commission on biomedical ethics. The bibliographic method and retrospective analysis were used. In the study, the level of errors in appointment lists was calculated, their dynamics and relationship with the costs of medical care for the corresponding period were analyzed. The method of increasing the interval was used, and statistical significance was checked using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. The non-parametric method of Spearman's rank correlation is used to determine the characteristics of the relationship between the level of errors in appointment lists and the amount of drug costs for one patient. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the methods of descriptive and analytical statistics using the integrated Jupyter Notebook development environment. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant when testing all statistical hypotheses. The level of errors over 4.5 years significantly (p<0.002) decreased by 78.44% compared to the initial value (from 139.62‰ to 30.10‰), which was at the global level (10%). These indicators confirm the results of research by Chinese scientists, who prove that properly organized work in an inpatient medical institution can reduce the frequency of errors when prescribing drugs from 6.94% to 1.96%. A statistically significant negative rank correlation of average strength was observed between the amount of expenses for medical care of one patient and the level of errors in prescribing medicines for the considered period (r= -0.49; 95% CI (-0.67)–(-0.26); p<0.001), which contradicts the generally accepted notion and, according to the authors, is related to the uniqueness of the situation during the considered period (first the pandemic, then the war). Therefore, it can be concluded that the introduction of new approaches to control the prescription of medicines led to a significant (p<0.002) reduction in the level of errors in appointment lists over 4.5 years by 78.44% compared to the initial value; the higher level of errors in appointment lists corresponds to lower costs for medical care, which is a consequence of the unstable situation on the drug market during the pandemic and the war in Ukraine; the improvement of pharmaceutical service management processes was directed to the following areas of work: planning, control, implementation and functioning of the information system, personnel management, performance evaluation, involvement of interested parties for the formation and implementation of decisions.

Статистики вищих порядків в задачах виявлення сигналів на фоні корельованих негаусових завад

Signal detection in noise is critical in telecommunications, navigation and radar systems, image processing and biomedical research, where noise often deviates from a normal distribution, and sample values exhibit statistical dependence. Traditional methods for analyzing and designing such systems face significant limitations, including algorithmic and computational complexity, severely restricting their practical application. An effective approach to developing signal detection systems involves using moment and cumulant descriptions of random variables, simplifying the design of detection systems for signals with various probability density functions. The authors propose a novel approach based on one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) moment-cumulant models to describe correlated non-Gaussian processes. This approach enables the modification of the moment-based criterion for statistical hypothesis testing and synthesising polynomial stochastic decision rules for detecting signals in correlated non-Gaussian noise. The study demonstrates that the nonlinear processing of sample values and the application of higher-order statistics to describe the investigated processes account for the structure of non-Gaussian noise and its statistical dependencies. This reduces the error probabilities of the synthesized decision rules compared to traditional Gaussian models. The study aims to enhance the efficiency of signal detection systems under additive interaction with correlated non-Gaussian noise by developing new moment-cumulant models of the investigated processes, modifying the moment-based criterion for hypothesis testing, and designing polynomial decision rules. The study's practical significance lies in creating simple-to-implement algorithms with high accuracy that achieve lower error probabilities in decision rules compared to existing methods.

Clinical and immunological characteristics of full-term newborns from mothers with COVID-19 during pregnancy

The long-term consequences of COVID-19 still remain among priority issues. Special attention should be paid to the state of health of newborns whose mothers suffered a coronavirus infection during pregnancy. The aim of our study was to evaluate clinical and immunological parameters in full-term newborns from mothers who underwent COVID-19 during pregnancy. We have performed a prospective cohort comparative study. A group of full-term newborns from mothers who had mild or moderate COVID-19 at different stages of pregnancy (n = 134) was compared with a group of newborns from mothers who were not exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection during their pregnancy (n = 84). Individual health indices and immunological characteristics were also evaluated at the age of 3 months of infants’ life. For statistical analysis, the Microsoft Excel computer software package (2010), SPSS Statistics version 22.0 (IBM Microsoft, USA) was used. Statistical hypotheses about the absence of intergroup differences in quantitative characteristics were tested using the Mann–Whitney U criterion, the Student’s criterion, and binary characteristics were assessed with Chi-square test (÷2). Qualitative data are presented as an absolute value (n) and percentages. The results were considered reliable at a significance level of p0.05. It was found that, in the neonatal period, there were no statistically significant differences in gender characteristics, anthropometric characteristics and Apgar scores between the groups. There were no differences in the incidence rate in the neonatal period. At the age of 3 months of life, there was a higher incidence of somatic and neurological morbidity in children whose mothers had suffered a new coronavirus infection during pregnancy (OR = 3.78 (1.5; 9.51); p0.001). It was found that the levels of hematocrit (p = 0.001), lymphocytes (p0.001), platelets (p0.001) were statistically significantly lower in newborns in group I. When analyzing the levels of umbilical cord blood cytokines in the two groups, it was found that the levels of TNF, IL-6, VEGF-A, IL-10, IL-1á, IL-1â, IL-8 (p ≤ 0.001) were higher in group I compared with group II. The levels of cytokines in their mothers showed a positive correlation with appropriate indexes in umbilical cord blood. Strong positive associations were found in the mother-child pairs on the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, in terms of TNFá, IL-1â, moderate positive correlations were revealed for IL-8, IL-10. Hence, despite the absence of clinical manifestations of infectious process and other disorders of early neonatal adaptation, the laboratory changes in general blood counts and active expression of proinflammatory cytokines in newborns whose mothers suffered COVID-19 during pregnancy may suggest the presence of a fetal systemic inflammatory response. An increased morbidity at the age of 3 months may be the result of low-level inflammation.

The Effect of Learning Independence and the Ability to Understand Physics Concepts

The Effect of Learning Independence and Digital Literacy Skills on the Understanding of Physics Concepts. This study aims to determine: 1) The effect of learning independence and digital literacy skills together on the understanding of physics concepts among students at the Health Polytechnic in South Jakarta, 2) The effect of learning independence on the understanding of physics concepts among students at the Health Polytechnic in South Jakarta, 3) The effect of digital literacy skills on the understanding of physics concepts among students at the Health Polytechnic in South Jakarta. This research is a survey study conducted at the Health Polytechnic in South Jakarta. The total population is 739 students, and a sample of 88 students was randomly selected from four study programs at the Health Polytechnic in South Jakarta. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires and tests. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistical methods, validity tests, reliability tests, and hypothesis testing with multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS software. The results of the study prove that learning independence and digital literacy skills contribute to the understanding of physics concepts.

Sleep disturbances among combatants with mild traumatic brain injury

to evaluate the level of sleep disorders in combatants with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), to provide a comprehensive characterization of sleep disorders using the assessment of complaints, anamnesis data, neurological status, and ESS and PSQI questionnaires with the involvement of comparison groups of patients.bMethods and subjects. The study involved 117 patients who were divided into three groups: combatant patients with mild TBI (n=30) (study group № 1), combatant patients without TBI (n=30) (study group № 2), and group relative to healthy civilian respondents (n=57) (control group). A cross-sectional research design was used. Patients were evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), as well as the frequency of complaints (inability to fall asleep, night awakenings, early awakenings, and nightmares), anamnesis (age, time since injury) and neurological status data. The method of statistical hypothesis testing for multiple comparisons with appropriate post-hoc calculations was used to compare the obtained results. Results. In study group №1, complaints about the inability to fall asleep were observed in 73.3% of cases, complaints about night awakenings — 46.7%, complaints about early awakenings — 23.3%, and complaints about nightmares — 20.0%. The age was 31 (24 — 40) years, and the time since the injury — 14 (8 — 28) days. A difference from the average values in other groups was found according to the χ2 criterion with correction for continuity (p<0.05). In the process of post hoc analysis using the Bonferroni correction, a statistically significant increased frequency of complaints of inability to fall asleep, early awakenings, and nightmares were found in study group №1 compared to other groups (p<0.05). The frequency of major deviations in neurological status among combatant patients was evaluated. The score on the ESS scale in the study group №1 — 8.1±3.6 points; in the study group №2 — 6 (4 — 8) points; in the control group — 4 (3 — 6) points. The difference in medians is statistically significant according to the Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.001). Post-hoc comparisons using the Steel-Dwass test indicate that the values of this scale differ when comparing study group №1 and the control group (p<0.001) and study group №2 and the control group (p=0.008). PSQI score in study group №1 — 11.2±4.5 points; in the study group №2 — 7.5 (5 — 11) points; in the control group — 5 (4 — 8) points. The difference in medians is statistically significant according to the Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.001). Post-hoc comparisons using the Steel-Dwass test indicate that the values of this scale differ when comparing study group №1 and study group №2 (p=0.02) and study group №1 and the control group (p<0.001). Conclusions. Comparisons of the frequency of complaints revealed a statistically significant increase in the frequency of complaints of inability to fall asleep, early awakenings, and nightmares in combatants with TBI. A statistically significant increased level of daytime dysfunction was found in this group of patients according to the ESS scale. A statistically significant decrease in sleep quality also was found in this group of patients according to the PSQI scale. The obtained data can be interpreted as a reflection of the increased prevalence of sleep disorders in patients with traumatic brain injury.

On the convergence of credit risk in current consumer automobile loans

Abstract Risk-based pricing within consumer lending is ubiquitous. It considers both prevailing interest rates and the credit profile of a borrower to determine the cost of borrowing. All else equal, higher default risks pay higher borrowing costs. This cost is the annual percentage rate (APR), and it is set at the loan’s origination. A borrower’s credit profile is dynamic, however, and the risk of default gradually declines for current loans. In this article, we derive a novel large-sample statistical hypothesis test suitable for loans sampled from asset-backed securities to populate a credit risk transition matrix between consumer credit risk groups. We find that current loans in all risk groups eventually converge to the top credit tier before scheduled termination, a phenomenon we call credit risk convergence. We then use these convergence estimates for two empirical economic studies. We first estimate that lender conditional risk-adjusted expected profits significantly increase as high-risk, high-APR borrowers stay active and paying. We then estimate current borrowers are entitled to $1,153–2,327 in potential credit-based savings from their improving risk profiles. Because we study consumer auto loans, a large-scale and essential economic good, we opine on the social implications of these results and suggest areas of further study.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF ISLAMIC COMMERCIAL BANKS DURING AND POST PANDEMIC IN INDONESIA

Financing income at Islamic Banks during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia decreased by 0.6%. It is due to consumer demand for restructuring. The net acquisition of Islamic returns also decreased significantly from 7.41% to 6.12% due to the pandemic. This research aims to determine whether there is a difference in the Financial Performance of Islamic Commercial Banks during and after the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method used is quantitative with the object of research at Islamic Commercial Banks. The researchers took samples through the purposive sampling method. The researchers also used descriptive statistical analysis and hypothesis testing using the paired sample t-test. In the test, the researchers used SPSS 25. The research results indicate that there is no significant difference in the financial performance of Islamic Commercial Banks during and after the Covid-19 pandemic with a calculated t value < t table of 0.320 < 2.265 with a significance of 0.756 > 0.05 in the liquidity ratio, with a calculated t value < t table of -0.574 < 2.265 with a significance of 0.580 > 0.05 in the profitability ratio, with a calculated t value < t table of 0.524 < 2.265 with a significance of 0.613 > 0.05 in the solvency ratio, with a calculated t value < t table of 1.410 < 2.265 with a significance of 0.192 > 0.05 in the business efficiency ratio, with a calculated t value < t table of 1.444 < 2.265 with a significance of 0.183 > 0.05 on leverage ratio.